Signs of the art of social studies. Art and spiritual life

Did you know that when you say “Life is short, art is forever!” the great Hippocrates, founder modern medicine, did not mean artistic creativity, but the art of healing? He said that the art of a doctor cannot be mastered in a lifetime. We don’t have the Unified State Exam for mastering the topic “The Art of Assignment.” whole life, so let's start analyzing them!

Let’s say right away that this is an analysis of the topic of an extended preparation course for the Unified State Exam in social studies from expert Evgeniy Sergeevich Kotsar. You can already I have worked on all the topics for you and one of them is dedicated to an important institution of spiritual culture -

Topic: art assignments and test analysis.

For better assimilation of the material, each time we analyze several test tasks in Unified State Exam format in social studies parts 1 and 2. Pay today Special attention to analyze one of the most difficult tasks parts 1 - B6 (task 20 in the format

Let's start with a typical test task for the OGE in social studies. A fairly typical question encountered to test knowledge in the spiritual sphere. Solved by eliminating the broad concept from the rest already.

We remember that with proper preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies, any theoretical thesis must be supported by a theoretical argument. Let's try to bring specific example, specifying each of the functions of art:

1. Cognitive. L.N. Tolstoy in his work “War and Peace” describes the course of hostilities Patriotic War 1812.

2. Educational. The statue “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” by V. Mukhina instilled in Soviet people patriotism and an understanding of the unity of the country, workers and peasants.

3. Communicative. L.N. Tolstoy in War and Peace showed his personal view of Napoleon Bonaparte.

We were asked for three functions, but we will give examples for all that we remember, which will once again confirm in the eyes of who will check written part, our high level of knowledge and claim to maximum

4. Prognostic. Kazimir Malevich in his “Black Square” gave a forecast of the revolutionary, tragic development of the country.

And one more example for general development.

And now this is what our answer to this difficult task looks like:

1. Cognitive. L.N. Tolstoy in his work “War and Peace” describes the course of hostilities in the Patriotic War of 1812.

2. Educational. The statue “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” by V. Mukhina instilled in Soviet people patriotism and an understanding of the unity of the country, workers and peasants.

3. Communicative. L.N. Tolstoy in War and Peace showed his personal view of Napoleon Bonaparte.

4. Prognostic. Kazimir Malevich in his “Black Square” gave a forecast of the revolutionary, tragic development of the country.

Let's sum it up

What did we do today?

1. We remembered the main institutions of spiritual culture.

2. We determined their influence on spiritual world personality.

3. We learned to work on the KIM form with a complex text task of parts 1 - 20.

4. We remembered that when preparing for the test, it is necessary to specify for ourselves each theoretical postulate (term, function).

5. We are convinced that visualizing the material will increase your chances of remembering a large amount of theoretical information.

The lesson summary can be used as a lesson, as well as for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies, or as extracurricular event. The first slide is made in the form of a video as an introductory and motivational stage of the lesson. Practical part: mini-research work. Homework: project implementation.

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Lesson Plan

Class 12

Subject Social Studies

Subject : " Art, its types and forms"

Target :

Educational: to reveal and comprehend the content of the concept of “art”, its forms and types;

Developmental : to help students realize the enduring value of spiritual discoveries expressed in different types art;

Educational : to promote the formation of deep respect for the culture of the past and present, the spiritual quest of people, universal human values ​​embodied in art, religious tolerance and readiness for dialogue with representatives different cultures, a negative attitude towards cultural isolation, a desire to make their own contribution to the preservation of the cultural heritage of Russia.

Tasks

Expand the concept of “Art”;

Explain its functions;

Tell about its types and forms.

Lesson type : a lesson in generalizing and systematizing previously acquired knowledge with new point vision.

Basic concepts and terms: art, subject of art, types of art, functions of art.

Necessary equipment:Windows7, VSP, DVD PAL file reader

DURING THE CLASSES

Organizational moment (marking those present).

Introductory and motivational: Presentation slide 1 (video made by ulead VidioStudio); teacher’s question: “What are we going to talk about now?”

Determining the topic of the lesson slide 2:

"Art, its types and forms"

Setting goals and objectives slide 3:

Goal: to comprehend the content of the concept of “art”, its forms and types.
Objectives for students:
- understand what “art” is as a cognitive activity
- understand its functions
- systematize knowledge about its types

Update background knowledge: Presentation slide 4

Art is usually called a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images. Through the creation of works of art, this type of realization occurs cognitive activity people as artistic knowledge.

Teacher's words: Art originated in ancient times, however, during this period it was not yet considered some kind of special kind activities. The ancient Greeks called “art” the ability to build houses, the skills of government, the process of treating people, etc. The isolation of aesthetic activity itself, i.e. art in its modern sense, first of all occurred in the field of crafts. This can be clearly seen in the example of pottery. The manufacture of dishes, in particular the famous Greek vases, was accompanied by decorating them with various kinds of ornaments. Ornament is a pattern built on regular rhythmic alternation and organized arrangement of abstract geometric or pictorial elements. Early Greek ornaments - meanders - were a line broken at right angles, forming a number of identical motifs connected to each other. (slide 5)

Gradually, the process of creating the aesthetic was transferred from the material sphere to the spiritual sphere, and artistic activity itself turned into the creation by man of a special (second, along with the objective) fictional world.

