Modern Art. Main directions of modern Western art Prepare computer presentations about modern art movements

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Net art (Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) The newest type of art, modern art practice, developing in computer networks, in particular on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, who also contribute to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Internet, providing complete freedom of online existence to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net art. not representation, but communication, and its unique art unit is an electronic message. Net art (Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) The newest type of art, modern art practice, developing in computer networks, in particular on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, who also contribute to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Internet, providing complete freedom of online existence to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net art. not representation, but communication, and its unique art unit is an electronic message.

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(English Op-art - shortened version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Goes back to the so-called “geometric” abstractionism, the representative of which was V. Vasarely (from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art. (English Op-art - shortened version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Goes back to the so-called “geometric” abstractionism, the representative of which was V. Vasarely (from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art.

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(graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works of the subculture are designated, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, vehicles, made using various types of spray guns, aerosol spray paint cans. (graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works of the subculture are designated, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, vehicles, made using various types of spray guns, aerosol spray paint cans.

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(from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in fine art of the last third of the 20th century, based on the use of a real landscape as the main artistic material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre piles of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their works usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as if trying to return art to nature. (from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in fine art of the last third of the 20th century, based on the use of a real landscape as the main artistic material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre piles of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their works usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as if trying to return art to nature.

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(minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. a flow that comes from minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creativity. artist's self-restraint. (minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. a flow that comes from minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creativity. artist's self-restraint. Minimalism is characterized by a rejection of subjectivity, representation, and illusionism. Rejecting the classic techniques of creativity and tradition. artist materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes. shapes and neutral colors (black, grey), small volumes, serial, conveyor methods of industrial production are used.

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The number of styles and trends is huge, if not infinite. The key feature by which works can be grouped into styles is the common principles of artistic thinking. The replacement of one method of artistic thinking by another (alternation of types of compositions, methods of spatial construction, color features) is not accidental. Our perception of art has also historically changed. By building a system of styles in a hierarchical order, we will adhere to the Eurocentric tradition. The most important concept in the history of art is the concept of era. Each era is characterized by a certain “picture of the world”, which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific concepts, psychological characteristics of worldview, ethical and moral standards, aesthetic criteria of life, by which one era is distinguished from another. These are the Primitive Age, the Age of the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Modern Age. Styles in art do not have clear boundaries; they smoothly transform into one another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all. Several styles can coexist in the same historical era. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in the 17th century, Rococo and Neoclassicism in the 18th century, Romanticism and Academicism in the 19th century. Styles such as classicism and baroque are called great styles because they apply to all types of art: architecture, painting, decorative and applied arts, literature, music. It is necessary to distinguish between: artistic styles, directions, trends, schools and features of the individual styles of individual masters. Within one style there can be several artistic movements. An artistic direction consists of both typical characteristics of a given era and unique methods of artistic thinking. Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a number of trends from the turn of the century: post-impressionism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. On the other hand, the concept of symbolism as an artistic movement is well developed in literature, while in painting it is very vague and unites artists who are so different stylistically that they are often interpreted only as a worldview that unites them.

GOTHIC Artistic style that emerged in Western and Central Europe in the 12th-15th centuries. It was the result of the centuries-long evolution of medieval art, its highest stage and at the same time the first pan-European, international artistic style in history. It covered all types of art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, decorative and applied arts. The basis of the Gothic style was architecture, which is characterized by pointed arches directed upward, multi-colored stained glass windows, and visual dematerialization of form. Elements of Gothic art can often be found in modern interior design, in particular in wall paintings, and less often in easel paintings. Since the end of the last century, there has been a gothic subculture, clearly manifested in music, poetry, and clothing design.

