Generality definition. The people as a social community

Horizontally:

3. A community of people that develops in the process of forming a community of their territory

theory, economic ties, language, cultural characteristics and character (Nation)

5. The path of experimental study of phenomena, during which a transition is made from individual facts to general provisions(The science).

6. Income associated with entrepreneurial activity(Profit)

8. A thought that affirms or denies something about an object, process, phenomenon (Narrow

10. A single representative of the human race (Individual).

11. A security that gives its owner the right to receive a portion of the company's profits

va (Promotion).

Vertically:

1. Voluntary unification of independent countries to achieve specific goals, in which the united countries, fully maintaining sovereignty and significant independence

dependency (Confederation)

2. A special means that serves as a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods and services (Money).

4. Adaptation of a person to the world around him (Adaptation).

7.The science of the most general patterns development of nature, society, knowledge (Phi-

losophy).

8. A social group that has rights and obligations enshrined in custom or law and inherited (Estate).

9. A person who is outside his social group (Marginal).

Assessment for work

(To be completed by the jury)

5.5. 10th grade (1 hour 20 min.)

1. Select all correct answers. Write them down in the table. 1.1.What type of social control does not exist?

a) Formal and informal b) Ego and superego control c) Internal and external d) Affective

1.2. Marginality is

a) The state of an individual in which he belongs to two or more groups, but does not fully share the norms and values ​​of any of them b) The desire to conform to the norms and values ​​of the group c) Complete or partial violation of the norms and values ​​of the group

d) Tension that arises in an individual in case of non-compliance with the expectations of the group.

1.3. A visual-sensory image of objects and phenomena, received through the senses, but retained in consciousness without their direct influence,

called:

a) feeling

b) perception

c) presentation

d) imagination

1.4.The following statements are typical only for a presidential republic

a) in a presidential republic there is the clearest separation of powers b) the president has a suspensive veto c) the president is the head of the executive branch

d) the president is elected by popular vote

1.5. What ideology denied the principle of separation of powers?

a) liberal

b) communist

c) neoliberal

d) Christian-democratic

1.6.The tenth candy does not give as much pleasure as the first. That's an example:

a) general utility

b) the law of diminishing returns

c) shortage

d) opportunity cost

1.7. Interchangeable goods:

a) have the same price b) complement each other in sales

c) compete with each other in the market d) stimulate each other’s sales

1.8.Which body oversees the implementation of laws in the Russian Federation?

b) prosecutor's office

c) Federation Council

d) investigation department

2. What unites the concepts that form each of the presented series? Give

short answer.

1. The ability to work, the ability to reflect objective reality in images,

possibility of cultural heritage.

2. Satisfying the most important needs of society, the presence of stable forms of organization of people, the presence of a complex of statuses, traditions, rituals, norms and values

_____________________________________________________________.

3. Territory, sovereignty, public power, the right to make laws, levy taxes

lairs, symbolism.

_____________________________________________________________.

1. differences between humans and animals, 2. social institutions, 3. signs of the state

3. Insert into the text, instead of gaps, the corresponding words and combinations of words from

list given in the table. Write it in the text serial numbers selected

you words and combinations. Please note: the list of words and combinations of words contains more

than gaps in the text!

The first source of religious and philosophical wisdom and thought was the so-called

1_______________, in which manifestations of mythological consciousness are strong.

More understandable and at the same time philosophical is another group of texts that appeared later - 2 _____________________ (this word itself denotes the process of teaching wisdom

speech of his students). It was in these texts that the idea was first expressed

3____________ - transmigration of the souls of living beings after their death. According to the law

4____________, one who performed good actions, lived in accordance with moral standards -

mi, will be born in the future as a representative of one of the highest 5 _______ society.

In other words, everyone gets what they deserve. To be worthy better life in the future, a person must good deeds and redeem yours with a righteous life karmic debt previous existences. The most reliable path is life

Another way to free the soul is a set of practical exercises,

self-control, strict discipline, namely the 7_________________ system. This goal is

pov training - achieving a state that helps release

8_________________.

Answer: 1 3 5 2 6 4 7 11

4.Using all the terms below, complete the chart.