Art represents the highest form of aesthetic consciousness. It is a necessary element of social consciousness, ensuring its integrity, mobility, stability in the present and direction towards the future.

The subject of art is a person, his relationships with the outside world and other individuals, as well as the lives of people in certain historical conditions. Art is conditioned by the natural world and social relations that surround individuals. (slide 6)

The form of existence of art is artistica work that has specificity and genre definition and is realized as a material object - a sign that conveys to people a certain artistic concept that has aesthetic value.

Art as a cultural phenomenon is divided into a number of types, each of which has a specific language and its own sign system. Scientists distinguish the following types of arts.

1. Architecture (architecture) is a type of art that is a system of buildings and structures that form the spatial environment for human life.

Architecture occupies a special place among other arts because it does not depict objects, but creates them. Architecture can be public, residential, urban planning, gardening, industrial, restoration. (slides 7 – 9)

2. Painting - a type of art whose works are a reflection of life on a certain surface using color. (slides 10 – 16)

A work created by an artist is called a painting. The painting can be painted on wood, paper, cardboard, silk or canvas.

A set of works united by a common range of themes or subjects of depiction is called a genre. The following genres are distinguished in painting:

a) portrait - a genre that is dedicated to the depiction of a person or group of people who exist or existed in reality;

b) still life - genre that is dedicated to the imageknowledge of things surrounding a person;

c) landscape - a genre that is dedicated to the depiction of natural or human-transformed nature;

d) everyday genre – a genre that is dedicated to depicting the everyday life of people;

d) animalistic genre - a genre that is dedicated topuppy depiction of animals;

e) historical genre – a genre dedicated to the depiction of historical events and figures.

It should be distinguished from painting graphics, which, like painting, is associated with an image on a plane, but its works, as a rule, are performed on paper, are smaller in format and easier to move are in space.

Distinguish easel, book, magazine, newspapergraphics. Genres of graphics basically repeat the genres of painting. To a certain extent, a specific graphic genre is caricature (satirical drawing, cartoon).

3. Sculpture - view visual arts, whose works have a physically material, objective object and a three-dimensional form placed in real space. Sculpture is divided into round (head, bust, torso, statue) and embossed. A relief is a convex image on a stone. All reliefs are divided intobas-reliefs, high reliefs and counter-reliefs. Bas-relief is a low relief that rises above the plane less thanthan half of its actual volume. High relief is a high relief that rises above the plane by more than half of its actual volume. Counter-relief is an in-depth relief. (slide 17)

There are also sculptureseasel, decorative and monumental.Easel sculpture is a small sculpture intended mainly for decorating premises. Decorative sculpture is of medium size, and monumental sculpture is of large and enormous sizes.

Practical work:I invite the children to do a mini-research work: I distribute printed images of sculptures different forms. Task: determine what type of sculpture is shown in the photo.

4. Decorative applied arts - a type of fine art directly related to the everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied arts include works made from a variety of materials (traditionally wood, clay, stone, glass and metal). The peculiarity of this type of art is its utilitarianism, inclusion in daily life of people. Like architecture, arts and crafts art is a constantly operating factor in shaping the human environment. (slide 18)

1. Literature - a type of art that reflects reality in verbal and written images.

The first literary works - legends, epics, myths - appeared even when humanity did not have writing, and were passed on from mouth to mouth. Oral folk art commonly called folklore. (slide 19)

1. Music - a type of art that reflects reality in sound artistic images. Music intended for singing is called vocal. If a piece is performed only on instruments, then such music is called instrumental. (slide 20)
2. Theater - a type of art, the specific means of expression of which is stage action that occurs during the actor’s performance in front of the public. (slide 21)
3. Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. (slide 22)
4. Ballet - a type of art whose content is revealed in dance and musical images. (slide 23)
5. Movie - a type of art whose works are created using filming of real events, specially staged or recreated by means of animation. (slide 24)
6. Stage - an art form that includes small forms of drama, music and choreography, the main works of which are individual completed numbers. (slide 25)
7. Photographic art - the art of creating, using chemical and technical means, a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. (slide 26)

We solve the main problem, I invite the children to identify the functions of art themselves. As a result of the conversation, we determine:

Art is multifunctional:it performs many different functions in society. (slide 27-29)

Social-transforming functionart is manifested in the fact that it, providing ideological and aestheticimpact on people includes them in a directional and holistically oriented activities to transform society.

Consolation-compensatory functionconsists in restoring in the sphere of spirit the harmony lost by man in reality. Through its harmony, art influences the internal harmony of the individual, contributes to the preservation and restoration of it mental balance.

Artistic-conceptual function- is expressed in the ability of art to analyze the state of the surrounding world.

Anticipation functioncharacterizes the ability of art to anticipate the future. Fantastic, utopian and socially predictive works of art are based on this ability.

Educational functionart reflects the role of art in the formation of a holistic human personality, feelings and thoughts of people.

Suggestive functionmanifests itself in the impact of art on the subconscious of people, on the human psyche. In tense periods of history, it plays a leading role in the general system of functions of art.

