Russian culture of the 13th - 18th centuries. Russian culture in the XIII – XVII centuries

LOCARNO TREATIES 1925

on the guarantee of the western borders of Germany and arbitration - initialed on October 16 in Locarno (Switzerland), signed on December 1 in London.

The immediate reason for opening negotiations on the L.D. was the proposal for a Western European Pact made to England by the German Foreign Minister Stresemann on January 20, 1925. On January 9, 1925, Stresemann handed over to the French government an official draft guarantee pact. Germany committed to maintaining the status quo on its western borders, but at the same time emphasized its reluctance to make any commitments regarding its eastern borders. This was fully consistent with the political guidelines of the British imperialists, who also refused to guarantee the eastern borders of Germany, clearly indicating to the reviving German imperialism the direction of future German aggression desired by England.

France, supporting the anti-Soviet plans associated with the guarantee pact, limited itself to the demand that the treaties in the West and the East form a single whole and that France retain freedom of action in relation to Germany if it has to provide assistance to Poland and Czechoslovakia (note dated 4.VI 1925). England accepted this proposal, and on June 16, a response to the German project agreed upon by both powers was sent.

At the end of September, Germany agreed to accept the Anglo-French proposals as a basis for negotiations.

5-16. X 1925 a conference took place in Locarno to discuss the terms of the guarantee pact. 16. X L. were concluded, consisting of the following documents: a general guarantee agreement between Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain and Italy (Rhine Guarantee Pact), Franco-German, German-Belgian, German-Polish and German-Czechoslovak treaties about arbitration. In addition, Franco-Polish and Franco-Czechoslovak guarantee agreements were concluded in Locarno.

Under the Rhine Guarantee Pact, Germany, France and Belgium pledged to maintain the territorial status quo, i.e. the inviolability of the borders between Germany and Belgium and between Germany and France, as they were established by the Treaty of Versailles, and also to comply with the provisions of Articles 42 and 43 of the Treaty of Versailles regarding demilitarized Rhine zone. Germany, France and Belgium pledged not to resort to attacks on each other and to resolve all controversial issues through the usual diplomatic channels or through arbitration. England and Italy acted as guarantors.

In the event of a violation of the status quo, the guarantors, i.e. England and Italy, were to immediately provide support to the side against which this violation would be directed. Violation of the provisions of the demilitarized Rhineland was considered an act of aggression. At the same time, the pact stated that after the Council of the League of Nations makes its decision on the issue of the conflict that has arisen, the contracting parties undertake to act in accordance with the proposal of the Council of the League of Nations, adopted unanimously, not counting the votes of representatives of the parties to the conflict. The Rhine Pact provided for the continuation of all obligations under the Treaty of Versailles, as well as additional agreements, including agreements on the implementation of the Dawes Plan. A special clause of the pact stated that it did not impose any obligations on the British dominions and India. The pact was to be formally signed in London and would come into force once Germany was admitted to the League of Nations.

The agreements were finally signed in London on December 1, 1925. A year later, Germany joined the League of Nations and received a permanent seat on the Council. Following Germany's entry into the League of Nations, the evacuation of Allied troops from the Rhineland began. Conclusion L.d. accompanied by great pacifist uproar. Locarno was declared the beginning new era in Europe and around the world. The "Spirit of Locarno" became a symbol of bourgeois peacemaking. International social democracy became the main troubadour of Locarno.

In reality L.d. did not mean the “triumph of peace”, but a regrouping of forces for new war. They testified to the weakening of France, the collapse of the broad expansionist plans of French imperialism in European continent. L.d. personified France's fear of the rising German imperialism and its growing dependence on England.

England now became the arbiter in European affairs. Since the British guarantees were also limited, “appeasement” Western Europe freed England's hands for an active world policy and, first of all, for a policy aimed at isolation and a hostile environment Soviet Union.

The United States did not take part in the L.D., but actually provided them with support. The “pacification” of Western Europe created a favorable environment for American economic expansion. L.d. not only confirmed the Dawes plan, but to a certain extent served as a political superstructure over this plan. At the same time, the American imperialist bourgeoisie fully sympathized with the LD as an instrument of anti-Soviet policy.

The main goal of the Locarno policy was to involve Germany in the anti-Soviet front. The “Concert of European Powers” that Germany joined was synonymous with the anti-Soviet bloc. The general line of Locarno policy was to isolate the Soviet Union and prepare the preconditions for a new anti-Soviet intervention.

