Determination of nationality. How to determine your ethnic origin

NATIONALITY NATIONALITY - 1) a person’s belonging to a certain ethnic community people distinguished by the peculiarities of language, culture, psychology, traditions, customs, and lifestyle. According to Part 1 of Art. 26 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, no one can be forced to determine and indicate their N.; 2) in a number of Romance states, a term (Spanish nacionalidad) used to designate citizenship or nationality (Spain) or a person’s belonging to a certain national state, which do not completely coincide in their content with the relations of citizenship (for example, in Mexico, citizens are recognized as persons who have a Mexican nationality, have reached the age of majority and “lead a decent lifestyle”).

Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

See what “NATIONALITY” is in other dictionaries:

nationality- and, f. nationalité f. 1. State, nationality. Notice also the unattractive rules of the Historian regarding those reasons that established and exalted Russia, and which, in his opinion, should be for future times... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

NATIONALITY, nationalities, women. 1. Same as a nation. “...Only subject to development national cultures It will be possible to involve truly backward nationalities in the cause of socialist construction.” Stalin. “The Supreme Soviet of the USSR... ... Dictionary Ushakova

1) belonging to any nation, people; 2) the people themselves. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. NATIONALITY Nationality, totality distinctive features and properties of the people. Explanation 25000... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

This is a political and legal category, denoting a set of characteristics formalized by law, the possession of which makes a person a full member of the national state. The concept of nationality developed in the 19th century, in the process... ... Political science. Dictionary.

See nation Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. nationality noun, number of synonyms: 5 ... Synonym dictionary

NATIONALITY, and, female. 1. see national. 2. In certain combinations: the same as a nation. 3. Belonging to what n. nations, nationalities. Ukrainian by nationality. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English ethnicity; nationality; German Nationalitat. 1. National and ethnic group, nationality. 2. The individual’s belonging to the class. national or ethnic group, nationalities, nations. 3. Citizenship or nationality; legal financial affiliation with one or another... Encyclopedia of Sociology

NATIONALITY- NATIONALITY, 1) designation of modern. nationalities, nations and other ethnicities. groups inhabiting the country (for example, nationalities of the USSR); does not usually apply to tribes. 2) Belonging of a person or group of people to a certain nationality or nation.… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

nationality- Belonging to a particular nation, national state... Dictionary of Geography

NATIONALITY- (Spanish nacionalidad) in a number of Romance states, a term used to designate relations of citizenship or nationality (Spain) or relations of a person’s belonging to a particular national state that do not completely coincide in their ... ... Legal encyclopedia

Books

• Nationality and Socialism, P.L. Lavrov. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1887 edition (publishing house 'Paris'). IN…
• Nationality and Socialism, P.L. Lavrov. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology.

Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1887 edition (Paris publishing house... Just a few years ago in the Soviet Union, a lot depended on a person’s nationality, for example, getting a job, or entering higher education. educational establishments

. Now we live in a democratic country, where a person’s nationality essentially does not play any role, as indeed throughout the world, because, regardless of a person’s place of birth and his “blood,” everyone has equal rights.

However, the question of nationality is quite interesting, because every person is interested in knowing what kind of family this or that person or he himself comes from, so in this article we will try to figure out how to determine nationality, especially since this can be useful, for example, for emigration. There are many ways to determine nationality, let's look at each of them.

Ask your parents if your mom and dad are Kazakhs, then you will belong to this nationality, but it often happens that your parents are married different nationalities, for example, the mother is Tatar, and the father is Ukrainian. Then you must determine your nationality based on general rules of one or another people, for example, in Russia, nationality is determined by the father, while in Israel, nationality is determined by the mother.

How to determine nationality - the second method

It happens that a person does not know his true parents, for example, he was adopted or raised in orphanage. Then the nationality of this person will depend on his place of residence, following the traditions of this people and perfect knowledge of the language of the country in which this person lives. For example, you live in Germany, but your native language– Hebrew, you also honor the traditions of Israel, observe everything Jewish holidays, for example, Hanukkah, then you are Jewish.

How to determine nationality - the third method

You can determine your nationality based on physiological characteristics, although, most likely, this method may be subjective and not objective, because, for example, if you had a distant great-grandfather who was Armenian, and your mother and father are Russian, then you may still experience facial features inherited from a distant relative, such as eye color and nose shape. Below are the most common features of certain nationalities.
First, let's remember school courses biology and consider existing classifications races of people, which are determined by place of residence: for example, dark skin contains more melanin, which protects from the sweltering sun.

