Which culture is commercial in nature? Culture and spiritual life of society

Human civilization has reached a high stage of development. And one of the defining features of this is cultural diversity.

Definition of the term

6. Elite (high) - created by professionals independently, or by order of privileged sections of society. Its types, in turn, are art, literature, classical music.

7. Bulk form culture - it can be called the opposite of elitist. Created on a large scale for a wide range of people. Its main tasks are entertainment and making a profit. This is one of the youngest forms of culture, which owes its appearance to the rapid development of mass communications in the 20th century. They are divided into the following types:

Media - television, newspapers, radio. They disseminate information, have a strong influence on society and are focused on different groups of people.

Communication means - these include the Internet, cellular and telephone communications.

IN Lately Some researchers propose to identify another type popular culture- computer. Computers and tablets have practically replaced books, television and newspapers for many users. With their help, you can instantly obtain any information. In terms of its impact, this type of culture is catching up with the means mass media, and with the further spread of computers, it may soon get ahead of them.

8. Screen is one of the types of mass culture. It got its name from the way it is displayed on the screen. This includes films, computer games, television series, game consoles.

9. Folk form culture (folklore) - unlike the elitist one, it is created by anonymous non-professionals. It can also be called amateur. This folk art, which is born from work and everyday life. Passed on from generation to generation, folk culture was constantly enriched.

Features of culture of different countries and eras

Every country, ethnic group or a nation has its own special culture. Sometimes the differences may be subtle, but more often than not they are immediately noticeable. A European will see virtually no difference between the cultures of such peoples as the Incas and the Mayans. Art is not very different in his eyes Ancient China and Japan. But he can easily distinguish any culture European country from Asian.

An example is the heritage of Ancient China. What features does it have? This is a strict hierarchy of society, observance of rituals, and the absence of a single religion.

Functions

There is no need to prove that culture plays one of the important roles in life individual person and society as a whole. It performs the following functions:

1. Cognitive. Culture, summarizing experience previous generations, accumulates valuable information about the world around us, which helps a person in his cognitive activity. An individual society will be intelligent to the extent that it studies and applies the experience and knowledge contained in the gene pool.

2. Normative (regulatory): taboos, norms, rules, morality are designed to regulate the personal and public life of a person.

3. Educational (educational) - it is culture that makes a person an individual. Being in society, we master knowledge, rules and norms, language, traditions - as our own social community, and worldwide. How much cultural knowledge a person learns will determine who he ultimately becomes. All this is achieved a long process upbringing and education.

4. Adaptive - helps a person adapt to the environment.

Domestic culture

The Russian Federation is a multinational country. Its development took place under the influence of national cultures. The uniqueness of Russia lies in the extraordinary diversity of traditions, beliefs, moral norms, rules, customs, aesthetic tastes, which is associated with the specifics cultural heritage different peoples.

Russian culture is dominant in the territory Russian Federation. Which is understandable, since Russians constitute the ethnic majority among other peoples of the country.

In all existing typologies, our culture is always considered separately. Domestic and Western cultural experts unanimously believe that Russian culture is a special phenomenon. It cannot be attributed to any of the known types. It belongs neither to the Western nor to the Eastern, being somewhere in the middle. This borderline, dual situation led to the formation of internal contradictions in Russian culture and national character.

And it was formed completely differently than in the East or West. Its development was greatly influenced by the fight against the raids of nomads, the adoption of Christianity (while Catholicism gained great power in the West), the Mongol yoke, and the unification of the devastated and weakened principalities into a single Russian state.

At the same time, Russian culture has never developed as a holistic phenomenon. Dualism has always been inherent in it. There are always two opposing principles present in it: pagan and Christian, Asian and European. The same duality is inherent in the character of the Russian person. On the one hand, this is humility and compassion, on the other, toughness.

An important feature of Russian culture was that it arose on a multi-ethnic basis. The core of the future Russian people, East Slavs, in the process of settlement they encountered Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes, partially assimilating them and absorbing elements of the culture of these peoples.