The leaders of this policy rejoiced over the LD, but the real winner in Locarno was German imperialism, which was shaking the entire system of the post-war regime of the world and clearing the way for new aggression. Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince that “the renunciation of a military conflict with France over Alsace-Lorraine is theoretical, since it is still not possible to wage war with France” (in other words, when Germany becomes stronger militarily, the question of these guarantees will also be placed differently). Germany took advantage of the contradictions between the victorious powers: with the support of England, it got rid of French hegemony in Europe. She also used the bogeyman of the “communist threat” to seek more and more concessions from the victorious powers in order to undermine the Versailles system. Germany's entry into the League of Nations and its receipt of permanent place in the League Council legitimized its position as a great power. Finally, the fact that Germany did not give any obligations regarding the eastern borders opened up a legal path for her to change the borders in the east, the path of aggression.

J.V. Stalin, speaking about the Locarno policy in a report at the XIV Congress of the CPSU(b), indicated: “...Locarno is fraught with a new war in Europe.

British conservatives are thinking of maintaining the “status quo” against Germany and using Germany against the Soviet Union. Didn’t they want too much?” J.V. Stalin further emphasized that “Locarno is a continuation of Versailles”, that L.D. represent “a plan for the alignment of forces for a new war, and not for peace.”

L.d. lasted 10 years. 7. III 1936 Nazi Germany, by a unilateral act, dissolved the Liberal Democratic Party and sent its troops into the demilitarized Rhine Zone.

Despite Germany’s obvious violation of the LD, England resolutely refused to accept any sanctions, including economic ones, against Germany. The extraordinary session of the League of Nations, which met in London in mid-May 1936, was limited to the adoption of empty declarations. Soviet proposals regarding effective measures against aggression were ignored by the Western powers. The entire balance of forces established by the Liberal Democratic Party was by this time radically disrupted. Italy was already getting closer to Germany and soon made a deal with it. agreement on the creation of the Rome-Berlin axis. Belgium abandoned the policy of military alliances and soon returned to the policy of “neutrality,” which was extremely beneficial at that time for Hitler’s imperialism. England, like France and the United States, pursued a policy of non-intervention and appeasement of aggressors, which accelerated the outbreak of the Second World War.

Diplomatic Dictionary. - M.: State Publishing House of Political Literature. A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S. A. Lozovsky. 1948 .

See what the "LOCARN TREATIES OF 1925" are in other dictionaries:

Initialed on October 16 in Locarno after discussion at the Locarno Conference (October 5-16, 1925; Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Poland participated); signed on December 1 in London. The main document concluded... encyclopedic Dictionary

Locarno Treaties 1925- A number of agreements on guaranteeing Germany's western borders. They were initialed on October 16, 1925 at the Locarno Conference and signed in London on December 1, 1925. They provided for the maintenance of the territorial status quo (including the Rhineland demilitarized zone) ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

Treaties between Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia. Their content was agreed upon at the Locarno Conference in 1925. They included: a general guarantee agreement between Germany, France, Great Britain, ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

A number of treaties on guaranteeing Germany's western borders and arbitration; were initialed on October 16 at the Locarno Conference of 1925 (See Locarno Conference of 1925) and signed in London on December 1, 1925. The main document of the Locarno Conference was the Rhine Pact... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

1925 initialed 16 Oct. in Locarno after discussion at the Locarno Conference. (5 10/16/1925; Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Poland participated); signed 1 Dec. in London. The main document concluded... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

The former Grand Hotel in Locarno, where the Locarno Conference took place. Now the cantonal police department ... Wikipedia

Locarno Treaties- (Locarno, Treaties of) (1925), int. agreements concluded at the Locarno Conference 5 16 Dec. 1925; their goal is to alleviate tensions by guaranteeing the inviolability of Germany’s borders with Belgium and France, established by the Treaty of Versailles... ... The World History

The former Grand Hotel in Locarno, where the Locarno Conference took place. Now the cantonal police department, the Locarno Treaties of 1925 are seven treaties that were the result of negotiations held in Locarno, Switzerland, from October 5 to October 16, 1925 and... ... Wikipedia

Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Decades 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s ... Wikipedia

on the guarantee of the western borders of Germany and arbitration - initialed on October 16 in Locarno (Switzerland), signed on December 1 in London.

At the end of September, Germany agreed to accept the Anglo-French proposals as a basis for negotiations.