An era in the cultural and ideological development of a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, as well as some countries in Eastern Europe. The main distinctive features of Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic worldview, appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of “revival” of it (hence the name). The culture of the Renaissance has specific features of the transitional era from the Middle Ages to modern times, in which the old and the new, intertwining, form a unique, qualitatively new alloy. The question of the chronological boundaries of the Renaissance (in Italy centuries, in other countries centuries), its territorial distribution and national characteristics is complex. Elements of this style in modern art are often used in wall paintings, less often in easel painting. REVIVAL

Historical artistic style, which became widespread initially in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic attitude, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own “Baroque period” as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms. BAROQUE

Artistic style in Western European art XVII - early. XIX century and in Russian XVIII - early. XIX, who turned to the ancient heritage as an ideal to follow. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, decorative and applied arts. Classicist artists considered antiquity the highest achievement and made it their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it degenerated into academicism. CLASSICISM

A movement in European and Russian art in the 1990s that replaced classicism. The Romantics highlighted individuality, contrasting the ideal beauty of the classicists with an “imperfect” reality. Artists were attracted to bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism, acute individual perception and experience play an important role. Romanticism freed art from abstract classicist dogmas and turned it to national history and images of folklore. ROMANTICISM

The direction of Western art of the second half of the 18th century, expressing disappointment in a civilization based on the ideals of reason (the ideology of the Enlightenment). S. proclaims feeling, solitary reflection, the simplicity of the rural life of a small person. J. J. Rousseau is considered the ideologist of S. SENTIMENTAL LISM

A direction in art that strives to depict with the greatest truth and reliability both the external form and the essence of phenomena and things. How a creative method combines individual and typical features when creating an image. The longest direction in existence, developing from the primitive era to the present day. REALISM

Style in European and American art at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Modernism reinterpreted and stylized the features of art from different eras, and developed its own artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentality and decorativeness. Natural forms also become the object of modernity stylization. This explains not only the interest in floral ornaments in Art Nouveau works, but also their very compositional and plastic structure - the abundance of curvilinear outlines, floating, uneven contours, reminiscent containing plant forms. Closely connected with modernity is symbolism, which served as the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, relying on modernity as a plastic realization of its ideas. Art Nouveau had different names in different countries, which are essentially synonymous: Art Nouveau in France, Secession in Austria, Art Nouveau in Germany, Liberty in Italy. MODERN

A name that unites a range of artistic movements that were widespread in the 1920s. (Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism). All these directions are united by the desire to renew the language of art, rethink its tasks, and gain freedom of artistic expression. AVANT-GARDISM

A movement in literature, painting and cinema that emerged in 1924 in France. It significantly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Luis Buñuel, Joan Miro and many other artists from all over the world. Surrealism expressed the idea of ​​existence beyond the real; the absurd, the unconscious, dreams, and daydreams play a particularly important role here. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the withdrawal from conscious creativity, which makes it a tool that in various ways extracts bizarre images of the subconscious, akin to hallucinations. Surrealism survived several crises, survived the Second World War and gradually, merging with mass culture, crossing countries with the avant-garde, entered as an integral part of postmodernism. SURREALISM

Literary and artistic movement in art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as its main program put forward the idea of ​​​​the destruction of cultural stereotypes and proposed instead an apologia of technology and urbanism as the main principles signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of ​​futurism was the search for plastic expression of the speed of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called cybofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic principles of futurism. FUTURISM

The direction of non-figurative art, which abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstract art is to achieve “harmonization,” the creation of certain color combinations and geometric shapes in order to evoke various associations in the beholder. An extreme manifestation of modernism. ABSTRACTIO NISM

A modernist movement in Western European art, mainly in Germany, in the first third of the 20th century, which emerged in a certain historical period - on the eve of the First World War. The ideological basis of expressionism was an individualistic protest against the ugly world, the increasing alienation of man from the world, a feeling of homelessness, collapse, and the collapse of those principles on which European culture seemed to rest so firmly. Expressionists are characterized by an affinity for mysticism and pessimism. Artistic techniques characteristic of expressionism: rejection of illusory space, desire for a flat interpretation of objects, deformation of objects, love of sharp colorful dissonances, a special coloring containing apocalyptic drama. Artists perceived creativity as a way to express emotions. EXPRESSIO NISM

Originated in the USA in the lane. floor. 60s Its origins lie in constructivism, suprematism, dadaism, abstract art, and pop art. The immediate predecessor of minimalism is the American artist F. Stella, who presented in the years. a series of Black paintings, where ordered straight lines prevailed. The term belongs to R. Wollheim, who introduced it in relation to the analysis of the work of M. Duchamp and pop artists who minimize the artist’s intervention in the environment. MINIMALISM

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Modern Art

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Contemporary art is a set of artistic practices that developed in the second half of the twentieth century.