Stages of development of Russian culture

1. Ancient period.

Speaking about the development of Russian culture, it is worth noting that at the very beginning big influence influenced her Slavic culture. The Slavs, before their division into three groups, lived in Central and Eastern Europe. They settled near rivers and streams, in safe place, for example, in a remote forest. The main occupations were farming, fishing and various crafts. The Slavs were pagans and worshiped gods, spirits of nature and ancestors. The influence of Scythian tribes and ancient culture can be seen in household items, jewelry and weapons found at the excavation site.

2. Culture of Kievan Rus.

The beginning of this period is associated with the adoption of Christianity in Rus'. The material culture that existed before has changed little. But huge changes have taken place in the field of spirituality. Thanks to Orthodoxy, such types of art as painting, architecture, music, and literature received impetus for the development. The culture of this period had the following features: a strong influence of religion, the cult of the hero - the defender of Rus', the disunity and isolation of Russian principalities, integration into the European cultural space. At this time, crafts and folklore developed, the first epics appeared, a unified written language emerged, and the first schools were opened.

3. Culture XIII-XVII centuries, which is divided into two periods: the culture of Moscow Rus' and Russian Empire.

During Muscovite Rus', the country began to lag far behind Western states due to Mongol yoke. While the first manufactories appeared in Europe, Russia had to engage in the restoration of crafts.

The beginning of the Russian Empire (Petrine era, or the period of the “Russian Enlightenment”) is characterized by the transition from ancient heritage to the culture of the New Age.

4. Soviet culture.

The 20th century was a time of great upheaval for the whole world, but most of all global changes affected the Russian Empire. Revolution, change political system, the formation of the USSR... Culture, forms of culture in Russia were changed in the most powerful way. The main features of this period: the emergence of a new, socialist culture, the diversity of its forms. During these years, such remarkable personalities as Mayakovsky, Blok, Zoshchenko, Bulgakov, Sholokhov, Gorky worked.

Regarding culture modern Russia, then after a difficult transition period as a result of the collapse of the USSR, it begins its gradual revival. This largely contributes to public policy. Developed and implemented various projects. For example, the federal program “Culture of Russia”, which operates from 2012 to 2018. It helps to realize many creative non-profit projects, providing subsidies to its authors.

Modern Russian culture is a multitude of national cultures that are in constant interaction. Gradually she moves further and further away from traditional culture, and her image is increasingly associated with space age and environmental ideas of humanity. For modern man It becomes common to be dissatisfied with your current situation and lifestyle. He looks for a way out in the “green” movement, becomes a fan of natural nutrition, or actively begins to practice yoga. All these are new sprouts, alternative culture, which replaces the one that existed during the transition period of Russia's development.

The concept of culture is quite broad and covers all social norms, personal values ​​and things created by man. Let us briefly consider the concept of spiritual culture of society.

Culture and spiritual life of society

Nowadays the classification of culture into material and spiritual is already generally accepted.

Material culture is all things created by man. This includes equipment, cars, clothes, books and other things. Spiritual culture is norms, ideas of beauty, religious, scientific views.

In general, spiritual culture is expressed in two components:

• the inner world of the individual and his activities to create spiritual values;
• products of such activity, that is, works of art, scientific theories, customs, laws.

It is also embodied in religion, education, language and is composed of rules, laws, values, knowledge, customs, and moral standards.

Thus, spiritual culture, like material culture, appears as a result of human activity, but is created not by hands, but by the mind. Objects of a given culture cannot be seen or held in hands. pure form, since they exist only in consciousness. But they are certainly embodied in material objects: knowledge - in books, scientific theories - in experimental models, and so on.

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Spiritual values

It is easier to imagine the diversity of spiritual values ​​if we divide them into groups.