Social consciousness, individual consciousness, consciousness, morality, religion, law

consciousness, levels of consciousness, ordinary consciousness, theoretical consciousness, components,

ideology.

5. Solve a legal problem

5.1. Minor Andrey turned 15 years old. He and his friends decided to celebrate his birthday. The guys purchased and drank strong alcoholic drinks in the park. As a result of severe alcohol intoxication, Andrei and his friends began to pester citizens in the park,

accompanying his actions with obscene language. They smashed several lampshades into backgrounds -

ryakhs installed in the park. These actions were noticed by police and public safety officers and stopped the actions of juvenile offenders. One of the employees

Nikikov promised the entire group long terms of arrest to the fullest extent of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

How should the actions of minors be classified? What punishment will they receive?

if Andrey was 15 years old at the time of the crime, and his friends were one year older? Is the police officer right?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5.2. Turner Ermakov was reprimanded for defects in his work. In addition, it is partially

awarded prizes. Considering that there cannot be two punishments for one act, Ermakov appealed to the Labor Dispute Commission with a request to cancel the order to deprive him of the bonus.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5.1. The actions of minors should be qualified as an administrative law.

destruction. Andrey cannot bear criminal liability, since it comes in the Russian Federation with

16 years in general cases. In especially severe cases it occurs earlier. Since the behavior of the young men is in the nature of administrative violations, sanctions will be applied to them according to the Administrative Code. The police officer is wrong.

5.2.According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for committing a disciplinary offense, that is, non-

performance or improper performance by an employee through his fault of the labor duties assigned to him, the employer has the right to apply the following disciplinary sanctions:

1) remark;

2) reprimand;

3) dismissal for appropriate reasons.

Moreover, for each disciplinary offense only one disciplinary offense can be applied.

plinary recovery. Disciplinary action may be appealed by the employee to the state

state labor inspectorate and (or) bodies for the consideration of individual labor disputes.

6. Solve a logic problem.

At the economic summit, the heads of three states met - A, B and C. One of them was a legally elected president, the second was a hereditary monarch, and the third was a military dictator.

torus When they were asked who was who, the answers were as follows:

A: “B is a monarch, and C is a dictator” B: “A is a legally elected president” C: “Am I or A a dictator”

As it turned out later, only the one who was the monarch told the truth. Define

those who are. Justify your answer.

Answer: A dictator, B president, C monarch

7. Indian proverb says: One day Akbar drew a straight line and, turning to the ministers, said: “How can I make this line shorter without touching it?” Birbal was considered the wisest man in the state. He came up and...

What do you think Birbal did? What did he want to show with this action?

Justify your answer.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Answer: He drew another straight line next to this line, but longer, so

We belittled the dignity of the first.

Approximate justification: perhaps he wanted to show the relativity of our concepts - the assessment of things (their length, significance, dignity, size) depends on our perception and our expectations.

Other answers are acceptable provided they are properly and originally justified.

8. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

1. Social behavior deviating from what is socially acceptable in society (deviation)

2. A group that has power or influence over other groups (Elite).

4. Uncritical acceptance by the individual of the existing order of things, adaptation to it (Conformism).

7. Correspondence of our knowledge or what is said to what actually exists (Truth). 9. Moral principle, prescribing compassion and mercy towards other people,

selfless service to them and readiness for self-denial in the name of their good (Altruism). 11. A closed, isolated social group with a strictly defined occupation,

a unique lifestyle, customs, traditions, norms (Caste).

13. A political minority opposing the political majority, the pro-course

current policies, goals and methods of exercising state power (Opposition).

Vertically:

3. One of the forms of contradictions, characterized by an acute irreconcilable struggle between enemies

blowing forces, tendencies (Antagonism).

5. Any type of activity that generates profit or cash income (Business).

6. A way of activity and thinking that ensures that the individual goes beyond the boundaries of traditional

ational, habitual, given existence (Creativity).

8. Tolerance for other people’s opinions, beliefs, behavior, agreement to accept them even if they contradict the worldview of the observer himself

(Tolerance).

10. The section of economic theory that studies the functioning of the economy as a whole,

economic system as a single whole, a set of economic phenomena (Mc-

roeconomics).

12. The process during which groups of people are hierarchically arranged according to some scale of inequality (Stratification).

