What is science fiction in literature. New technological achievements and Soviet science fiction literature

Nickname

Nickname is a name used by a person or group of people instead of their own name; a fictitious anthroponym with which the author replaces his real name in a written text or public activity (art, politics).

Examples of aliases

Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names of people, which replace old ones and become permanent. Pseudonyms are "temporary names" used only in certain contexts and generally adopted to conceal a person's identity.
Literary pseudonyms often displace the author's real name in the reader's mind:

Moliere (real name: Jean-Baptiste Poquelin);
Voltaire (real name – Francois-Marie Arouet);
Jean Paul (real name: Johann Paul Friedrich Richter);
Novalis (real name – Friedrich von Hardenberg);
Stendhal (real name Marie-Henri Beyle);
Jack London (real name: John Griffith Cheney);
Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov).

Political pseudonyms

Nicknames are accepted as a name when considered as part of a cultural tradition, for example: religious names, used by representatives of religious institutions, or political names taken by members of the Communist Party - Trotsky (real name - Bronstein), Lenin (real name - Ulyanov).

Reasons for using pseudonyms

Historically, nicknames have taken the form of Greekisms, romanizations, and anagrams, but there are other methods for selecting a nickname.
The use of pseudonyms may be due to various social and biographical factors: emphasizing tradition, nationality, creative and human qualities, the desire to remain incognito, class prejudices, censorship conditions, fears of persecution, indecisiveness of novice authors, the presence of namesakes or relatives working in the same field, etc.

Classification of aliases

In science, classifications of pseudonyms have been developed in detail, both according to formal onomastic characteristics and reasons for use. In the era of humanism, orientation towards ancient culture led to the appearance of Latinized pseudonyms (von Hohenheim - “Paracelsus”, Johann Georg Thurmayr - “Johann Aventine”).

Some of the common types of nicknames

allonym– a pseudonym, which is the name of another person;
ethnic pseudonym– a pseudonym that indicates the nationality of the author (“Lesya Ukrainka”);
pseudoethnonym- a pseudonym that hides the nationality of the author: writers of Polish origin, classics of English, French, Russian literature, respectively - Joseph Conrad (real name - Kozhenevsky), Guillaume Apollinaire (real name - Kostrovitsky), Alexander Green (real name - Grinevsky);
pseudoandronym– signature on the form male name, which is used by a female author (“George Eliot”, “George Sand”);

Pseudonyms in literature

Nickname is a frequent form of the writer's name, which is used by the author of the work himself or by publishers on his behalf. In the 19th century, when writing was considered a predominantly male profession, some women authors used male pseudonyms. And on the contrary, novelists of the XX-XXI centuries. subscribed female names. For example, Peter O'Donnell wrote under the female pseudonym "Madeline Brent."

Pseudonyms are also used when the writer's real name may be confused with the name of another author or famous person; or when true name the author is considered inappropriate. Writers who create both fiction and non-fiction, that is, works in different genres, use several pseudonyms (heteronyms) to isolate parts of their work according to common features and not mislead readers.

Pseudonym of Charlotte Brontë

The English writer Charlotte Brontë signed a false name in her early writings in order to hide her gender, and also so that local residents would not guess that the plots of her novels were based on events from their lives, since the neighbors inspired the writer to create the characters. S. Bronte published the novels “Jane Eyre” (1847) and “Shirley” (1849) under the pseudonym “Carrer Bell”.

Nickname "Mark Twain"

Authors often become more famous under pseudonyms than under their own names. A striking example– works American writer Samuel Clemens under the pseudonym “Mark Twain” (English: “mark two”), which meant 2 fathoms - the minimum depth allowed for ships to sail (3.7 m).

Pseudonyms of JK Rowling

Some literary pseudonyms are not strictly pseudonyms, since they are formed as a result of variations of the authors' proper names, for example, the initialized form of the full name. The famous English writer J.K. Rowling published the Harry Potter series of novels under the short name J.K. K. Rowling." The writer also published the detective series Cormoran Strike and the crime novel The Cuckoo's Calling under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith.