Let's consider the classification of spiritual values:

• Worldview (related to the concepts of life and death - time, fate, past, the relationship between man and nature). This group reflects a person’s understanding of his place in the world;
• Moral (Connected with the categories of good and evil - duty, responsibility, loyalty, honor, love, friendship). In other words, they reflect a person’s ability to relate his desires and the needs of other people;
• Aesthetic (Beauty, high values);
• Religious (Love, faith, humility).

Functions of culture

Culture plays a special role in society. Scientists identify the following functions:

• educational;
• evaluative;
• regulatory;
• informative;
• communicative;
• function of human socialization.

Types of culture:

• folk

Folk culture reflects the peculiarities of the life of society, the norms operating in it, and characteristic values.

• elitist

Works are created separate group the population is usually the most educated for the privileged classes. These are the types of art that a minority have access to. This could be, for example, classical music and literature.

• massive

Appeared in the 20th century as a reflection of the need large groups population in leisure time. Products of mass culture are characterized by simplicity of form, understandability for most people, regardless of age, education and profession.

The formation of a person’s spiritual culture in modern society occurs under the influence of various factors. Special role In this process, the media, the Internet, television, newspapers play a role, which have a strong influence on people’s worldviews and impose values.

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The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

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The sphere of spiritual culture and its features

Materials catalog

Meanings of the concept “culture”.

Forms and varieties of culture.

Folk culture- the most stable part of the national culture, a source of development and a repository of traditions. This is a culture created by the people and existing in the masses. Folk culture is usually anonymous. Folk culture can be divided into two types - popular and folklore. Popular culture describes the current way of life, morals, customs, songs, dances of the people, and folklore describes its past.
Folk or national culture presupposes the absence of personalized authorship and is created by the entire people. It includes myths, legends, dances, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs, proverbs, sayings, symbols, rituals, rites and canons.
Subculture and counterculture
Subculture- Part general culture, a system of values ​​inherent in a large social group. In any society there are many subgroups that have their own special cultural values ​​and traditions. A system of norms and values ​​that distinguishes a group from the rest of society is called a subculture. One of the most common modern world subculture is youth, distinguished by its language (slang) and behavioral characteristics.
Counterculture- 1) a subculture that not only differs from the dominant culture, but opposes, is in conflict with it, and seeks to displace it; 2) value system a social groups(“new left”, hippies, beatniks, yippies, etc.). Within the framework of elite culture there is its own “counterculture” - the avant-garde.

Interaction of cultures

Functions of culture

Structure of culture. Culture as social institution

Culture in sociological knowledge

Types and forms of culture.

Structure of culture. Culture as a social institution.

Culture in sociological knowledge.

Plan

There are more than 150 definitions of the concept “culture”.

Culture (originally from Latin cultura) - “cultivation”, “processing” (from “cultivation of the land” in Ancient Rome to “upbringing and education of a person.” Gradually, the term “culture” acquires not only personal, but also social meaning.

Culture– a system of values ​​shared by members of society, normative and other regulators of social interactions;

It is a way of organizing and developing human life, represented in its tangible and intangible products passed down from generation to generation

Society and culture are quite difficult to distinguish, since they “live” in each other, and their interpenetration is multifaceted.

This can be confirmed by cultural subjects, which are the main types of social communities - society (if it is considered as a type of the broadest community), nation, social group.

So, for example, we can talk about Russian, American cultures as the cultures of the respective societies; about the Tatar Chuvash cultures How national cultures; youth culture, teaching culture, etc. as cultures of specific social groups (demographic, professional, etc.).

Society and culture, meanwhile, may not coincide with each other, which makes it possible to separate these phenomena.

This is confirmed by the following:

1) not all members of society share its cultural values ​​and norms;

2) some cultural patterns extend beyond the borders of a particular country and are perceived in other countries (for example, Roman law);

3) cultures that are sometimes significantly different from each other can coexist in one society.

The structure of culture, its main elements: values, norms, customs, language, activities.

Social values – significant phenomena, objects, processes as patterns accepted in a given environment, with the help of which people relate their interactions in a social community. Values, as the “core” of culture, unite material and intangible culture. Values ​​act as social and normative regulators public life and people's behavior. Values ​​are the basis for norms and standards of behavior.