Aesthetic function- this is the specific ability of art to shape aesthetic tastes and human needs, to awaken in the individual the desire and ability to create according to the laws of beauty.

Hedonic functionshows special spiritual character art designed to give people pleasure. It is based on the idea of ​​the intrinsic value of the individual and implements it, giving a person the disinterested joy of aesthetic pleasure.

Cognitive-heuristic functionreflects the cognitive role of art and is expressed in its ability to reflect and master those aspects of life that are difficult for science to access.

My words: The specificity of art as a form artistic knowledge is that, firstly, it is figurative and visual. The subject of art - people's lives - is extremely diverse and is reflected in art in all its diversity in the form of artistic images. The latter, being the result of fiction, are nevertheless a reflection of reality and always bear the imprint of really existing objects, events and phenomena. An artistic image performs the same functions in art as a concept in science: with its help, the process of artistic generalization occurs, highlighting the essential features of cognizable objects. The created images constitute the cultural heritage of society and are capable, having become symbols of their society, to have a serious impact onpublic consciousness.(slide 30)

Secondly, artistic knowledge is characterized by specific methods reproduction of the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms, etc.

Thirdly, the imagination and fantasy of the learning subject plays a huge role in the process of understanding the world through art. Artistic invention, which is allowed in art, is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific knowledge.

Unlike various social sciences, with other forms of cognitive activity, is a special form of cognition of the surrounding reality.

Conclusion: Art is included in whole system forms of social consciousness, which, along with it, includes the philosophy, politics, law, science, morality, and religion already discussed above. All of them implement their functions in a single cultural context arising due to their interrelations.(slide 31)

Reflection (feedback)

Determine the type of art (printed images are distributed)

Summing up, grading.

Homework: Creative task to compose a story and presentation to demonstrate a story about the main styles of art: antique art, Roman style, Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Empire, classicism as an example various types art.

Teacher Babina L.G.

Among the phenomena and phenomena of spiritual culture, an important place is given to art. Art- a special way for a person to understand the world, comprehend and perceive reality through a system of images. Art is usually called a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images. Through the creation of works of art, such a type of cognitive activity of people as artistic cognition is realized.
The subject of art is a person, his relationships with the outside world and other individuals, as well as the life of people in certain historical conditions.

The specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge is that:

Firstly, it is figurative and visual. The subject of art - people's lives - is extremely diverse and is reflected in art in all its diversity in the form of artistic images. The latter, being the result of fiction, nevertheless reflect reality and always bear the imprint of really existing objects, events and phenomena. An artistic image performs the same functions in art as a concept in science: with its help, the process of artistic generalization occurs, highlighting the essential features of cognizable objects. The created images constitute the cultural heritage of society and are capable, having become symbols of their time, to have a serious influence on public consciousness;

Secondly, artistic cognition is characterized by specific ways of reproducing the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms;

Thirdly, the imagination and fantasy of the knowing subject play a huge role in the process of understanding the world through art. Artistic invention, which is allowed in art, is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific knowledge.
Unlike the social and human sciences, which study individual aspects of people’s lives, art studies the person as a whole and, along with other cognitive activities, is a special form of knowledge of the surrounding reality.

Art, like spiritual culture in general, develops, on the one hand, on the basis of accumulation cultural values, transferring them from generation to generation, preserving integral works of art, and on the other hand, in the process of creating new spiritual wealth

It is often said that art reflects life. In many ways, this statement is true, but not everyone understands the laws by which this reflection occurs. So, in a movie, ten years can fly by in an instant, and one minute can stretch into half an hour, depending on the intention of the authors. Through art we understand the world and receive education, but it is completely different from either science or pedagogy. Probably one of the most important purposes of art is to provide a person with the opportunity to know and change himself through contact with a special world of beauty.

Returning to the question posed, let us list the main functions of art:

1. Hedonistic – associated with bringing joy, pleasure, enjoyment and mental relaxation to a person.

2. Compensatory - makes up for dissatisfaction real life, makes it possible to find in works of art what could not be found in everyday life.

3. Communicative – is a means of communication in the cultural space of different people, a person with his inner world and even different peoples.

4. Aesthetic – aimed at transforming the world based on beauty.

5. Educational - through examples and ideals, morally influences a person, through empathy encourages certain actions, teaches a person humanity, elevates him, strengthens the will and mind, and finally, helps to soften social mores.

6. Cognitive - promotes the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around us through artistic images, develops thinking through images, while knowledge here does not strive for reliability, it presupposes a mandatory subjective attitude towards what is being studied, an evaluative position.

7. Predictive – gives society an introduction to the ideal, finds future meanings and meanings of development.

Art, like religion, has accompanied humanity since ancient times. Primitive people they covered the walls of caves with rock carvings, carved simple figurines from bone and wood, and had their own ritual dances. Gradually, creativity became more complex and varied. Ancient world left monuments to humanity, later called wonders of the world (it is believed that there were seven of them, although the heritage of that era is much richer). Every educated person should know about them.