Collective nickname

Co-authors literary works sometimes published under a collective pseudonym, that is, the common name of two or more persons participating in the creation of the work. For example, “Nicola Bourbaki” is the collective pseudonym of a group of French mathematicians, “Ellery Queen” is creative pseudonym Frederick Dannay and Manfred B. Lee and the name of the main character of their collaboration.

Pseudonomastics

The branch of lexicology devoted to the study of pseudonyms is called “pseudonomastics”. In a broad sense, pseudonyms include related concepts: cryptonym, heteronym, astronym, allonym, literary mask. The opposite of a pseudonym is a person's real name - an autonym.

Modern meaning

The concept of a pseudonym remains relevant in many industries human activity. IN contemporary art Bearers of pseudonyms are not only writers, but also actors, musicians, singers, dancers, and artists. The terms “stage name”, “professional name”, “screen name” are used to denote an artist’s pseudonym.

The word pseudonym comes from Greek pseudonymos (Greek pseudo - fiction, lie; onoma - name), which translated means “fictitious name”, “false name”.

A pseudonym can be used anywhere - on the Internet, cinema, music. An effective, memorable nickname can attract attention to its owner, to which most owners interesting nicknames strive above all else. In order for a fictitious name to work the way its owner intended, you need to pay attention to the possible options.

A pseudonym is an invented name, a nickname is from foreign word nickname A fictitious name serves as a substitute for the real one. IN modern world behind the nickname are Internet users who strive to be remembered. Often a pseudonym is used to hide behind it.

There are many reasons that force people to hide behind made-up names:

desire to avoid persecution;
through class prejudices;
fear of revealing one's social position;
fear of failure;
the desire to stand out, be remembered, attract attention, etc.

Also, those who have an uninteresting or even indecent surname strive to come up with a new, more euphonious name.

Nicknames on VKontakte (VK)

On VKontakte, most account holders have nicknames. Wise users do the right thing when they do not link their real data to their VK account. But at the same time, you need to remember that it is not advisable to make a fake name the most unusual.

Administrators of this social network quickly identify such account owners. The page is marked with a shameful label, which indicates that the information provided on the page is untrue. If the name is chosen incorrectly, the page may be blocked.

For girls (women's)

A girl’s nickname should be some kind of reflection of her interests, preferences, or simply be original.

In addition, many people strive to decorate their nickname with symbols that make the fictitious name beautiful to look at, for example, you can use the following nicknames:

★PRINCESS★
.*.*LOVED_IN_the_Sun.*.*
I-B-L-O-C-C-O
☜ My ♡ is busy☞
YES ★ SHA
KruTyshKa
★˙˙· . EVERYTHING WILL BE IN MARMALADE˙˙· . ★
~Bitch~
ジ҉Д҉А҉Н҉Э҉Ч҉К҉Аジ
Ålεkšลµdra
☜AnGeL..♡..DнЯ☞
♪In rhythm with mine
۩۞۩ SyanchIk ۩۞۩
~Whisper of Rain~
Dreams come true

For guys (male)

A nickname for a guy has a more serious meaning than for a girl. A guy should strive for originality, be distinguished by unusual thinking, his nickname should evoke respect from friends and delight among girls.

Nicknames that may be interesting are:

Dreamer
lion soul
tempter
owner of the world
guardian of humanity
Sunny guy
Veselchak
Lyricist
Star Warrior
Invader
I'm a cool guy
Pioneer
_*very nice king*
CKa3o4HuK
Executor
Mentor
The wind of change
adept of justice
smoky Wizard
The boss came in quietly *_*
The One

Beautiful nicknames for Instagram

When choosing a nickname for Instagram, you need to look at possible nicknames already used by other users. When registering an account, you must enter your chosen name. If it is already occupied by someone, you need to continue looking for a new one. It is not advisable to use aliases that are too long - more than 20 characters. If your nickname contains several words, you need to separate them with an underscore or a dash. If you combine characters that are not on a regular keyboard, other users will see them instead empty seats – white squares.