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Contemporary art is understood as art that goes back to modernism or is in conflict with this phenomenon.

Floral murals: floral wall paintings by Paul Morrison

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History of modern art

Contemporary art was formed at the turn of the 1960s and 70s. The artistic quest of that time can be characterized as a search for alternatives to modernism. This was expressed in the search for new images, new means and materials of expression, up to the dematerialization of the object (performances and happenings). Many artists followed the French philosophers who proposed the term "postmodernism". We can say that there has been a shift from object to process.

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Performance is a form of contemporary art in which the work is composed of the actions of an artist or group in a specific place and time.

Nude performance for the opening of the Munich Opera Festival

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Performance can include any situation that includes four basic elements: time, place, the artist’s body and the relationship between the artist and the viewer. This is the difference between performance and such forms of fine art as painting or sculpture, where the work is constituted by the exhibited object.

Performance by Joseph Beuys, 1978

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Installation (English installation - installation, placement, assembly) is a form of modern art, which is a spatial composition created from various elements and representing an artistic whole.

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Types of installations

An installation can be characterized as a valuable symbolic decoration in itself, created at a certain time under a certain name. It is important that the viewer does not contemplate the installation from the outside, like a painting, but finds himself inside it. Some installations are close to sculpture, but differ from the latter in that they are not sculpted, but assembled from dissimilar materials, often of industrial origin.

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Grotte Stellaire star installation on the ceiling and walls. Art project by Julien Salaud

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The founders of the installation were Marcel Duchamp and the surrealists.

Masters of installation Joseph Beuys Robert Rauschenberg Joseph Kosuth Edward Kienholz Ilya Kabakov

Hyperrealistic surrealism by Nancy Fouts

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Forest of multi-colored lace. Installation of Pop-Up Paradises

Kilograms and kilometers of multi-colored lace hanging from the ceiling of the Faena Arts Center gallery in Buenos Aires is an original art project by Argentine designer Manuel Ameztoy, who thus depicted the natural landscapes and plant motifs that actually exist in the province of Entre Rios, where he was born and spent his childhood. The textile installation is called Pop-Up Paradises, and this name clearly demonstrates how attached the author is to his homeland and appreciates the beauty of the Argentinean nature.

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Watershed Wall - an installation in Toronto dedicated to the power of water

Many large cities are established near a large and stable source of water. Some, next to several at once. So Toronto is not experiencing any shortage of liquid in its taps and pipes. However, many of the water sources that this city uses have long been no longer visible - they are hidden. The Watershed Wall installation is dedicated to the real water map of Toronto.

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Installation Camera Flowers. Flowerbeds where cameras bloom

The dream of an amateur photographer is to come to a forest, a garden or a city park, a vegetable garden or a field, and collect there a rich harvest of lenses, cameras and flashes for every taste, color and size. In some ways, this idea was brought to life by the Brazilian artist Andre Feliciano in his colorful installation Camera Flowers, presented in the greenhouse of the New York photo village Photoville.

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House-library from Miler Lagos - installation.

Of course, in the original, the igloo is built from snow or ice brick blocks, but that’s what they’re rich in, as they say. The book igloo, neatly stacked with bricks in the shape of novels, fairy tales, reference books, encyclopedias, textbooks and plays, is part of an exhibition at the MagnanMetz Gallery called Home.

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Plastic fish – environmental installation at the G20 summit

After all, it’s no secret that the amount of garbage in the oceans of our planet is growing at such a pace that this growth is already the largest environmental problem on Earth. And artists from all over the world are trying to draw attention to this disgrace. For example, Angela Pozzi, who organized an entire exhibition of her own sculptures made from plastic she found on the ocean shore near her home.

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Illusory installations in city parks from Cornelia Konrads

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Art that borders on magic, a reality that can easily be mistaken for a mirage, an illusion, an optical illusion - this is the effect that the masterpieces of artist Cornelia Konrads have on the unprepared and inexperienced viewer. Her installations decorate city parks and squares in Germany and every time surprise passers-by, not only visitors, but also locals.