Each subsequent step historical development made an additional contribution to the treasury of world culture. The paintings of Rubens and Vasnetsov, the music of Mozart and Borodin, the poems of Pushkin and Goethe, the sculptures of Rodin and Falconet began to symbolize creative possibilities person. The best works of art that have survived to this day are now in museums, libraries, and private collections - these storehouses of beauty expressed in art.

Of course, all the works are very different in their genres, themes, directions, types, but they are all united by belonging to the common great world of art. Historically and quite conventionally, various works of architecture, literature, and music can be attributed to certain styles, the sequence of appearance and change of which you studied in history lessons, when you talked about the culture of a particular era. Let's name some of these styles - Romanesque, Gothic (“frozen music of Europe”, in the translation “barbaric”), Baroque (“strange whimsical” with its characteristic pomp and pretentiousness), Rococo (decorativeness, elegance of forms), classicism (revaluation ancient cultural heritage, clarity, harmony, clarity, simplicity), sentimentalism (dreamy, melancholy, heightened sensitivity), romanticism (freedom, individualism, drama), realism (the desire for the most accurate reflection of the surrounding world), modernism (used in the early twentieth century of new technological solutions and designs), postmodernism, symbolism (the desire to create symbols, allegories), eclecticism (a mixture of different styles). Naturally, this list far from exhausting all the diversity historical expression people in works of art.

There are also many arts- forms of artistic activity that differ in the way they embody artistic images. Among the main ones we name literature, theater, graphics, painting, sculpture, choreography, music, architecture, decorative and applied arts (ceramics, wood, stone and bone carving, embossing, embroidery, ikebana, etc.), circus, art photography , cinema, television. Here you can also include completely new ones - computer graphics, design, and some also include advertising.

It is difficult to talk about classifications of types of culture, but we can cite two of them that exist in the scientific community:

By properties:

1. Fine arts (painting, sculpture)

2. Non-fine arts (architecture, music)

By birth:

1. Plastic arts (pantomime, ballet, acrobatics - based on the plasticity of the human body)

2. Spatial Views arts in which the artistic image is static and does not change in time and space (architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics).

3. Temporary forms of art - here the artistic image is changeable, develops in space and time (poetry, music, drama, pop).

4. Technical or synthetic forms of art, where the image is created using technical means, using the opportunities provided by other types of art (videographic - television, artistic photography, computer art, cinema, etc., design).

Perception of the world through art or aesthetic perception of the world, of course, does not satisfy those needs without which a person could not biologically exist (for example, thirst or hunger). Therefore, some people believe that it only distracts a person from “real” life. The world in this understanding is seen through the stomach, and a person lives only to eat, when all living beings in nature eat to live. This view of art shows the primitiveness of the person expressing it. If the spiritual world of a person is rich, then he cannot do without art, because even ancient people understood its laws and strived for beauty.

First of all, through one’s own creativity or the creativity of other people, a person becomes familiar with beauty. The secret of beauty is the secret of life, and this mystery has troubled humanity for centuries. The most controversial thing is the relationship between the beautiful and the useful. Someone came to the conclusion that everything useful is beautiful, but there were also those who admitted the complete uselessness of beauty. It is probably unlikely that there will be two people on Earth who perceive beauty in the same way. Opposite opinions will certainly arise about the same thing (object or person). A mathematician recognizes everything that is proportionate, clear, and symmetrical as beautiful; philosopher - thought-provoking; romantic - evoking fantasies and dreams; a young man in love sees a standard in his beloved. As a result, the determining role is played by a person’s personality and his spiritual world, so one should not look for a common truth in this dispute.

Also, works of art evoke a feeling of the sublime in a person. In the history of mankind, this feeling was also understood as a manifestation of the greatness of the forces of nature; and everything that evokes respect in a person’s soul; and the inner beauty of a person; and the image of the divine; and the strongest of the phenomena (for example, a hurricane as opposed to a wind). Infinity and eternity of the world, powerful internal forces nature and man - all this is included in the concept of the sublime. Delight and fear are extreme manifestations of this feeling.

Among other manifestations of art that influence a person, we will name the tragic, comic, ugly, base, terrible, graceful, touching, charming, wonderful. Every day we experience these influences, which we sometimes underestimate. Art can inspire a heroic deed or push a person to commit a crime, morally elevate or corrupt. It is impossible to imagine a person outside of art and art outside of a person; individuals create art, and art underlies the formation of personality. Art does not have the ability to bad person to make good, from evil - good, but it encourages a person to take a certain position, forces him to assimilate and master the values ​​and ideals of a culture.

The priority of universal human values ​​is a modern idea, important not only for the field of political relations and social processes, but especially significant for art.

Only the combination of the national and the universal gives art a national character, which is manifested in the following main points: reflection of the interests of the people, depiction of the essential aspects of reality, clarity of language, education by the creator of the tastes of the public. This idea opposes isolation and implies accessibility and mass appeal.

Modern technical development has created another type of art that is difficult to correlate with the above - screen art, which is a synthesis of a computer with video equipment.

From the first day of understanding the phenomenon of art in the human community, there has been a debate about its relationship with real life. We see in cities numerous dilapidated or obsolete buildings that are recognized as cultural monuments and are under state protection. Many say to this that such artificial measures only prolong the agony before inevitable death.