It is better to write long nicknames in Russian, short ones - in Latin letters.

For girls and women

On Instagram, girls and women try to use meaningful and sonorous nicknames. You can use a fictitious name that reflects internal state girls, interests, hobbies.

Great options that girls and women can take note of:

Dikaya_k()шk@
SAD SMILE
3bowka
I'll-survive-2018
House_Blue_Leaves
CMETAHKA
thatNavsﻉWhen
λφЂนრลI
PERSONALITY
RyaΔoM with t Fight
G@L@V@breaking
Exclusive
Selfie_DeByshKa
cute personification of evil
VITAL GIRL

For boys and men

Men do not change their principles, regardless of which social network they open an account on.

The guys' nicknames are clear, succinct, and often funny:

)(uLiGaN
Proud Huλϟgɑn
BratoK
THE KING IS IN CONTACT!
POLAR βOLK
Sylvestor_with_coupon
clear person
Jedi Vasily
HEqpOPMaJI
Brucelist
I_Spartan_85
Outlaw
COOL GUY
loaf
pro100th
Where_my_eat

Nicknames in English with translation into Russian

Most sites social networks offer to register nicknames exclusively on English language. This doesn't scare anyone today. In addition, you can create unique, original and interesting nicknames, which fuel the desire to find out what such a fictitious name means. This option will definitely attract attention, especially since there is plenty to choose from.

For girls (women's)

The flight of fancy when choosing a nickname in English is unlimited.

For girls, nicknames are suitable, in which entire phrases similar to statuses are encrypted:

· Girl Clothing (girl clothes)

Girl beauty

· Simply Girl

Better Half

· Honey Bun

· Sweetest (the sweetest)

Cherry Pie

Specials ( good deal)

· I’m so alone (I’m so alone)

· Creepy character (terrible character)

· Tsukiko (moon child)

Nicknames in the form of a name or word also sound beautiful:

· Youth (youth)

Believe (believe)

Great

Schematic

· Confident (confident)

For guys (male)

Nicknames in English for guys are perceived positively by users and cause good impressions when looking at a guy's profile.

Interesting men's nicknames in English:

· cognitive dissonance (cognitive dissonance)

strategy

· karateka (karateka)

· locator (locator)

mentality

selector (finder)

carbonate (black diamond)

· Russian vodka (Russian vodka)

· Impromptu (improvisation)

· Klondike (Klondike)

Follower

Accurate

On YouTube

At first, many people visited YouTube video hosting only to watch videos, because the pseudonyms were simple and not very euphonious.

But today this is already a channel that can be developed, so the nickname plays an important role.

For girls and women

In order for your YouTube account to attract attention, it is advisable to choose a nickname that will be easy to read.

This will allow other users to find your profile faster. Girls who are interested in symbols that are not on the keyboard will have a more difficult time expanding their audience, since finding such a profile will not be easy. It is advisable to experiment with first names and surnames, choosing them alternating Russian and English words, using names literary characters. It is advisable to make nicknames that are not very long and will be easy to remember.

· Nastya Kitty

Chocolate Elise

For boys and men

For the YouTube channel, more official nicknames that reflect the theme of this site may be suitable for guys:

How can you come up with a beautiful nickname yourself?

You need to come up with a nickname depending on what goals you want to achieve with this action. First you need to write it down on a piece of paper or in text document on the computer the ideas that come to mind first. The selection can be made after a fairly large list has been recorded. This will allow you to visually and mentally select the most harmonious and outwardly attractive from the available options.

The nickname should be an incentive to take certain actions. You can choose something important for yourself, reflecting your field of activity and interests. You can rearrange the words in your name, if you don’t want to tie a fictitious name to your type of activity, try writing your first or last name backwards - it might turn out to be an interesting option.

Some pseudonyms of stars and famous people

Many celebrities have dissonant surnames and names that do not attract attention and are not remembered, so to enhance their stage image they use pseudonyms.