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3D sculpture installations made from hanging stones

Jaehyo Lee's work captures the beauty of original elements in a new, stylized form. He makes ordinary stones, picked up on the pavement, float in the air, turning into airy, almost weightless stone sculptures. The Korean author probably possesses some kind of special magic, capable of controlling nature and forcing organic materials to play completely different roles, without, however, losing his face. So, in his works, stone always remains stone, wood - wood, sand - sand...

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Bak Song Chi's installations "floating" in the air

Figures and images suspended in the air are a special type of modern sculpture, which art critics from time to time call an installation, since they cannot decide what is correct.

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Bak Song Chi, the famous installation of pieces of coal

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Creative dinner among trees and birds Art installation - happening.

At a dinner party for VIPs, held as part of the art fair in Art Brussels, Belgian designer Charles Kaisin presented a three-meter oak table “Fantasies of Charles”, in the surface of which trees “sprouted”.

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A happening is a theatrical performance with elements of improvisation, designed to involve the public in the performance itself and pursuing commercial goals.

The main task of such a happening is to add variety to ordinary public relations procedures. A presentation or press conference takes on elements of a happening. Moreover, they can be completely transformed into a happening, or the happening can become part of them. The application of a happening as a method can be extremely broad, but the goal will always be the same - to stand out so that the target audience remembers the event.

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Collage is a technical technique in the fine arts that consists in creating works of art by gluing onto any base materials that differ from the base in color and texture.

Collage was introduced into art as a formal experiment by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists. At that stage, scraps of newspapers, photographs, and wallpaper were used for visual purposes. Pieces of fabric, wood chips, etc. were glued onto the canvas.

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Dogs made from paper waste. Original collages by Peter Clark

Doesn't bark, doesn't bite, he's called a dog. No, this is not the same symbol that is present in every e-mail address. These are amazing, original paper collages created by the talented author Peter Clark from a variety of waste paper found literally underfoot.

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Currency collages by Rodrigo Torres

Different artists “mock” banknotes in different ways. For example, Hans-Peter Feldmann makes wallpaper from them, Scott Campbell cuts them, and Craig Sonnenfeld folds origami figures from banknotes. But Rodrigo Torres turns currencies from around the world into collages.

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Awakening. Coffee painting by Arkady Kim, presented in Gorky Park

Since many people already firmly associate coffee with the morning and the need to wake up, this is exactly what Moscow artist Arkady Kim called his huge painting made of coffee beans - Awakening - a monumental work with an area of ​​30 sq.m. was presented to the public in Moscow.

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Body art (eng. body art - “body art”) is one of the forms of avant-garde art, where the main object of creativity is the human body

Body art compositions are performed directly in front of the viewer or recorded for subsequent display in exhibition halls. The movement arose at the early stage of the avant-garde, but became particularly widespread during the period of postmodernism, which resorted to it as an element of installations and performance.

“Art” is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of reflection of reality.

Abstraction is one of the main ways of our thinking. Its result is the formation of the most general concepts and judgments (abstractions). In decorative art, abstraction is the process of stylizing natural forms. In artistic activity, abstraction is constantly present; in its extreme expression in fine art, it leads to abstractionism, a special direction in the fine arts of the 20th century, which is characterized by a refusal to depict real objects, extreme generalization or complete rejection of form, non-objective compositions (from lines, dots, spots, planes and etc.), experiments with color, spontaneous expression of the artist’s inner world, his subconscious in chaotic, unorganized abstract forms (abstract expressionism). Abstractionism was less expressed in sculpture than in painting. Abstractionism was a response to the general disharmony of the modern world and was successful because it proclaimed the rejection of consciousness in art and called for “giving in to the initiative to forms, colors, colors.” What is abstraction?

What is realism? Realism (from the French realisme, from the Latin realis - material) - in art in a broad sense, a truthful, objective, comprehensive reflection of reality using specific means inherent in the types of artistic creativity. The general features of the realism method are reliability in the reproduction of reality. At the same time, realistic art has a huge variety of ways of cognition, generalization, and artistic reflection of reality. Realistic art of the 20th century. acquires bright national features and a variety of forms. Realism is the opposite phenomenon to modernism.