The agreements were finally signed in London on December 1, 1925. A year later, Germany joined the League of Nations and received a permanent seat on the Council. Following Germany's entry into the League of Nations, the evacuation of Allied troops from the Rhineland began. Conclusion L.d. accompanied by great pacifist uproar. Locarno was heralded as the beginning of a new era in Europe and throughout the world. The "Spirit of Locarno" became a symbol of bourgeois peacemaking. International social democracy became the main troubadour of Locarno.

In reality L.d. did not mean the “triumph of peace,” but a regrouping of forces for a new war. They testified to the weakening of France and the collapse of the broad expansionist plans of French imperialism on the European continent. L.d. personified France's fear of the rising German imperialism and its growing dependence on England.

England now became the arbiter in European affairs. Since British guarantees were also limited, the “pacification” of Western Europe gave England a free hand for an active world policy and, first of all, for a policy aimed at isolating and hostilely encircling the Soviet Union.

The leaders of this policy rejoiced over the LD, but the real winner in Locarno was German imperialism, which was shaking the entire system of the post-war regime of the world and clearing the way for new aggression. Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince that “the renunciation of a military conflict with France over Alsace-Lorraine is theoretical, since it is still not possible to wage war with France” (in other words, when Germany becomes stronger militarily, the question of these guarantees will also be placed differently). Germany took advantage of the contradictions between the victorious powers: with the support of England, it got rid of French hegemony in Europe. She also used the bogeyman of the “communist threat” to seek more and more concessions from the victorious powers in order to undermine the Versailles system. Germany's entry into the League of Nations and its receipt of a permanent seat on the League Council legitimized its position as a great power. Finally, the fact that Germany did not give any obligations regarding the eastern borders opened up a legal path for her to change the borders in the east, the path of aggression.

J.V. Stalin, speaking about the Locarno policy in a report at the XIV Congress of the CPSU(b), indicated: “...Locarno is fraught with a new war in Europe.

L.d. lasted 10 years. 7. III 1936 Nazi Germany, by a unilateral act, dissolved the Liberal Democratic Party and sent its troops into the demilitarized Rhine Zone.

Despite Germany’s obvious violation of the LD, England resolutely refused to accept any sanctions, including economic ones, against Germany. The extraordinary session of the League of Nations, which met in London in mid-May 1936, was limited to the adoption of empty declarations. Soviet proposals for effective measures against aggression were ignored by the Western powers. The entire balance of forces established by the Liberal Democratic Party was by this time radically disrupted. Italy was already getting closer to Germany and soon made a deal with it. agreement on the creation of the Rome-Berlin axis. Belgium abandoned the policy of military alliances and soon returned to the policy of “neutrality,” which was extremely beneficial at that time for Hitler’s imperialism. England, like France and the United States, pursued a policy of non-intervention and appeasement of aggressors, which accelerated the outbreak of the Second World War.

- an international agreement prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases and bacteriological agents in war. The USSR ratified the housing clause in 1928...
Russian Encyclopedia
- on the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases and bacteriological agents in war, the main international document prohibiting chemical, bacteriological, biological and...
Glossary of emergency terms
- was signed on XII 6 in Cairo by the Prime Minister of Egypt Ahmed Zivar Pasha and the Italian envoy to Egypt Negrotto Cambiaso...
Diplomatic Dictionary
- on the guarantee of the western borders of Germany and arbitration - initialed 16.X in Locarno, signed 1...
Diplomatic Dictionary
- see Soviet-Japanese Convention of 1925...
Diplomatic Dictionary
- an international agreement prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases and bacteriological agents in war. USSR ratified in 1928...
Political science. Dictionary.
- began after the events of May 30, 1925, when the British police shot at a patriotic demonstration in Shanghai. A mass movement has unfolded in the main centers of the country...
Political science. Dictionary.
- took place on October 5-16. in Locarno with the participation of representatives from Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- treaties between Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia. Their content was agreed upon at the Locarno Conference in 1925...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- Nettun Conventions, - signed on July 20 in Nettuno by the head of the fascist government of Italy B. Mussolini and Yugoslav. representatives of the Pašić government; ratified on November 14, 1928, were the result of a reactionary conspiracy...
Soviet historical encyclopedia
- see Hong Kong-Guangzhou strike 1925-26...
- an international conference of representatives of Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, held on October 5-16 in Locarno in connection with the conclusion of the Rhine Pact and a number of others...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- a number of agreements on guaranteeing Germany’s western borders and arbitration; were initialed on October 16 at the Locarno Conference 1925 and signed in London on December 1, 1925...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- an unfinished bourgeois-democratic revolution aimed at destroying imperialist oppression and the dominance of semi-feudal orders in the political and economic system of China...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- 1925 - initialed Oct. 16. in Locarno after discussion at the Locarno Conference. ; signed 1 Dec. in London...
Large encyclopedic dictionary