• Caucasian race - about half of the planet's population belongs to this type. Distinctive features: bright skin, soft or slightly Wavy hair, narrow nose, thin lips, eye color may vary. The Caucasian race includes residents of Europe, Armenians, Tajiks, Ukrainians and others.
• The Negroid race is most often found in Africa and America. People are different dark skin, wide lips and nose, brown eyes (there are exceptions) and dark curly hair.
• The Mongoloid race makes up about 40 percent of the world's population. It is distinguished by its yellowish skin color, straight forehead, wide nose and narrow eyes. TO Mongoloid race belong to the inhabitants of China, Japan, Koreans and other Asian peoples.
• Australoid race - inhabits Australia and the island New Guinea. Is different dark color skin, a wide nose, brown eyes and well-developed hair.

But thanks rapid growth population of the Earth, now there has been a mixture of different races, which makes a person unique. It is enough to read about this or that nationality so that you can identify yourself with it.

In general, it is not only interesting to study your own or someone else’s nationality, it is also quite cool to learn the traditions of certain nationalities, for example, what holidays are celebrated by residents of different countries. As you can see, nationality is sometimes difficult to determine, since in modern life people have a lot of blood mixed together.

IN modern world The question is quite acute: “Is nationality a political, social or biological concept?” Before talking about nationality, you should become familiar with the related terms.

People. Ethnos. Nation

The people - a “new race”, a “born race” of people united by one common territory - is a fundamental concept in our topic. From the definition it is clear that this is an exclusively biological term - people who are closely related.

An ethnos is a people, that is, over time, a group of people formed from close peoples who have the same language (they belong to the same people and have a common origin, roots, but are not connected territorially.

A nation is a people with its own general history development, culture, customs. If one people creates its own, it will be called a nation. So it's already more aggressive, political concept. A nation may include several closely related national groups.

Nationality is...

Nationality refers to a nation based on biological characteristics. It has no connection with a country or specific territory. For example, Germans, Kazakhs or Englishmen who live permanently in Russia - their nationality remains the same with a change of place of residence or state. Without nationality (a characteristic of kinship between people), there will be no development of the people, they will not become a nation.

Now almost all states are multinational, although there are still separate national republics.

It is important not to confuse citizenship and nationality. The first concept is social, meaning which society the individual belongs to. The second, as can be seen from the definition, is biological and shows who a person is by birth and origin.

Although in some countries the word “nationality” is still a definition of an individual’s nationality.

People's nationality

The people are the smallest unit in today's discussion; you can literally take this word as a clan, a family. In the course of their development, families (tribes) grew, separated, and united with neighbors. But since they had common roots, and life passed in interaction with each other, in territorial proximity, common, similar features gradually formed, so strong genetically that they were passed on to descendants regardless of time and distance - the nationality of peoples or folk nationality.

So, if you look at the Germans, for example: non-Saxon Germans, Franconians, Saxons, Swabians, Bavarians - that’s how many subethnic groups (peoples) belong to one nationality of people.

Russians have about thirty throughout Russia and beyond. And there are only two dialects - Northern Russian (okaya) and South Russian (akay).

How to determine nationality

It would seem that nothing could be simpler. He lives in Germany, his father is German, his mother is German, he is also German! But the path of humanity on Earth is already quite long. Everything is mixed up - peoples, ethnic groups, nations... It is very difficult to determine whether a person belongs to a specific nationality. Especially when dad’s family is Poles and Jews, and mom’s is Spaniards and Finns, and everyone lives in Australia.

There are still several ways:

1. The child takes on his nationality from his father. Father from his father, and thus a fairly clear family (national) line is built. This happens almost all over the world, except for a few nations. Among Jews, for example, the child takes on the mother's nationality.
2. Some folk groups there are very bright, similar external signs. Body structure or character traits. Based on these characteristics, a person is classified as one or another nationality.
3. People who do not have the opportunity to find out the nationality of their ancestors (orphans, for example), take on or accept in the process of upbringing, growing up, traits of that national group with whom they interact the most (foster parents or orphanage workers).
4. The most basic method has two interrelated determination processes - subjective and objective. The first is what nationality a person considers himself to be: what traditions he observes, what features of appearance and character he has, what language he is a native speaker of. The second is how his relatives perceive him. That is, do people of the selected national group identify this person with themselves. Thus, nationality is personal consciousness and surrounding agreement that a person belongs (is related) to some group of people (peoples, ethnic groups).

Nationality is a term in modern Russian that denotes a person’s belonging to a particular ethnic community; complex history education, it is formed as a result of blood mixing of races and tribes, many redistributions of lands with which it connects its fate, and a spiritual and cultural process that creates its unique spiritual face.