What is avant-garde? Avant-garde - (from the French avant - advanced, garde - detachment) is a concept that defines experimental, modernist endeavors in art. In every era, innovative phenomena arose in the fine arts, but the term “avant-garde” was established only at the beginning of the 20th century. At this time, such trends as Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, and Abstractionism appeared. Then, in the 20s and 30s, surrealism occupied avant-garde positions. During the 1920s, new varieties of abstractionism were added - various forms of actionism, working with objects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kineticism, etc. In all avant-garde movements, despite their great diversity, common features can be identified: rejection of norms classical images, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various playful transformations. All this leads to a blurring of the boundaries between art and reality (ready-made, installation, environment), creating the ideal of an open work of art that directly invades the environment. Avant-garde art is designed for dialogue between artist and viewer, active human interaction with a work of art, participation in creativity (for example, kinetic art, happenings, etc.).

What is underground? Underground (English underground - underground, dungeon) is a concept meaning "underground" culture, opposing itself to the conventions and restrictions of traditional culture. Exhibitions of artists of the movement in question were often held not in salons and galleries, but directly on the ground, as well as in underground passages or the metro, which in a number of countries is called the underground (subway). Probably, this circumstance also influenced the fact that this direction in the art of the 20th century. this name was established. In Russia, the concept of underground has become a designation for a community of artists representing unofficial art.

What is surrealism? Surrealism (French surrealisme - super-realism) is a movement in literature and art of the 20th century. developed in the 1920s. Having emerged in France on the initiative of the writer A. Breton, surrealism soon became an international trend. Surrealists believed that creative energy comes from the sphere of the subconscious, which manifests itself during sleep, hypnosis, painful delirium, sudden insights, automatic actions (random wandering of a pencil on paper, etc.). Surrealist artists, unlike abstractionists, do not refuse to depict real-life objects, but present them in chaos, deliberately devoid of logical relationships. Lack of meaning, rejection of a reasonable reflection of reality is the basic principle of the art of surrealism. The very name of the direction speaks of its isolation from real life: “sur” in French “above”; artists did not pretend to reflect reality, but mentally placed their creations “above” realism, passing off delusional fantasies as works of art. Thus, the number of surrealist paintings included similar, inexplicable works by M. Ernst, J. Miró, I. Tanguy, as well as objects processed by the surrealists beyond recognition (M. Oppenheim).

What is modernism? Modernism (fr. modernisme, from lat. modernus - new, modern) is a collective designation of all the latest trends, directions, schools and activities of individual masters of art of the 20th century, breaking with tradition, realism and considering experiment the basis of the creative method (fauvism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, abstract art, dadaism, surrealism, pop art, op art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). Modernism is close in meaning to avant-garde and opposite to academicism. Modernism was negatively assessed by Soviet art critics as a crisis phenomenon in bourgeois culture. Art has the freedom to choose its historical paths. The contradictions of modernism, as such, must be considered not statically, but in historical dynamics.

What is pop art? Pop art (English: pop art, from popular art - popular art) is a movement in the art of Western Europe and the USA since the late 1950s. The heyday of pop art came in the turbulent 60s, when youth riots broke out in many countries of Europe and America. The youth movement did not have a single goal - it was united by the pathos of denial. Young people were ready to throw overboard the entire past culture. All this is reflected in art. A distinctive feature of pop art is a combination of challenge and indifference. Everything is equally valuable or equally priceless, equally beautiful or equally ugly, equally worthy or unworthy. Perhaps only the advertising business is based on the same dispassionate and businesslike attitude towards everything in the world. It is no coincidence that advertising had a huge influence on pop art, and many of its representatives worked and are working in advertising centers. The creators of advertising programs and shows are able to cut into pieces and combine in the combination they need, washing powder and a famous masterpiece of art, toothpaste and Bach's fugue. Pop art does the same.