Assessment for work

(To be completed by the jury)

5.6. 11th grade (1 hour 20 min.)

1. Select all correct answers. Write them down in the table.

1.1. Indicate the reasons that determine the specificity of social cognition, its

difference from natural science knowledge.

a) In social cognition, experimental possibilities are limited.

b) Social cognition deals with constantly changing events and phenomena and is therefore aimed at discovering relative truths c) Social cognition cannot be absolutely impartial due to

scientists have an interested attitude towards the object of research d) In social cognition the subject and object of cognition are combined

1.2. The criterion of truth according to sensationalists is:

b) practice

d) sensation

e) agreement of scientists

a) the level of division of labor in society b) the level of development of science

c) the degree of individual freedom and the system for ensuring and protecting human rights d) the level of development of the productive forces

1.4.The main stratification variables in modern society it could be considered

a) marital status

b) access to political power

c) income level

d) belonging to a religion

e) nationality

1.5. A totalitarian regime is characterized

a) Complete control of all spheres of society

b) Censorship of the media

c) The presence of opposition

d) Territorial expansion

1.6. The federal structure of the state presupposes

a) the presence of two levels of government b) the relative legal independence of administrative units

c) government of the state only from the center, which delegates powers to subjects and controls their full sovereignty d) administrative units, which delegate to the central authority authorized by them

I only deal with questions of a cultural nature

The concept of a social community of people allows us to consider the stages in the development of the human community as a socio-natural whole, while the features of institutionalization may or may not be considered. The types of social communities of people include: clan, tribe, nationality, nation, non-national inter-national communities.

A clan as a social community of people is determined by the presence of structured family ties. This form of community corresponds to the ancient, original development of human communities. A tribe as a social community is characterized by the fact that it consists of several clans. Within the tribe, the genetic purity of new generations is ensured. A tribe, compared to a clan, is a more progressive form of community, which is characterized by a unified organization of life and the presence of a leadership structure. The existence of tribes is characterized not only by the presence of blood-tribal ties and management structure, but also by a way of life. This method or way of life characterizes specific forms of development of nature by a given community. In this regard, it is necessary to note the existing “specialization” of tribes (livestock breeding, agricultural, fishing, etc.).

Nationality next form social communities of people. Compared to the tribe, the nationality shows a noticeable step towards strengthening socially. organizational characteristics life of the human community, in comparison with the emphasis on the consanguineous aspect (in the tribe). The nationality is characterized by the following characteristics: language, unity natural characteristics (ethnic characteristics), manifested in all representatives of a given nationality; cultural features (including ways of life and their reflection in spiritual life), territory of residence.

A nation as a social community of people is characterized the following signs: common language, culture, territory, unity of ethnic features, as well as common economic life. Considering that the presence of an economic process is associated with the manifestation of capitalization of social relations, the symbol of which is large-scale machine production. The community of economic life is established in relation to one or another ethnic group, as taking place only when for of a given people The main feature characterizing the organization of his life is the establishment of connections with nature and with other communities through the creation of his own technologies that use the capabilities of machines. It's about about the transition from natural forms of management on earth to forms of creating an artificial environment that mediates the relationship of the human community to nature. This mediation essentially changes the characteristics of the community itself, in particular, it leads to a weakening of the status of the blood-natural, muscular power of people as the leading one. It is during this period that a connection between people arises and becomes increasingly stronger, due to non-consanguineous characteristics. Although these characteristics remain, they cease to play a decisive, significant role in the human community.

It is a nation that is characterized by a community of economic life, therefore, the community of people in its development directly leads to the emergence of new communities - international ones, in which people go beyond the boundaries of connections defined with an emphasis on natural and social aspects.

The emergence of international communities occurs when the community of economic life covers a number of regions in which different peoples are present. Within the framework of international communities (the American people, the Soviet people), the problem of preserving the cultural identity of the incoming peoples and their languages ​​arises.

Within the framework of the global economic process, there is a gradual change in features cultural life different nations, including their languages. In this regard, the task is to achieve a conscious orientation towards preserving cultural achievements of all peoples. This task is essentially the task of opposing the actual human technologization social life, within the framework of which the person himself turns into a cog in an impersonal process that does not have proper cultural definitions.