Eg:

· Eva Bushmina – Layan;

· Christmas tree – Elizaveta Ivantsiv;

· Nyusha - Anna Shurochkina.

· Pink – Alicia Beth Moore;

· Carmen Electra – Tara Lake Patrick;

· Jackie Chan - Chan Kong San;

· DIDO – Florian Cloud De Bachiviel;

· Tina Turner – Anna Mae Bullock.

What is an operational pseudonym?

An operational pseudonym is considered to be a pseudonym that is selected for conducting intelligence activities, conducting any secret operations, various one-time or periodic actions.

Often operational pseudonyms are the names of cities, plants, animals, natural phenomena, a combination of numbers, or the abbreviated surname of the bearer of the pseudonym.

Do not miss. . .

Cool -

In English with translation into Russian -

There are many reasons why people choose to use a nickname instead of their birth name. A new name is an act of rethinking oneself, a peculiar business card. And before choosing it, you need to think carefully. The Internet is replete with name generators that help you create a new nickname very quickly and easily according to several criteria. Their lists are huge.

We offer you examples of pseudonyms for various cases, which will not only be of interest to you, but may also help you choose your own (individual and original pseudonym).

In English with translation into Russian

For inspiration in your creativity - we offer English options aliases:

TearPrincess (princess of tears);
Freedom;
Lovely (beautiful);
◄Only god can judge me (only God will judge me);
Funny girl (cheerful girl);
Sweetest (the sweetest);
Simply Girl;
Angel on duty (Angel on duty);
Flying Star (Flying_Star);
Cherry Pie (Cherry pie);
Amazing (Amazing);
Baby Angel, Baby Love - do not require translation;
Better Half;
Flower Child;
Honey Bun.

For YouTube

How to choose a nickname for YouTube? Can be taken as a basis keywords, symbols of your niche, or use universal ones, such as picture - Pictures, program - Programme, channel - Channel, TV, Zoom, Films, Show, Stories, Productions, Exclusive and add them to your abbreviated nickname.

Then we get:

VirginiaTV;
TainaShow;
Yolonda Program;
Delfina:
NinaChannel;
StudiosSabrina – StudSab;
Portia;
SabraFocus;
Zula;
TeodoraProductions;

Remember, for Youtube names can only be up to 50 characters in length. Some girls choose nicknames that don’t mean anything, but that sound good and are easy to remember.

Nicknames for social networks, for example, for VKontakte

When communicating on the Internet, not everyone wants to tell everything about themselves (which is absolutely correct). At the first stages of acquaintance, the name is hidden in most cases, some abstract nickname is taken that says nothing about the person or only slightly lifts the veil of uncertainty.

Girls prefer something light, sometimes funny or cool, they decorate the name with all sorts of symbols, like here:

We come up with a nickname based on the last name for girls

Sometimes circumstances force you to change your real name(due to its cacophony or unpleasant memories). And young ladies are looking for a pseudonym for their creative sites, dating, only partially reminiscent of their former surname. Then their friends will easily recognize them, and the previous discontent will disappear. Choose an option that is easy to remember, concise, and looks beautiful in Latin. The name, as a rule, is preserved more often in its short form.

For example, for Svetlana Prus, you can offer the following options: Pruss Lana, Lana Pruss, Svetlana Locust (translated as locust, cicada) or Lana Tarakanova.

Irina Naumenko - Iren Naumenko, Naum Irina, Naira$;
Solar - Sun, Sun;
Kuznetsova - Blacksmith, Smith, Farrier (blacksmith in English).

You can fantasize endlessly. For example, take as a basis your childhood nickname, for the most part they were very accurate. And your friends will recognize you easily. Another option is to swap your last name and first name.

Ivanova Nastya - Ivanna Nastina;
Alexandrova Tatyana - Alex Tannin, Alex Tannin;
Marinina Ekaterina - Marianna Katina.