What is op art? Op art (English op art, short for optical art - optical art) is a movement in the art of the 20th century, which became widespread in the 1960s. Op art artists used various visual illusions, relying on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The effects of spatial movement, merging, and floating of forms were achieved by introducing rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and tonal contrasts, the intersection of spiral and lattice configurations, and twisting lines. In op art, installations of changing light and dynamic structures were often used (discussed further in the section kinetic art). Illusions of flowing movement, sequential changes of images, unstable, continuously rearranging forms appear in op art only in the viewer’s perception. The direction continues the technical line of modernism.

What is kinetic art? Kinetic art (from the gr. kinetikos - setting in motion) is a direction in modern art associated with the widespread use of moving structures and other dynamic elements. Kineticism as an independent movement took shape in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments in creating dynamic plastic art in Russian constructivism (V. Tatlin, K. Melnikov, A. Rodchenko) and Dadaism. Previously, folk art also showed us examples of moving objects and toys, for example, wooden birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, mechanical toys imitating labor processes from the village of Bogorodskoye, etc. In kinetic art, movement is introduced in different ways; some works are dynamically transformed by the viewer himself, others - vibrations of the air environment, and others are driven by a motor or electromagnetic forces. The variety of materials used is endless - from traditional to ultra-modern technical means, right up to computers and lasers. Mirrors are often used in kinetic compositions.

What is hyperrealism? Hyperrealism (eng. hyperrealism) is a movement in painting and sculpture that arose in the USA and became an event in world fine art in the 70s of the 20th century. Another name for hyperrealism is photorealism. Artists of this movement imitated photos using painterly means on canvas. They depicted the world of a modern city: shop windows and restaurants, metro stations and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by on the streets. At the same time, special attention was paid to shiny surfaces that reflect light: glass, plastic, car polish, etc. The play of reflections on such surfaces creates the impression of interpenetration of spaces.

What is a readymade? Readymade (English: ready made) is one of the common techniques of modern (avant-garde) art, which consists in the fact that an industrially produced object is taken out of its usual everyday environment and exhibited in an exhibition hall. The meaning of the readymade is this: when the environment changes, the perception of the object also changes. The viewer sees in the object displayed on the podium not a utilitarian thing, but an artistic object, expressiveness of form and color. The name readymade was first used by M. Duchamp over the years in relation to his “ready-made objects” (comb, bicycle wheel, bottle dryer). In the 60s, the readymade became widespread in various areas of avant-garde art, especially in Dadaism.

What is installation? Installation (from the English installation - installation) is a spatial composition created by the artist from various elements - household objects, industrial products and materials, natural objects, text or visual information. The founders of the installation were the Dadaist M. Duchamp and the surrealists. By creating unusual combinations of ordinary things, the artist gives them a new symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of the installation is a play of semantic meanings that change depending on where the object is located - in a familiar everyday environment or in an exhibition hall. The installation was created by many avant-garde artists R. Rauschenberg, D. Dine, G. Uecker, I. Kabakov. Installation is an art form widespread in the 20th century.

What is environment? Environment (English environment - surroundings, environment) is an extensive spatial composition that embraces the viewer like a real environment, one of the forms characteristic of avant-garde art of the 1990s. Sculptures by D. Segal, E. Kienholz, K. Oldenburg, and D. Hanson created naturalistic environments that imitate an interior with human figures. Such repetitions of reality could include elements of delusional fiction. Another type of environment is a play space that involves certain actions by spectators.

Conclusion Art is always in tune with its time, it is modern and reflects the worldview of society as a whole. In turn, art has a strong influence on the masses, which is why the attitude of the artist himself to life is so important. The development of various distorted trends in art, the so-called pseudo-art, is in tune with its era. The entire history of art and architecture is a living tissue, constantly developing and changing. In any era, be it the classical art of Greece, the Italian Renaissance or ancient Russian art, there was a struggle of trends, influences, a struggle of old ideas with emerging qualitatively new manifestations. However, with all the variability of art forms within a given period, there were always relatively stable artistic features - compositional, plastic, coloristic, rhythmic and others that determined the style of a particular time. The best representatives of culture: artists, graphic artists, sculptors, architects, filmmakers, actors, writers of yesterday and today strive in their creativity to reflect the best thoughts and feelings of humanity, to treat with care the masterpieces of world culture.