Probably, one cannot ignore the trends of the times, but it is always worth remembering that with the next destroyed monument of art, a piece of the life of our ancestors, the history of the people, experiences and shocks, victories and failures, leaves people. Therefore, we must try to find a middle ground between the old and the new, which will help to carefully convey the accumulated experience of previous generations, not only in the form of stories and descriptions, but also through monuments of art that have come down from time immemorial.

Among the other roles of art in people’s lives, we highlight communication, which unites and unites the people; education of a person, transfer of certain moral values, which, according to A.S. Pushkin, “reduces our experiences of fast-flowing life”; as well as instilling certain thoughts and feelings.

Russian state provides state support to art, guaranteeing freedom of creativity. The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Article 44 proclaims: “Everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creativity and teaching. Intellectual property is protected by law. Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and use of cultural institutions, access to cultural values.”

The science

Modern world It is impossible to imagine without the achievements of science, and modern man without the fundamentals of scientific knowledge that he has acquired. Professional success Today in all areas directly depends on the possession of the latest scientific achievements.

Science is a complex concept. Just like other social phenomena, science can be interpreted in different meanings. Firstly, science refers to views on the surrounding reality systematized in theory, affecting its essential aspects in an abstract-logical form and based on scientific research data. Secondly, the sphere of human activity aimed at obtaining and comprehending knowledge.

Scientists divide sciences into several groups. But we will talk about the main division: science of nature, science of society, science of man. However, humans are studied both by the sciences of nature, for example, the branch of biology and human anatomy, and by the sciences of society, for example, history or sociology. Sciences are also divided into natural, social and humanitarian. Some scientists specifically point out exact science– mathematics. For example, physics and chemistry are recognized as the most important natural sciences. Social sciences include history, sociology, political science, economics, and law. Psychology, philology, and linguistics are recognized as humanities.

All areas of scientific research are divided into fundamental (conducted with the aim of obtaining new knowledge and identifying patterns of the phenomena being studied) and applied (using the achievements of fundamental science to solve practical problems). Both of these areas in science are necessary. They implement the main levels of scientific knowledge - empirical (the main task is the description of objects and phenomena, the main form of the knowledge obtained is scientific fact) and theoretical (the main task is to explain the phenomena being studied, forms of knowledge - laws, principles, scientific theories).

Science influences all aspects of life, both of society as a whole and of individuals. The achievements of modern science are refracted in one way or another in all spheres of culture. Science provides unprecedented technological progress, creating conditions for improving the level and quality of life. It also acts as a socio-political factor: a state that has developed science and, on the basis of this, creates advanced technologies, provides itself with greater weight in the international community.

The term “science” itself includes several basic meanings:

1. Systematized views on the world, reproducing its essential aspects in an abstract logical form and based on scientific research data (in this sense they speak of scientific views, discoveries, theories, etc.);

2. The sphere of human activity aimed at obtaining and understanding knowledge (people involved in this field are called scientists);

3. A certain social institution, consisting of a system of research institutions, associations, centers, as well as relations between scientists (Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Education and Science, scientific conferences And round tables– all this implies an understanding of science in this sense).

4. A union of people who constantly put forward and test ideas, build and criticize theories (in in this case we are talking about the existence of a certain scientific community).

Let's consider the criteria for scientific knowledge:

1. Objectivity. Objects and phenomena must be known by science as they are, without any extraneous additions ( own opinions, researcher's views);

2. Rationality. That is, constant reliance on thinking and the maximum exclusion of emotions, passions, and personal opinions when making decisions regarding science;

3. Focus on the perception of essence, the primary laws of the object.

4. Systematicity. Those. ordering of knowledge according to certain characteristics. ( system- a set of interconnected elements that represents a single whole);

5. Testability (verifiability). Scientific knowledge must be subject to verification in practice, using logic, etc. Specific ways to substantiate truth scientific knowledge. This is experimental control over the acquired knowledge and the deducibility of some knowledge from others, the truth of which has already been proven;

6. Awareness of the method, with the help of which the object is examined. The further science moves away from the familiar things of everyday experience, delving deeper into the study of objects, the more clearly the need for creating a system becomes apparent. special methods;

7. Science requires special preparation of the cognitive subject. Within the framework of everyday cognition, such preparation is carried out automatically, in the process of socialization of the individual and his inclusion in various areas activities

Among her basic functions of science in society, scientists highlight:

Cognitive-explanatory (knowledge and explanation of the structure of the world and the laws of world development);

Worldview (building an integral system of knowledge about the world, considering all phenomena in their unity and diversity, assistance in developing one’s own worldview);

Prognostic (making forecasts about the consequences of changes in the surrounding world in accordance with the desires and needs of a person, about possible dangerous trends in the development of society and recommendations for overcoming possible conflicts);

Social (impact on people’s living conditions, the nature of work, the system of social relations);

Production (since modern science acts as a direct productive force, equipping production with new equipment and technologies), etc.