"LOCARN TREATIES 1925" in books

Chapter Nineteen Young, with a sensual grin... March 1925 - September 1925

From Yesenin's book. The path and the pathlessness author Marchenko Alla Maksimovna

Chapter nineteen Young, with a sensual grin... March 1925 - September 1925 Galina Arturovna accidentally introduced Yesenin to Sofia Tolstoy on March 10, 1925, inviting her then lover Boris Pilnyak to her birthday. Pilnyak was talented,

Contracts with actors

From the author's book

Agreements with actors The process of agreeing and concluding agreements with the actors involved in the creation of an AUP, as a rule, has many subtleties. Such agreements are multifaceted, as they contain features of many types of agreements. Usually such agreements

Chapter 17 Treaties

From the book Balance for Beginners author Medvedev Mikhail Yurievich

Chapter 17 Agreements In connection with the registration of future objects, a legitimate question arises: why are some future objects registered, while others are not registered? In fact, future objects are imaginable a large number of, much more than is recorded in practice,

16.4. Loan agreements

From the book 1C: Enterprise, version 8.0. Salary, personnel management author Boyko Elvira Viktorovna

16.4. Loan agreements Loan agreements can be drawn up not only in regulated accounting, but also in management accounting. The document “Loan agreement with an employee” is used to register the need to deduct amounts from the employee’s salary to repay the loan and

Contracts and specifications

From the book Small Business from Scratch. Stop dreaming, it's time to act! author Shesterenkin Egor

Contracts and Specifications As a business owner, you will definitely have to deal with contracts. And since we expect to sell something legal entities, then it is likely that these persons will want to enter into an agreement with you, and you should have your own version of the agreement. So

52. Intermediary agreements

From the book Commercial Law author Gorbukhov V A

52. Intermediary agreements Intermediary agreements regulate relations regarding the performance by one person in the interests of another person of actions regarding goods. This type includes agreements: 1) orders; 2) commissions; 3) consignment; 4) commercial concession. Under the agreement

EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS

From the book The Practice of Human Resource Management author Armstrong Michael

EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS Basic information that needs to be included in a written employment contract varies depending on the level of the job. Employment contracts are discussed in Chap.

SALT I and ABM Treaties

From the book The Rise and Fall of the West author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

SALT I and ABM Treaties After six months in power, representatives of the Richard Nixon administration announced their readiness to begin negotiations with the USSR, and they began on November 17, 1969 in Helsinki. After two and a half years of negotiations, it was possible to find the basis for

SALT I AND ABM Treaties

From the book USSR under siege author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

SALT-1 AND ABM Treaties After six months in power, representatives of the R. Nixon administration announced their readiness to begin negotiations with the USSR, and they began on November 17, 1969 in Helsinki. After two and a half years of negotiations, it was possible to find the basis for a mutually beneficial

SALT I and ABM Treaties

From the book World cold war author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

SALT I and ABM Treaties After six months in power, representatives of the R. Nixon administration announced their readiness to begin negotiations with the USSR, and they began on November 17, 1969 in Helsinki. After two and a half years of negotiations, we managed to find the basis for a mutually beneficial

Locarno Treaties 1925

From the book Encyclopedia of the Third Reich author Voropaev Sergey

Locarno Treaties 1925 A series of treaties guaranteeing the western borders of Germany. They were initialed on October 16, 1925 at the Locarno Conference and signed in London on December 1, 1925. Provided for the preservation of the territorial status quo (including the Rhineland demilitarized zone) and

CONTRACTS

From the book History Far East. Eastern and Southeast Asia by Crofts Alfred

TREATIES According to the Treaty of Nanjing, China had to pay an indemnity of 21 million dollars, of which 6 million as compensation for opium surrendered by British subjects. He ceded Landao Island and Hong Kong to England as bases for “keeling and repairing ships.” China