The theory serving the technologization of social life, justifying its positivity or at least neutrality in relation to the process of destruction of culture, is the theory of cosmopolitanism. main idea this theory is that a person should not look for cultural context own existence, that, being in the flow of technological manipulations called in a modern way existence of human civilization - a person must abstract from the absence of the first and the presence of the second and in his existence find a replacement for the lost content in the social technological movement. In other words, a cosmopolitan is one who, regardless of location and social context of existence, feels equally good and is not a defender of any existing or lost cultural worlds.

The point is that the position of a cosmopolitan characterizes the individual’s rooted-external relations to any cultural content. A cosmopolitan is characterized by a predominance of non-cultural definitions of existence and a complete focus on civilizational definitions. It is this position, which expresses and substantiates cosmopolitanism, that is carefully veiled, since only in the subtext is a connection between the purely civilizational position of the individual and the interests of the dominant social groups revealed. In categorical terms, the position of cosmopolitanism could be expressed in the form of a loss of the connection between the universal and the particular. Real option is that the universal does not exist outside the particular. The universal planetary idea, which cosmopolitanism adopts, is absolutized as a result of cosmopolitans’ assertion of the insignificance, insignificance for a person of one or another feature of a territorially defined area on the planet. It is in this that the separation of the substantial basis of participation in the universal material world is expressed, which is always expressed in the presence of a person’s homeland, that is, a place on the planet, loving which, a person loves the entire planet. Cosmopolitanism characterizes a person as a citizen of the World. This expresses the presence of a manipulative-correlative status. Here the relationship of the individual with the sphere of alienated-normative regulating characteristics of existence is established. The universal, manifesting itself, receives its content and meaningfulness through the general and the particular. In relation to this sphere, a person acts as a unit that must. relating to it, obeying its standards. It is subordination that is central to the definition of the concept of citizen. This definition does not specifically emphasize cultural opportunities person.

The idea of ​​world citizenship arises on the basis of deepening capitalist transformations of social relations. This idea is intended, firstly, to justify the rejection of the significance and intrinsic value of a person’s cultural position, replacing it with the ability to adapt to the “technologization” of social life. Secondly, the idea of ​​world citizenship is aimed at destroying the national in relation to countries that are more technologically developed. In this sense, manipulation with the phenomenon of the national arises: the national is opposed to the world. The need to maintain the specificity of the national is denied on the basis of the affirmation of the need to subordinate it to the world. However, this manipulation with the concept of the national is based on an abstract understanding of the concept of the world. When the world is considered a-national, it appears to really not exist. This line of thinking is common. In this case, an ideological procedure takes place, as a result of which the world is cleared of the national array. After such purification, the concept of the world includes an indication of the presence of a certain array (number) of participants, units of the economic financial process that covers everyone, and also the concept of the world includes an indication of the involvement of these units in the general technological, financial process that covers everyone. Thus, we are talking about abstract image the process of civilizational movement taking place everywhere, in which the individual is, to one degree or another, an accomplice and expresses the image of a cosmopolitan - a citizen of the world. Since this process has its own norms and regulations in relation to which a given individual determines his place, including we are talking about a place that is not fixed at any point globe. This is explained by the fact that the world process, as such, should be determined not so much by the results that characterize it, but by the facts of the continuation of the movement that has begun. We are talking about an economic process that covers the whole world. For him, the various national characteristics public life. Therefore, the real status of the national is leveled, giving way to the actual economic status. Under the flag of cosmopolitanism, various, not only national, but also political, religious, ideological and other problems are being solved.

The problem of globalization as a problem of economic superiority of the developed and an attempt to forcefully join this level is economically insufficient developed countries is currently a powerful trend in the world process, which ignores national traditions, and forces us to intensively develop the national economy.

Joint work, bringing together a certain amount, helps to develop a similar attitude towards life values ​​and traditions for each person. Moreover, sociology in this case understands labor not as the production of something or processing, but as a global process.