At the same time, the twentieth century gave the world a warning - science can also be a carrier of death and destruction, and unscrupulous people can turn its achievements to the detriment of humanity. Therefore, science cannot replace morality and art, which means that the dispute between “physicists” and “lyricists” is meaningless - everything has the right to exist, and a person should not turn into a soulless mechanism like a robot. Each era influences the development of scientific research, determining its emphasis and direction. Today, social order contributes to the growth of scientific achievements in electronics, medicine (huge efforts and resources are aimed at finding cures for AIDS, cancer and many other incurable diseases), energy (alternative energy sources are being searched), genetics and other areas of knowledge.

Along with the achievements that taught man to save his time, extend life, save newborn babies, transfer the most difficult and time-consuming work to machines, we know about deadly weapons, toxic materials, radioactive waste that destroy nature “in the name of technical progress" Sometimes humanity pays a very high price for scientific achievements. Let's give one example. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was one of the “fathers of the hydrogen bomb”, and then devoted his life to the fight against violence, the arms race and cold war. The twentieth century was marked not only by the flights of spacecraft, the highest computer technologies, the growth of cities, but also the creation of new chemical and bacteriological weapons, the proliferation of nuclear weapons, pollution of the world's oceans and the disappearance of certain species of flora and fauna.

Therefore, the emergence of new scientific discoveries and achievements is not yet clear evidence of social progress and the growth of humanism. It is important that science is aimed at the public good, and does not contribute to the strengthening of the power of certain groups or political leaders. It is important, in this regard, for every person of science, scientists, to understand their responsibility to humanity for the consequences of the discoveries they make.

Art is usually called a specific form of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images. Through the creation of works of art, such a type of cognitive activity of people as artistic cognition is realized.

Art originated in ancient times, but during this period it was not yet considered a special type of activity. The ancient Greeks called “art” the ability to build houses, the skills of government, the process of treating people, etc. The isolation of aesthetic activity itself, that is, art in its modern understanding, first occurred in the field of craft. This can be clearly seen follow the example of pottery craft. The manufacture of dishes, in particular the famous Greek vases, was accompanied by decorating them with various kinds of ornaments. Ornament is a pattern built on regular rhythmic alternation and organized arrangement of abstract geometric or pictorial elements. Early Greek ornaments - meanders - were a line broken at right angles, forming a series of identical motifs connected with each other.

Gradually, the process of creating the aesthetic was transferred from the material sphere to the spiritual sphere, and artistic activity itself turned into the creation by man of a special (second along with the objective) fictional world.

Art represents the highest form of aesthetic consciousness. It is a necessary element of social consciousness, ensuring its integrity, mobility, stability in the present and direction towards the future.

The subject of art is a person, his relationships with the outside world and other individuals, as well as the life of people in certain historical conditions. Art is conditioned by the natural world and social relations that surround individuals.

The form of existence of art is a work of art that has specificity and genre definition and is realized as a material object - a sign that conveys to people a certain artistic concept that has aesthetic value.

Art as a cultural phenomenon is divided into a number of types, each of which has a specific language and its own sign system. Scientists distinguish the following types of arts.

1. Architecture(architecture) - a type of art that is a system of buildings and structures that form the spatial environment for human life.

Architecture occupies a special place among other arts because it does not depict objects, but creates them. Architecture can be public, residential, urban planning, gardening, industrial, restoration.

2. Painting - a type of art whose works represent the reflection of life on a certain surface using color.

A work created by an artist is called a painting. The painting can be painted on wood, paper, cardboard, silk or canvas.

A set of works united by a common range of themes or subjects of depiction is called a genre. The following genres are distinguished in painting:

a) portrait - an image of a person or group of people who exist or existed in reality;

b) still life - an image of things surrounding a person;

c) landscape - an image of natural or man-transformed nature;

d) everyday genre - depiction of people’s everyday life;

e) animalistic genre - depiction of animals;

f) historical genre - depiction of historical events and figures.

Graphics should be distinguished from painting, which, like painting, is associated with an image on a plane, but its works, as a rule, are executed on paper, are smaller in format and are easier to move in space.

There are easel, book, magazine and newspaper graphics. Genres of graphics basically repeat the genres of painting. To a certain extent, a specific graphic genre is caricature (satirical drawing, cartoon).

3. Sculpture - a type of fine art whose works have a physically material, objective volume and three-dimensional form located in real space. Sculpture is divided into round (head, bust, torso statue) and relief. A relief is a convex image on a stone. All reliefs are divided into bas-reliefs, high reliefs and counter-reliefs. Bas-relief is a low relief that rises above the plane by less than half of its actual volume. High relief is a high relief that rises above the plane by more than half of its actual volume. Counter-relief is an in-depth relief.

There are also easel, decorative and monumental sculptures. Easel sculpture is a small sculpture intended mainly for decorating premises. Decorative sculpture is of medium size, and monumental sculpture is of large and enormous sizes.

4. Arts and crafts - a type of fine art directly related to the everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied arts include works made from the most various materials(traditionally made of wood, clay, stone, glass and metal). The peculiarity of this type of art is its utilitarianism and inclusion in people’s everyday lives. Like architecture, decorative and applied art is a constantly operating factor in the formation of the human environment.

5. Literature - a type of art that reflects reality in verbal and written images.

The first literary works - legends, epics, myths - appeared even when humanity did not have writing, and were passed on from mouth to mouth. Oral folk art is usually called folklore.