Locarno Treaties 1925

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(LO) of the author TSB

Agreements on the transfer of exclusive rights and agreements on the transfer of non-exclusive rights

author Kozyrev Vladimir

Agreements on the transfer of exclusive rights and transfer agreements non-exclusive rights Any agreement on the transfer of rights to a work allows the person who received them to use such work only in those ways and within the limits specified

Agreements on the creation of a work (author's order agreements)

From the book Copyright. Introductory course author Kozyrev Vladimir

Agreements on the creation of a work (author's order agreements) For example, if an artist is ordered to produce a portrait and the agreement does not provide for any conditions for the transfer of rights, then the person who ordered the portrait will be able to possess its original on the right

The Locarno Treaties of 1925 on the guarantee of Germany's western borders and arbitration - initialed on October 16 in Locarno (Switzerland), signed on December 1 in London.

The immediate reason for opening negotiations on the Locarno Treaties was the proposal for a Western European Pact made to England by the German Foreign Minister Stresemann on January 20, 1925. On January 9, 1925, Stresemann handed over to the French government an official draft guarantee pact. Germany committed to maintaining the status quo on its western borders, but at the same time emphasized its reluctance to make any commitments regarding its eastern borders. This was fully consistent with the political guidelines of the British imperialists, who also refused to guarantee the eastern borders of Germany, clearly indicating to the reviving German imperialism the direction of future German aggression desired by England.

At the end of September, Germany agreed to accept the Anglo-French proposals as a basis for negotiations.

5-16. X 1925 a conference took place in Locarno to discuss the terms of the guarantee pact. 16. X The Locarno Treaties were concluded, consisting of the following documents: the general treaty of guarantee between Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain and Italy (Rhine Guarantee Pact), the Franco-German, German-Belgian, German-Polish and German-Czechoslovak arbitration treaties . In addition, Franco-Polish and Franco-Czechoslovak guarantee agreements were concluded in Locarno.

The Locarno Treaties were finally signed in London on December 1, 1925. A year later, Germany joined the League of Nations and received a permanent seat on the Council. Following Germany's entry into the League of Nations, the evacuation of Allied troops from the Rhineland began. The conclusion of the Locarno Treaties was accompanied by great pacifist hype. Locarno was heralded as the beginning of a new era in Europe and throughout the world. The "Spirit of Locarno" became a symbol of bourgeois peacemaking. International social democracy became the main troubadour of Locarno.

In reality, the Locarno Treaties did not mean the “triumph of peace,” but a regrouping of forces for a new war. They testified to the weakening of France and the collapse of the broad expansionist plans of French imperialism on the European continent. The Locarno Treaties embodied France's fear of rising German imperialism and its growing dependence on England.

The United States did not take part in the Locarno Treaties, but actually supported them. The “pacification” of Western Europe created a favorable environment for American economic expansion. The Locarno treaties not only confirmed the Dawes plan, but to a certain extent served as a political superstructure over this plan. At the same time, the American imperialist bourgeoisie fully sympathized with the Locarno Treaties as an instrument of anti-Soviet policy.

The leaders of this policy rejoiced over the Locarno Treaties, but the real winner in Locarno was German imperialism, which shook the entire system of the post-war world regime and cleared the way for new aggression. Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince that “the renunciation of a military conflict with France over Alsace-Lorraine is theoretical, since it is still not possible to wage war with France” (in other words, when Germany becomes stronger militarily, the question of these guarantees will also be placed differently). Germany took advantage of the contradictions between the victorious powers: with the support of England, it got rid of French hegemony in Europe. She also used the bogeyman of the “communist threat” to seek more and more concessions from the victorious powers in order to undermine the Versailles system. Germany's entry into the League of Nations and its receipt of a permanent seat on the League Council legitimized its position as a great power. Finally, the fact that Germany did not give any obligations regarding the eastern borders opened up a legal path for her to change the borders in the east, the path of aggression.

J.V. Stalin, speaking about the Locarno policy in a report at the XIV Congress of the CPSU(b), indicated: “...Locarno is fraught with a new war in Europe.

The Locarno Treaties lasted 10 years. 7. III 1936, Nazi Germany, by a unilateral act, terminated the Locarno Treaties and sent its troops into the demilitarized Rhine Zone.