Or completely move away from the old surname: Tatyana Petrushkina can become Tanya Fortuna, Cool, Beautiful or Smart.

Names are pseudonyms. Examples

A nickname can be formed simply from a name, shortening it, writing it in Latin, or slightly altering it.

Caterina;
Kira;
Kati;
Sonya;
Stacy;
Clar;
Marian;
Kitty;
Irene;
Lana.

Cool - (cool), cool and interesting nicknames

Some girls want to show wit. They come up with cute, cute names that convey their mood, or use nicknames that cause surprise, laughter, and even dissatisfaction from the public. And thereby making the owner herself happy.

How do you like these pseudonyms collected on the Internet:

★Malenkaya pakost★●;
Girl Shock Therapy;
Stealing_Souls_Expensive;
PrIkoL`nAyA_GeRLa;
DREAMS_WILL COME TRUE (nickname of the optimist);
Dreams come true? (nickname of a pessimist);
What came to mind =) (funny);
Awesome_me;
ॐYour_personal_NightMareॐ (your personal nightmare:);
Harmful. ;
Bubble;
Sweet candy.

Names associated with color also sound interesting:

Pink;
Aqua;
Phlox.

It is possible to create a nickname by combining your nickname and color or using verbs.

It will turn out incredibly cute:

Pink candy;
BlueLemon;
Flying Kitty.

You can take the syllables that sound nice to you and create the perfect name. It will take time to come up with something decent.

Prekacho;
Kachoray;
Psikatoni;

Yes, they sound Chinese, but perhaps you can come up with something more euphonious.

How can a girl choose (come up with) a suitable nickname?

Your nickname should set you apart from others. Therefore, take his choice responsibly. Although... humor will not be superfluous.

Try to make the name look good. For example, TainaShow looks better than tainashow.
Do not use special characters such as ★~](](, this is not always appropriate.
If you create a nickname based on your last name or first name, use them short form, Then final version will be concise.
The nickname should be easy to pronounce.
When choosing, remember your talents and hobbies. Such applications (Act, Dancer, Speaker, Coach, Violin) to the name - in combination will give good nickname: AnnaViolin, LanaDancer, AlexCoach.
You can associate a nickname with your place of birth or residence. Lesya Ukrainka is a great example.
After reading our recommendations, come up with a few names, write them down on paper and read them out loud. Are you pleased to hear them? Choose the most euphonious one, ask your friend to address you this way for several days. Do you manage to get used to the new nickname, isn’t it annoying? Something is wrong, look for an alternative.
Remember, overly loud nicknames (Mistress, Goddess, Demon) are unlikely to take root and will cause rejection among friends. But too funny ones (Malenkaya pakost), on the contrary, can stick very tightly and cause laughter in others, and of course - dissatisfaction with you.

Science fiction This a type of fantastic literature (or literature about the unusual), based on a single plot premise (assumption) of a rational nature, according to which the extraordinary (unprecedented, even seemingly impossible) in the work is created using the laws of nature, scientific discoveries or technical inventions, which in principle do not contradict the natural scientific views existing at the time when the science fiction work was created. Together with fantasy, it is one of the two main types of literary fiction of the 20th century. Within the same work, elements of both science fiction and fantasy (literature of the “fundamentally impossible”) can be combined; diffusion of various artistic systems(one of the most illustrative examples- “Space Trilogy”, 1938-45, C.S. Lewis).