6. Music - a type of art that reflects reality in sound artistic images. Music intended for singing is called vocal. If a piece is performed only on instruments, then such music is called instrumental.

7. Theater - a type of art, the specific means of expression of which is stage action that occurs during the actor’s performance in front of the public.

8. Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training.

9. Ballet - a type of art whose content is revealed in dance and musical images.

10. Movie - a type of art whose works are created using filming of real events, specially staged or recreated by means of animation.

11. Photographic art - the art of creating, using chemical and technical means, a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.

12. Bandstand - a type of art that includes small forms of drama, music and choreography, the main works of which are individual completed numbers.

Art is multifunctional: it performs many different functions in society.

The socially transformative function of art is manifested in the fact that it, having an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in directed and holistically oriented activities to transform society.

The consoling-compensatory function is to restore in the sphere of the spirit the harmony lost by a person in reality. Through its harmony, art influences the internal harmony of the individual, contributes to the preservation and restoration of mental balance.

The artistic-conceptual function is expressed in the ability of art to analyze the state of the surrounding world.

The function of anticipation characterizes the ability of art to anticipate the future. Fantastic, utopian and socially predictive works of art are based on this ability.

The educational function of art reflects the role of art in the formation of a holistic human personality, feelings and thoughts of people.

The suggestive function is manifested in the influence of art on the subconscious of people, on the human psyche. In tense periods of history, it plays a leading role in the general system of functions of art.

The aesthetic function is the specific ability of art to shape the aesthetic tastes and needs of a person, to awaken in the individual the desire and ability to create according to the laws of beauty.

The hedonistic function shows the special, spiritual nature of art, designed to give people pleasure. It is based on the idea of ​​the intrinsic value of the individual and implements it, giving a person the disinterested joy of aesthetic pleasure.

The cognitive-heuristic function shows the cognitive role of art and is expressed in its ability to reflect and master those aspects of life that are difficult for science.

The specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge lies in the fact that, firstly, it is figurative and visual. The subject of art - people's lives - is extremely diverse and is reflected in art in all its diversity in the form of artistic images. The latter, being the result of fiction, are nevertheless a reflection of reality and always bear the imprint of really existing objects, events and phenomena. An artistic image performs the same functions in art as a concept in science: with its help, the process of artistic generalization occurs, highlighting the essential features of cognizable objects. The created images constitute the cultural heritage of society and are capable, having become symbols of their time, to have a serious influence on public consciousness.

Secondly, artistic cognition is characterized by specific ways of reproducing the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms, etc.

Thirdly, the imagination and fantasy of the learning subject plays a huge role in the process of understanding the world through art. Artistic invention, which is allowed in art, is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific knowledge.

Unlike various social sciences that study individual aspects of people's lives, art studies the person as a whole and, along with other types of cognitive activity, is a special form of knowledge of the surrounding reality.

Art is included in an integral system of forms of social consciousness, which, along with it, includes the philosophy, politics, law, science, morality, and religion already discussed above. All of them realize their functions in a single cultural context that arises due to their interrelations.

Social science. Full course preparation for the Unified State Exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.14. Art

1.14. Art

Art 1) in a narrow sense - this is specific form practical-spiritual exploration of the world; 2) in wide – highest level mastery, ability, regardless of what sphere of social life they are manifested in (the art of a stove maker, a doctor, a baker, etc.).

Art– a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of social life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images; one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component spiritual culture; an artistic and figurative form of human cognitive activity, a way of aesthetically expressing one’s inner state.

Versions of the relationship between nature and art

A) Kant reduced art to imitation.

b) Schelling And German romantics put art above nature.

V) Hegel placed art below philosophy and religion, believing that it is burdened with sensuality, that is, it expresses a spiritual idea in a form that is inadequate to it.

Theories of the origin of art

1. Biologizer– the origin of art from the need to attract the attention of the opposite sex. Art arises from emotional excitement, a psyche in a state of conflict, in moments of transformation and switching of the energy of elementary drives to the goals of high creative activity.

2. Gaming– the reasons for the emergence of art in the need for man to spend unspent in labor activity energy, the need for training to master social roles.

3. Magical: art is a form of various types of magic introduced into everyday activities primitive man.

4. Labor: art is the result of labor (the useful qualities of produced objects become an object of artistic pleasure).

Differences between art and other forms of social consciousness

– Art understands the world through imaginative thinking (if reality is presented holistically in art, then the essence appears in the richness of its sensory manifestations, individual and unique).

– Art does not aim to provide any special information about private sectors of social practice and to identify their patterns, such as physical, economic and others. Art, as a special specific branch of spiritual production, masters reality aesthetically, from the standpoint of the fundamental aesthetic categories: “beautiful”, “sublime”, “tragic” and “comic”.

– Holistic-imaginative and aesthetic principles of artistic consciousness distinguish art from morality.