Despite Germany's obvious violation of the Locarno Treaties, England resolutely refused to accept any sanctions, including economic ones, against Germany. The extraordinary session of the League of Nations, which met in London in mid-May 1936, was limited to the adoption of empty declarations. Soviet proposals for effective measures against aggression were ignored by the Western powers. The entire balance of power established by the Locarno Treaties was by this time radically violated. Italy was already moving closer to Germany and soon concluded an agreement with it on the creation of the Rome-Berlin axis. Belgium abandoned the policy of military alliances and soon returned to the policy of “neutrality,” which was extremely beneficial at that time for Hitler’s imperialism. England, like France and the United States, pursued a policy of non-intervention and appeasement of aggressors, which accelerated the outbreak of the Second World War.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Ch. ed. A. Ya. Vyshinsky and S. A. Lozovsky. M., 1948.

An important step in the formation of a system of collective security in Europe in the interwar period was the adoption of a set of agreements at the international conference in Locarno (Switzerland), held in October 1925. The conference was represented by foreign ministers, chaired by O. Chamberlain (Great Britain). Along with A. Briand (France) in accepting important documents G. Stresemann (Germany) took part. A total of 9 documents were initialed at the conference.

First of all, on the agenda was the issue of concluding a security treaty and restoring the balance of German and French interests. The main agreement was Rhine Guarantee Pact between Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy (a). The countries guaranteed individual and collective compliance with the territorial status quo, that is, to maintain intact the provisions established by the Versailles Peace Treaty western borders Germany with France, and Germany with Belgium, as well as the status of the demilitarized Rhineland.

The issue of guarantees for the eastern border, which representatives of France, Poland and Czechoslovakia insisted on, remained open. The different status of the borders inevitably determined the different degrees of security in the countries of Western and of Eastern Europe, which significantly weakened European security as a system that was based on the principles of collective mutual assistance (Charter of the League of Nations).

At the conference, bilateral arbitration agreements were concluded between Germany and France, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia (b), according to which territorial and border disputes were to be resolved by a system of international arbitration. France signed guarantee agreements on mutual assistance with Czechoslovakia and Poland, pledging to come to the rescue if their integrity was threatened (c).

The purpose of the adopted documents was to search through joint efforts for a means of peacefully resolving all kinds of conflicts. England and Italy acted as guarantors of the Rhine Pact and the treaties adjacent to it. The treaty confirmed the decisions of the London Conference of 1924 (Dawes Plan). Thus, the Locarno Agreements became a kind of political superstructure of the Dawes Plan.

Germany's application to join the League of Nations caused a dispute among the conference participants. First of all, the disagreements concerned Article 16 of the League Charter. According to this article, the states of the League are obliged to take a collective part in economic or military sanctions against the aggressor and to send part of their troops. In this case, Germany must join the participants in the proposed actions and, in the event of hostilities, agree to the passage of troops under the auspices of the League through German territory. Germany, without objecting to possible participation in such sanctions, believed that a threat could be created to its relations with the USSR, and invited each country to independently determine the extent of its obligations under this article.

In Locarno, the German delegation acted with particular activity. Playing on the contradictions between England and France, she achieved important successes. First of all, the Rhine Pact was concluded on conditions of complete equality. With the help of England, the threat of concluding a guarantee agreement against Germany, which France had constantly insisted on, was finally removed. Already in December 1926, the League of Nations decided to remove military control from Germany.

The decisions of the Locarno Conference strengthened England's foreign policy position. The role of guarantor of the Rhine Pact created favorable opportunities for pursuing the traditional British policy of “balance of power” in Europe. The pact was a step towards pacifying Europe. The world's major powers have come to agree on their positions in complex issue about the attitude towards Germany, defeated in the World War. The Locarno agreements led to a certain strengthening of the Versailles-Washington system. The main participants of the conference A. Briand, G. Stresemann and O. Chamberlain received highest award: Nobel Prize peace.

Germany's entry into the League of Nations was secured by a compromise between the Western powers and Germany, the latter recognizing the existing western borders. But Brazil and Spain protested against granting Germany a permanent seat on the Council of the League of Nations: they themselves claimed this seat. Despite this, Germany became a member of this international organization(September 8, 1926) and one of the permanent members of the Council. After which Spain left this organization.

The Dawes Plan and the Locarno Agreements led to a detente in the 1923 crisis in Europe. Officially decided new status Germany as a great power, its foreign policy positions were strengthened, which made it possible to achieve much greater independence in world affairs. The Locarno agreements clearly reflected those that had emerged by the mid-1920s. changes in the balance of power in Europe.