The concept of "nationality" in the understanding of philosophers

"Nationality is a historical spiritual community of people bound together by the unity of Faith, spiritual and material culture. Neither territory, nor state affiliation, nor blood and anthropological type, neither way of life, nor even language in themselves are signs that distinguish a representative of one nationality from a representative of another...” (N. Berdyaev)

There are two opposing points of view on the existence of nationalities. Some believe that nationality is an atavism. By identifying himself with this or that nationality, a person limits himself to the framework of this nationality, and this is just another limitation on the freedom of thought and development. Others say that she is valuable.

Man enters humanity through national individuality, as national man, and not an abstract person, like a Russian, French, German or Englishman. A person cannot skip over an entire stage of existence; this would make him poor and empty. Culture has never been and will never be abstractly human; it is always concretely human, i.e. national, individual-folk and only in this capacity ascending to universal humanity.

The concept of "nationality" from the point of view of historians

Anton D. Smith said: "A nationality is a group of people having a name, myths about common forefathers, common historical memories, one or more elements general culture, a connection to the homeland and a certain degree of solidarity, at least among the elite."

One nationality may consist of several racial types, and most often of their hybrids. Starting from the “Great Migration of Peoples” and up to our time, there has been significant mixing of races and at certain stages historical development a person's nationality was determined by different countries in various ways.

In Hitler's Germany, nationality was determined based on nationality ancestors and biologically - by external signs. In Russia, until the beginning of the 20th century, the question of a person’s ethnicity practically did not arise, although there was information about religion in the personal statement of students and in the matriculation certificate. Since 1850, a column about the nationality of students of foreign origin appeared in the statement, and information about Jews also appeared in the document of administrative registration of city residents. In passports, the column “nationality” appeared only when Soviet power, as part of the fight against any religion. At the same time, when receiving a passport, the citizen made a choice based on the nationality of his parents. Currently, in many countries, passports do not indicate nationality, but only citizenship.

Accurate knowledge of belonging to a particular ethnic group may be necessary for a person when he is looking for his relatives, restoring family tree or is planning to move to another country and obtain citizenship there. And in almost every case the question arises - how to determine ethnicity with maximum accuracy?

If previously traditionally studied family archives, then now the development of modern technologies, the emergence of new types of research have brought DNA analysis for ethnic origin to a new level.

How to determine a person's ethnicity

A modern, accurate and reliable DNA testing method allows you to get answers to whole line issues related to the genealogy of a person and his belonging to a particular ethnic group. During the process of evolution, various mutations accumulated in the human genome and were passed on from generation to generation. As a result, each nationality has characteristic genetic markers that determine skin color, eye shape and other appearance features.

A special study of DNA fragments allows us to determine the ethnicity of a particular person and his genetic history. Today, four special groups of populations are used for this:

• European – includes countries of Europe and the Middle East.
• East Asian – South and North Korea, Japan, China.
• Southeast - Australia and Oceania, Philippines.
• African – Libya, Egypt, etc.

To determine the percentage of each group in the human genome, 175 SNP markers are used on all chromosomes. Alleles that are determined by these markers correspond to a specific group. As a result, the share of a person’s ancestors from a certain corner is established globe. For example, the person being studied may have 15% of relatives from the southeastern group and 80% from the African group.

How to find out your ethnic origin

Genetic examination is carried out in special laboratories that have the necessary equipment and reagents. To find out your ethnicity, you need to provide a sample of biological material. In most cases, buccal epithelium is used for research, which is obtained from inside cheeks. If it is not possible to take such a smear, then other material is used - stains of biological fluid, hair, skin particles and much more. Such samples are called non-standard.

DNA testing is carried out according to different methods, depending on the gender of the person being studied:

• Women. Determination of maternal ethnicity is carried out by examining mitochondrial DNA, which is isolated from one’s own biosample. To test on the paternal side, a male DNA sample is required. This can be any man on the father's side, for example, uncle, brother, grandfather, etc.
• Men. To establish a relationship to a certain group along the male and female lines, a man’s biomaterial is sufficient. This material is sufficient for both the study of the male line (Y chromosome) and the study of the female line (mitochondrial DNA).

By studying the mitochondrial haplogroup, ethnicity can be determined at the continental level. Determining a haplogroup allows you to determine a person’s nationality using a DNA test.

How to determine your ethnicity in the DTL laboratory

The DTL Center offers to undergo a modern genetic examination and find out your ethnic origin, genealogy, a certain race. We offer clients the most modern technologies, the latest equipment and experienced geneticists.

To test, you need to submit a sample of biomaterial, wait a few days and receive an official conclusion with the result obtained. More detailed information can be obtained from the Center’s specialists by calling the specified telephone number.