Definition of science fiction

The difficulty of defining science fiction is due to the fact that for a long time it was studied separately, in isolation from other types of fantastic literature, as well as in isolation from realistic literature. However, if realistic literature describes a world familiar and familiar to the reader, then science fiction shows a probabilistic world, which is a model of possible reality, realistically accurate (convincing) in detail, the degree of realism of which is generally determined by the depth and relevance of the contemporary issues raised in the work. Science fiction emerges in the formative era modern science(17-18 centuries); How independent species literature stands out in the 20th century. Used in domestic book publishing and in the science of literature, its designation can be considered the Russian-language equivalent of the English science fiction, proposed in 1927 by the American engineer, popularizer of science and science fiction writer Hugo Gernsback, publisher of the first specialized magazine in history, Science Fiction. Gernsbeck believed that one of the main tasks of science fiction is to satisfy the need for knowledge, and the need of the engineer (Gernsbeck considered him the main actor future changes in America), encourage the engineer to scientific and technical creativity. From his authors, Gernsbeck demanded that works of art be created according to the formula “75% literature and 25% science,” and therefore published science fiction only of a popular science, predictive nature, called by one researcher “fiction for engineers.” Nevertheless, many Western researchers (and primarily American ones) believe that it was Gernsbeck who created Science Fiction.

Others claim that he drove her into the “ghetto” of specialized periodicals, excommunicating her from “main stream” literature. The connection between science and science fiction is reflected primarily in the general influence of scientific methods on the principles of science fiction’s approach to reality. The situations created by science fiction should, in principle, not contradict the materiality of the world; the development of the plot should be subordinated to the logic of the initial assumption, having made which, the writer cannot go beyond its framework. However, if the fantastic assumption had strict scientific validity, then this could deprive science fiction of the ability to simulate arbitrarily hypothetical situations. It is obvious that scientific character in literature does not lie in scrupulously following the facts of specific sciences, but in the approach to science, in the ability to use its method, based on the conviction that the world is knowable and the recognition of its objectivity. Science fiction does not predict the technical wonders of the future; it is not a “literature of ideas”; its scope is the study of the life of society and the individual, the changes occurring in them under the influence of shifts in the development of science and technology. Elements of this approach to literature are already visible in the works of T. More, I. Kepler, F. Bacon, J. Swift. The formation of science fiction dates back to the 19th century, at the beginning of which M. Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein, or Modern Prometheus"(1818), and at the end - the novels of J. Verne and G. Wells, representing the traditions of scientific, technical, predictive and socio-philosophical fiction.

Science fiction around the world

The leading “fantastic” powers of the West are the USA and Great Britain. In the United States, from the end of the 19th century, the magazine fiction industry began to develop, reaching its peak in the 1920-30s (the most famous authors- E.R. Burroughs, E. Hamilton, E. Smith). This time marks the activities of Gernsback and J. Campbell, whose name is associated with the transition of science fiction from scientific, technical, prognostic to social and philosophical. During these years, writers entered literature, the most active creative period which was called the “golden age” of American fiction: R. Heinlein, A. Azimov, A. Van Vogt, T. Sturgeon, A. Bester, D. Knight, G. Kuttner, K. Simak. Soon R. Bradbury, R. Sheckley, and P. Anderson attracted the attention of readers. Late 1960s - time " new wave", the most radical trend in English-language science fiction, in American science fiction represented by the names of H. Ellison, N. Spinred, S. Delaney. The last quarter of the 20th century is the time when American science fiction writers F. Herbert, G. Harrison, F. Dick, R. Silverberg, R. Zelazny, W. Le Guin, G. Beer, D. Breen, O. S. Card, worked, W. Gibson, B. Sterling. English science fiction of the first half of the 20th century is represented by Wells and O. Stapledon. After the Second World War, Wells' tradition was continued by D. Wyndham and A. Clark, as well as D. Brunner. The “new wave” is associated with the work of J. G. Ballard, M. Moorcock and B. Aldiss, the largest science fiction writer in Great Britain at the end of the century. Among the countries of Western Europe, France, Germany and Italy stand out as having the richest cultural traditions and traditions of development of the fantastic element in national literatures. In France, J. Ronist the Elder and F. Carsac continue the tradition of Verne; P. Boulle and R. Merle write political fiction, and R. Barjavel, J. Klein and J. P. Andrevon write psychological fiction, addressed to inner world heroes. Among the German authors, K. Lasswitz, G. Franke, the spouses J. and G. Braun stand out, and among the Italian ones - L. Aldani, T. Landolfi, I. Calvino, D. Buzzati. Science fiction in Eastern Europe in the 20th century it developed most representatively in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Bulgaria. The names of the Poles E. Zulawski, K. Fialkowski, K. Borun and S. Lem, the Czechs K. Capek, L. Soucek, J. Nesvadba, the Bulgarians S. Minkov, E. Manov, P. Vezhinov and L. Dilov are widely known. From science fiction writers of countries Northern Europe Swedish writers stand out: the author of the dystopia “Kallocain” K. Boye (1940), laureate Nobel Prize H. Martinson, who wrote the fantastic poem “Aniara” (1953), modern authors S. Lundval and P. Erschild. In Japan, science fiction is represented in creativity Abe Kobo, Sake Komatsu, Shinichi Hoshi. Chinese science fiction was identified in the 20th century by only one global figure - Lao She, the author of Notes on Cat City (1933).