Norms are rules of behavior, expectations and standards that govern interactions between people. There are norms: moral (socially accepted rules of behavior that require the performance of certain actions and prohibit others, for example, the 10 commandments), institutional (carefully developed, in contrast to moral ones, with established rules for following them, since each institution has my regulatory framework), legal (strengthened formalized norms that require strict implementation, which is ensured by coercion from the state), norms of etiquette, everyday behavior, etc.

Customs– patterns of behavior accepted in society (communities) (inherited stereotypical modes of behavior), which are constantly reproduced and are familiar to its members. IN traditional societies are the main regulators, and their violation is severely punished. IN modern societies There are more customs, their violation is not punished very harshly and concerns, first of all, elementary norms of behavior (how to eat, sit, say hello, etc.). Customs include taboos - prohibitions.

Language- a system of communication carried out on the basis of sounds and symbols that have conventional but reasonable meanings. Language serves as the main means of translation and transmission of culture, because To a large extent, her creations are presented in symbolic form.

There is a special “language of culture”, i.e. in order to penetrate into the essence of a work, it is necessary to master its language (the profession of a composer, artist, sculptor, etc.).

Language - social phenomenon, i.e. Language cannot be acquired outside of social interaction.

Language, like culture, develops generally accepted meanings that make up the content of oral and written speech. Language is objective, but speech is subjective; language has public character, and speech is individual.

Activity consists in the creation (production), assimilation (consumption), preservation, dissemination (distribution) of cultural goods, values, norms. Activities in the field of culture in sociology come down to the following types: reading, visiting movies, theaters, watching television, participating in creative activities (art, music, etc.). etc.

Cultural activities in a broad sense - (self) realization of a person’s essential powers, his abilities, talents, needs and interests. That., cultural content can be identified in any area social activities– work, family, life, education, politics, leisure.

Culture as a social institution performs the following functions:

1) spiritual production (providing the necessary prerequisites for spiritual creativity, the creation of spiritual values);

2) preservation, replication and broadcast of newly created or reproduced values ​​(in an effort to make them mass property - the work of publishing houses, printing houses, film studios, etc.);

3) socio-regulatory (regulation of the process of creation, preservation, distribution of spiritual goods with the help of normative and value mechanisms - traditions, customs, symbols);

4) communicative (organization of interaction between institutions and groups of people during the production, preservation and distribution of spiritual values);

5) social control over how the creation and distribution of products of cultural institutions is carried out.

Types of culture:

1. Material and immaterial (spiritual) culture

TO material culture refers to physical objects, or artifacts created by people, to which certain meaning(car, building, furniture, etc.).

Intangible (spiritual) culture includes spiritual values, language, beliefs, rules, customs, government system, science, religion.

2. Civilization, cultural-historical type, those. culture as an integral historical phenomenon (the so-called “great cultures” - ancient, Indian, Chinese, European, etc.): characterizes certain historical eras, or specific societies, nationalities, nations. These are ethnic, territorial, economic, linguistic, political, psychological communities “extending” in time and space, going through stages of origin, development, prosperity and decline.

3. Subculture- a system of activities, values ​​and norms that distinguish the culture of a certain social community from the culture of the majority of society. The subculture does not reject the majority culture, but deviates from it ( youth subcultures, subculture of doctors, subculture of students, etc.).

4. Counterculture- a subculture that is in conflict with the dominant culture. Counterculture creates norms and values ​​that contradict the main aspects of culture. Sometimes counterculture values ​​permeate dominant culture and become less conflicting.

Forms of culture:

Elite (high) culture, the works of which are perceived by a relatively small segment of the population; a set of cultural creations that are complex in content and little understandable to an unprepared person, for example, fine arts, classic literature and music;

Folk culture is a set of myths, legends, tales, songs, dances, created, as a rule, anonymous authors;

Popular culture is a generally accepted set of cultural patterns and ideas supported by the media, e.g. pop culture, rock culture.