Before the Renaissance, the concept of “people” was associated exclusively with the idea of ​​a community of people; there was even a descriptive concept of “the flock of Christ”, synonymous with the category “people”. Obviously, the ontological interpretation does not have a sociological basis, with such an understanding there is no internal gradation (in the herd everyone is equal, everything is interspersed), functionality. Meanwhile, with the development philosophical thought and the development of a number of social concepts for understanding the individual and community, it became obvious that the “people”, even as a tribe, is heterogeneous, there are groups, micro- and macro-, there are collectives that have a role in the formation of the people, nationality, formation historical process.

The historical role of the people and the definition of community in the key to the development of history

The role of the people in historical changes varies depending on the era. For example, revolutionary upheavals certainly became a stimulus for development, but wars destroyed some communities, causing regression. Similarly in the production sphere, which more defines the essence of the “people” as social: the formation of an economic balance and the satisfaction of consumption norms led to stagnation, but the growth of needs against the background low level production - to progressive development (mechanization, technical revolutions, scientific discoveries). It is logical to assume that joint work and the struggle for progress are related characteristics, giving the people as a social community. The unity of the people is increasingly closer to the human essence and manifests itself with the development of society.

It is curious that, for example, such a unifying category as “language”, “linguistic communication” loses to the “labor” unifying factor. The language of the people, not being a determining factor in the community of the people, is a support for creating connections between people, while labor determines the specifics of development and the very possibility of unity.

After considering the factors of creating a community of people, I would like to determine whether these factors mean anything in uniting the people, whether it is worth defining the spiritual culture, psychological and social characteristics. Even specialized literature, unfortunately, will not provide an exact answer to this question. Little attention is paid to spiritual factors; priority is given to objective material and production ones.

Drawing conclusions, we can confidently say that a national community, being a union, a connection of people, can be built not only on material, but also on subjective-conscious factors, and, moreover, without them normal social society almost impossible.

Page 20 of 24

Social communities.

Social community – this is a really existing, empirically fixed set of individuals, distinguished by relative integrity and acting as an independent subject of the historical process. Social communities are relatively stable collections of people, distinguished by more or less identical features (in all or some aspects of life), conditions and lifestyle, mass consciousness, to one degree or another by commonality social norms, value systems and interests. Commonalities different types and types are forms of joint life activity of people, forms of human community.

Social communities are not created by people consciously, but are formed solely under the influence of the objective course of social development, their joint nature human life. Different types of communities are formed on different objective grounds. Some types of communities are directly caused by social production, for example, a production team, a social class, a socio-professional group. Others arise on an ethnic basis: nationalities, nations (ethnic communities), and along with the economy, their nature and character are also determined by a number of other factors. The objective basis of the third communities - socio-demographic - are natural demographic factors: gender, age, etc.

Any community is formed on the basis of the same living conditions of the people from which it is formed. But a collection of people becomes a community only when they are able to realize this sameness of conditions and show their attitude towards them. In this regard, they develop a clear understanding of who is “us” and who is “stranger.” Accordingly, an understanding of the unity of their interests in comparison with other communities arises. Awareness of this manifested itself in tribal societies of the primitive communal system. This awareness is inherent in any nationality and nation.

Nationality is a term denoting belonging to a people or the presence of some of its qualities. The people are large group people connected mainly by their place of residence. In the ethnic sense, this term refers to all historically established types of ethnic communities: tribes, nationalities, nations. Translated from Greek, ethnos means people. Since the beginning of the 50s of our century, people began to be called different kinds ethnic groups at the stage of development between tribe and nation. Thus, nationality - it is an ethnic and social community that historically follows the tribe and precedes the nation.

Another ethnic community is a nation. Nation(from Latin natio - people) - a type of ethnos, historically formed and reproduced on the basis of common territory, economic ties, language, cultural characteristics, mental make-up and consciousness of unity and difference from similar formations (self-awareness). This definition is dominant in modern literature. However, at present, when defining a nation, the emphasis is often placed not on ethnic characteristics, but on stage-specific and ethnosocial characteristics that distinguish a nation from the nationality that historically preceded it. These features include: unification of the language, mainly in the process of spreading it literary form through the education system, literature and means mass media; development professional culture and art; formation of class and social composition corresponding to the level of industrial development, etc.

Nationality – it is belonging to a particular nation. At the same time, in Western European languages ​​this concept is used mainly to denote the state affiliation of people (citizenship), and to denote ethnicity the expression “ ethnic nationality” (ethnic nationality).