The Dawes Plan was followed by French attempts to resolve the issue of a “guarantee” of its security. At one time, such an attempt failed due to the refusal of the United States of America to ratify the Versailles Peace Treaty and the Franco-American Guarantee Treaty concluded at the same time, in 1919.

The Herriot government, soon after the adoption of the Dawes Plan, put forward a proposal for an alliance between France, Belgium and England, containing guarantees against German attack. But the British government did not want to bind itself to an agreement directed against Germany, believing that this would prevent its involvement in the projected bloc of capitalist states against the USSR.

On the advice of the British, the German Foreign Minister Stresemann took the initiative in concluding a pact that, while satisfying French aspirations, would at the same time correspond to German imperialist interests and encourage the French government to agree to the withdrawal of Allied troops from the occupied Rhineland.

Wanting to make its partners more accommodating, Germany hinted to them that if they did not meet it halfway, it would be forced to establish closer relations with the Soviet Union.

The British government advocated an agreement with Germany on the basis of the proposals made by Stresemann. France, interested in obtaining a guarantee not only for itself and Belgium, but also for its allies Poland and Czechoslovakia, sought the conclusion of a single pact covering both the western and eastern borders of Germany. However, the British and German governments categorically opposed such a solution to the issue, and France had to give in.

The United States did not officially participate in these negotiations, but exerted financial pressure on France and its junior partners. Subsequently, Stresemai admitted that in carrying out its foreign policy plans, Germany “nowhere found such sincere recognition as in the United States.”

The policy of the American financial oligarchy was determined by its interest in strengthening its own positions in Europe and weakening the positions of England and France, as well as by calculations for the future use of Germany against the Soviet Union.

On October 5-16, 1925, an international conference was held in Locarno (Switzerland). She concluded the discussion on the issue of the guarantee deed. Here the general guarantee agreement between Germany, France, Belgium, England and Italy (the so-called Rhine Guarantee Pact), the Franco-German, German-Belgian, German-Polish and German-Czechoslovak arbitration treaties, as well as the Franco-Polish and Franco-Czechoslovak guarantee agreements.

Under the Rhine Pact, Germany, France and Belgium pledged to maintain intact the borders between Germany and Belgium and between Germany and France established by the Treaty of Versailles, and to comply with the provisions of this treaty regarding the demilitarized Rhineland.

England and Italy acted as guarantors of compliance with the provisions of the Rhine Pact and, in the event of their violation, had to immediately provide support to the country against which such a violation would be directed. It was envisaged that Germany would be admitted to the League of Nations. The official signing of the Locarno Treaties took place in London on December 1, 1925.

Bourgeois politicians and publicists loudly claimed that Locarno was giving Europe long-awaited pacification. In fact, the Locarno Treaties did not lead to peace, but to the deepening of inter-imperialist contradictions.
They dealt a serious blow to the system of European alliances created by France after Versailles.

France had to finally abandon hopes of weakening Germany by seizing territories from it in the west, and also come to terms with the fact that Germany was considered at Locarno and then at the League of Nations as a politically equal power.

Now France was forced even more than before to seek the favor of England, the guarantor of the Rhine Pact. France's allies, Poland and Czechoslovakia, did not receive guarantees of their borders and, therefore, found themselves under the constant threat of German aggression.

German imperialism benefited most from the Locarno Agreements. Playing on the contradictions between England and France and at the same time intimidating these countries either with the bogeyman of the “communist threat” or with the possibility of a German-Soviet union, Germany extracted from them serious concessions that weakened the Versailles system. Locarno legitimized Germany's position in international relations as a great power, opened up a legal path for it to expand to the east.

The leading role in concluding the Locarno Agreements was played by the British imperialists. The British Ambassador in Berlin, d'Abernon, wrote in his diary: “Without English influence, manifested in the strongest possible way, there would have been neither the Dawes Plan, nor, especially, Locarno.”

The American imperialists were also quite satisfied. Secretary of State Kellogg, in one of his speeches, characterized the decisions taken at the Locarno conference as “outstanding.”

Satisfying American and English ruling circles was based on the fact that, according to their calculations, Locarno was supposed to bind Germany with certain obligations towards the Western powers and at the same time provide conditions for its use against the Soviet Union.

Germany's admission to the League of Nations was considered by the organizers of Locarno as payment for joining the anti-Soviet front.