Functions of art

1) socially transformative– having an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in targeted activities to transform society;

2) artistic and conceptual– analyzes the state of the surrounding world;

3) educational– shapes the personality, feelings and thoughts of people; fosters humanistic qualities of the human personality;

4) aesthetic– forms the aesthetic tastes and needs of a person;

5) consolatory-compensatory– restores harmony in the sphere of spirit, lost by a person in reality, contributes to the preservation and restoration of mental balance of the individual;

6) anticipations– anticipates the future;

7) suggestive– affects the subconscious of people, the human psyche;

8) hedonistic(from Greek pleasure) – gives people pleasure; teaches people to have a positive attitude towards the world, to look into the future with optimism;

9) cognitive-heuristic– reflects and masters those aspects of life that are difficult for science;

10) synthesizing– is a treasury of images and symbols that express values ​​that are significant to a person;

11) communicative– connects people together, serves as a means of communication and communication;

12) recreational– serves as a means of relaxation, liberation from everyday work and worries.

The main category of art is artistic image. An artistic image is a part or component of a work of art; the way of being of a work of art taken as a whole. Unbreakable connection artistic meaning with a material, sensory embodiment, distinguishes an artistic image from a scientific concept, abstract thought. The meaning that makes up the content of an artistic image is created by the artist in the expectation that it will be conveyed and accessible to others. The material, sensually perceived form (visual and sound) provides such an opportunity and acts as a sign.

Under sign refers to any material phenomenon created or used with the aim of conveying any information with its help. This visual, expressive, verbal And conventional signs. The peculiarity of artistic signs is that, regardless of what they depict, express or designate, they themselves should always cause aesthetic pleasure. The spiritual content of an artistic image can be tragic, comic, etc., but the impression from its iconic material form represents the experience of beauty, beauty. The iconic form of an artistic image is subject not only to communicative and aesthetic principle, but also the psychological requirement to attract, hold and switch the attention of the viewer and listener.

Classification

1) by the amount of funds used: a) simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music); b) complex or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);

2) according to the relationship between a work of art and reality: a) pictorial, depicting reality by copying it (realistic painting, sculpture, photography); b) expressive, where the imagination and imagination of the artist creates new reality(ornament, music);

3) in relation to space and time: a) spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture); b) temporary (literature, music); c) spatio-temporal (theater, cinema);

4) by time of occurrence: a) traditional (poetry, dance, music); b) new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using quite complex technical means to build an image;

5) according to the degree of applicability in everyday life: a) applied (decorative and applied arts); b) graceful (music, dance).

IN spatial arts There are three types: easel (easel painting, easel graphics, etc.), monumental (monumental sculpture, wall painting, etc.) and applied(standard mass architecture, small sculpture, miniature painting, industrial graphics, posters, etc.).

In verbal-temporal arts there are three types: epic(novel, poem, etc.), lyrics(poems, etc.) and drama (various plays and etc.).

Kinds of art - these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, words, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide diversity artistic attitude to reality. Let's briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

* The primary form of art was a special syncretic (undifferentiated) complex of creative activity. For primitive man there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out individual species art.

* Literature uses verbal and written means to construct images. The main types of literature: drama, epic and lyric. Genres: tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

*Music uses sound. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres: opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

*Dance uses plastic movements to construct images. There are ritual, folk, ballroom, modern dance, ballet. Dance directions and styles: waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

* Painting reflects reality on a plane using color. Genres: portrait, still life, landscape, everyday life, animalistic (depiction of animals), historical.

* Architecture forms the spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, gardening, industrial, etc. Architectural styles: Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

* Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional form. The sculpture can be round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image); by size: easel, decorative, monumental.

* Decorative and applied arts are associated with applied needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothing, jewelry, etc.

* The theater organizes a special stage performance through the performance of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

* Circus is a spectacular and entertaining event with unusual, risky and funny acts in a special arena: acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training, etc.

* Cinema is a development of theatrical performance based on modern technical audiovisual means. Types of cinema include feature films, documentaries, and animation. By genre: comedy, drama, melodrama, adventure film, detective, thriller, etc.

* Photography captures documentary visual images using technical means - optical, chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

* Variety includes small forms of stage art - drama, music, choreography, illusions, circus acts, original performances, etc.

To the listed types of art you can add graphics, radio art, etc.

IN different eras and in different artistic directions the boundaries between genres are more strict (for example, in classicism), in others - less (romanticism) or even conditional (realism). IN contemporary art there is a tendency to deny the genre as a stable form artistic creativity(postmodernism).

True art is always elitist. True art, as the essence of religion and philosophy, is open to everyone and is created for everyone.

Spiritual- this is creativity in everything, and philosophy And faith- poetry of the spirit. Berdyaev defines philosophy as “the art of knowledge in freedom through the creativity of ideas...”. Creativity is not auxiliary to metaphysics and ethics, but permeates them and fills them with life. Beauty is just as important to the whole spiritual development man as truth and goodness: harmony is created by their unity in love. That is why the great Russian writer and thinker F. M. Dostoevsky, repeating Plato’s thought, said that “beauty will save the world.”

The Art of Crossing Out Writing is the art of crossing out. Julian Przybos (1901–1970), Polish poet The work of the pen is no less serious when it erases what has been written. Quintilian (c. 35-c. 96), Roman teacher of eloquence To shorten books means to lengthen the reader