The problem of ethnic communities is dealt with by ethnosociology, which has its own category apparatus. Its focus is on interethnic relations related to the problem of ethnic minorities, assimilation, etc. Ethnic minority – is a collection of people who are treated differently from other members of society because of their characteristic physical and cultural characteristics. Under assimilation refers to the complete destruction of ethnic minorities by force or through their gradual mixing with the main (titular) ethnic group.

It should be noted that despite the presence of different points of view, it is not a variety ethnic community race. Race – This is a historically established group of humanity, characterized by common hereditary characteristics determined by the unity of origin and area of ​​​​settlement. These characteristics include: skin color, eyes, hair, skull shape, height, etc. Modern humanity is divided into three main races: Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid.

Features races have secondary importance. All races are absolutely equal in biological and psychological respects and are at the same level of evolutionary development. However, throughout human history attempts were made to elevate one race and degrade another. They are most clearly manifested in the theory and practice of racism. Racism – it is discrimination, exploitation or cruel oppression of a community belonging to a different race.

Historical communities of people: clan, tribe, nationality and nation. First historical form community of people is genus- organization primitive society, based on consanguinity, collective ownership of the means of production, common elements primitive culture, language, traditions, etc.

The form of a broader ethnic community characteristic of the primitive communal system is tribe, which, as a rule, consisted of several genera. Tribes were also based on tribal relations, consanguineous ties of people. A person's belonging to a tribe made him a co-owner of common property and ensured participation in public life.

Nation- this is what it is historical community people who have a common territory, language, culture and, most importantly, a common economy. Nations are formed from many or several nationalities

Nationality how a community of people is formed with the emergence of private property relations. The development of private property, exchange, and trade destroyed former tribal ties and gave rise to a new division of labor and class stratification. The nationality consists of tribes close in origin and language. A nationality as a historically established community of people is characterized by such features as common territory, economic ties, common language and culture, etc. Having emerged in a slave-owning and feudal society, nationalities are preserved and even formed up to the present day.

5. Family in the social structure of society. Problems seven and marriage.

A family is a small social group, the members of which are connected by marriage or kinship relations, a common life and mutual moral responsibility, certain legal norms. The social necessity of the family is determined by the needs of society. Being a necessary component social structure any society and performing various social functions, family playing important role in social development, fulfilling whole line important social functions. With the development of society, certain changes occurred in marriage and family relations.

Family life and its social functions are multifaceted. They are related to intimate life spouses, procreation, raising children. All this is based on compliance with certain moral and legal norms: love, respect, duty, fidelity, etc.

The family is such a foundation of society and such a microenvironment, the climate of which promotes or hinders the development of a person’s moral and physical strength, his formation as a social being. It is in the family that the moral foundations that contribute to the development of personality are laid.

The family provides the most big influence on the child's personality. In the sphere of influence of the family, the child’s intellect and emotions, his views and tastes, skills and habits are simultaneously affected.

6. Politics as a social phenomenon. Power. Types of Power

Translated from Greek policy means the art of government, a certain way of achieving the goals of the state inside and outside its territory. All philosophers, starting with Aristotle, have emphasized what is most characteristic of politics as social phenomenon- its direct or indirect connection with power

Thus, politics is special area life of society related to the relationships between classes and social groups about power.

The concept of "power" correlates, as a rule, with political power, although in reality there are varieties of public power that arose long before the advent of the state. IN in general terms power is the ability and opportunity to exercise one’s will as a class, group, party or individual, to influence people’s behavior, relying on force, authority, law or any other means of coercion and persuasion. Thus, in the primitive communal system, power was public character, was carried out by all members of the clan, who elected an authoritative elder. There are several types of power - economic, political, class, group power or individual power. In history there were family species powers such as matriarchy and patriarchy. Power performs a number of functions: domination, leadership, management and organization, control, which are inherent in any of its types.

the political system is a complex, multi-level dynamic formation. It has three components: 1) a subsystem of political ideas, theories, views, emotions, feelings that make up political consciousness; 2) subsystem political relations between society and the state, different classes and social groups, states, etc. about power; 3) a subsystem of political institutions that form the political organization of society: the state, parties, trade unions and other public organizations