In sociology, culture is viewed as a complex formation that can be structured on a variety of grounds. It seems essential to classify culture by origin (genesis), nature and level of development, which makes it possible to distinguish its three forms: elite, folk and mass.

Elite, or high culture includes classical music, fine literature and poetry, fine arts, etc. It is created by talented writers, poets, composers, painters and is aimed at a select circle of art connoisseurs and connoisseurs. This circle may include not only “professionals” (writers, critics, art critics, etc.), but also those who highly value art and receive aesthetic pleasure from communicating with it. As the level of education of the population increases, the circle of consumers of high culture expands.

Folk culture arises to a certain extent spontaneously and most often does not have specific authors. It includes a wide variety of elements: myths, legends, epics, songs, dances, proverbs, ditties, crafts and much more - everything that is commonly called folklore. Two characteristic features of folklore can be distinguished: it is localized, i.e. connected with the traditions of a particular area, and democratic, since everyone takes part in its creation. Folk culture can be distinguished by a high artistic level.

Mass culture arises in the 20th century. in the context of the commercialization of art and the development of new technologies of mass communication. The products of mass culture are distributed among all segments of society and are aimed at satisfying the immediate needs of people. The main function of mass culture is compensatory and entertaining, which is complemented by a socially adaptive function, implemented in an abstract, superficial form. Typical examples of mass culture include musical hits, endless television series, standard action movies, horror films, etc.

Nowadays, popular culture is increasingly becoming special kind business. It is modified taking into account the specific characteristics of various social groups, becomes more technically advanced, inventive in ways of influencing mass public. Thus, today the mechanism of status consumption is increasingly used, when the acquisition of a particular thing is dictated primarily by considerations of prestige.

Along with the noted forms of culture, sociologists identify a number of its varieties according to individual social groups. In this regard, the concepts of “dominant culture”, “subculture” and “counterculture” are used.

Dominant culture- is a set of beliefs, values, norms, and rules of behavior that are accepted and shared by the majority of members of society. This concept reflects the system of norms and values ​​that are vital for society and form it cultural basis. Without such a generally accepted system of cultural norms and values, no society can function normally.

However, there are many groups in society, each of which may have its own special system of values ​​and norms

behavior depending on age, occupation, profession, nationality, geographic environment, etc. The cultural specificity of these groups is expressed by the concept of “subculture,” with the help of which sociologists identify local cultural complexes that arise within the framework of the culture of the entire society.

Subculture- this is a special system of cultural values ​​and norms inherent in a certain social group and differing to one degree or another from the dominant culture. Any subculture presupposes its own rules and patterns of behavior, its own style of clothing, and its own manner of communication. This is a peculiar fellow cultural world, which reflects the lifestyle characteristics of different communities of people.

There are many subcultures: age, professional, territorial, national, religious, etc.

Currently, Russian sociologists pay especially great attention to the study of youth subculture. As the results of specific sociological studies show, the subcultural activity of young people depends on a number of factors:

level of education (for people with lower level of education, for example, vocational school students, it is noticeably higher than that of university students);

on age (peak activity is 16-17 years old, by 21-22 years it decreases significantly);

place of residence (typical in to a greater extent for the city than for the village).

Due to a number of social, political or economic reasons, a subculture can transform into a counter culture. Under counterculture refers to a subculture that not only differs from the dominant culture, but is in a state of open conflict in relation to it. The author of this term is the American sociologist T. Roszak, who used it to characterize youth protest movements in Western countries in the late 60s. XX century

Depending on the forms of the economic structure, as well as the means of implementation, fixation and dissemination of values, norms, patterns of behavior: preliterate written

Depending on the characteristics of the spheres of society and types of activity: economic, political, professional, artistic, urban, rural, etc.

Thus, if with the help of a subculture an individual can in different ways perceive and realize the basic values ​​of society, then counterculture means the rejection of these values ​​and the search for alternative forms of life.