Science fiction in Russia

In Russia, the tradition of science fiction is associated with the name of V.F. Odoevsky, the author of the novel “The Year 4338” (1840). Researchers point to fantastic elements in the works of writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: A.I. Kuprin, A.A. Bogdanov, V.Ya. Bryusov. The role of A.N. Tolstoy’s novels “Aelita” (1922) and “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin” (1926) was important in the development of Russian science fiction; V.A. Itin “Country of Gonguri” (1922), V.E. Orlovsky “Revolt of Atoms” (1928). A.R. Belyaev occupies a special place in the history of Russian science fiction. The traditions laid down by these writers could not develop in the 1930s-50s due to the influence of “short-range fiction” (V.I. Nemtsov, A.P. Kazantsev), which asserted “ applied value"science fiction, its role as a propagandist and popularizer of scientific and technological achievements of the near future. The great role of I.A. Efremov’s novel “The Andromeda Nebula” (1958), with which it begins modern period domestic science fiction 1960s - its “golden age”, the time of A.N.’s entry into literature. and B.N.Strugatskikh, I.I. Varshavsky, D.A. Bilenkin, S.F. Gansovsky, E.L. Voiskunsky and I.B. Lukodyanov, K. Bulychev, M.T. Emtsev and E.I. Parnova, O.N. .Larionova. The end of the 1980s-90s is associated with the names of B.G. Stern, V.M. Rybakov, M.G. Uspensky, A.G. Lazarchuk, E.Yu. Lukin.

History of science fiction

The first works on the history of science fiction appeared in the United States in the 1930s and were written not by professional writers, but by science fiction fans. Clubs for fans of this literature began to appear in the late 1920s; At the same time, amateur magazines began to be published, which published materials on the history of science fiction. The beginning of the professional study of fiction dates back to the late 1950s, when the first specialized magazine Extrapolation appeared, while “frontal” study should be dated back to the 70s, when similar Extrapolation magazines, Science Fiction Studies magazines, and “Foundation”, an encyclopedia of science fiction was published, a whole team of academic researchers appeared, and the teaching of science fiction began in various Western universities. In the USSR, criticism of science fiction, like all other types of literature, was extremely ideological and politicized; the task of science fiction was considered to be the popularization of the achievements of science and technology. The situation partly changed in the 1960s, when not only literary scholars, but also philosophers, historians, and sociologists turned to its study.

Science fiction actively manifests itself in cinema- Since the beginning of the 20th century, science fiction films have appeared, the number of which in the 1930s suggests the emergence of a separate branch of cinema. The works of Y. Protazanov “Aelita” (1924) and F. Lang “Metropolis” (1926) became classics of science fiction cinema. Since then, dozens of different versions of film adaptations of Wells' novels and stories by R. L. Stevenson have been filmed. Strange story Dr. Jackie and Mr. Hyde”, M. Shelley “Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus”. The second half of the 20th century was marked by films on space themes - “ Space Odyssey 2001" (1968) S. Kubrick, " star Wars"(1977) by D. Lucas, about contacts with representatives of other civilizations - "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (1977) and "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" (1982) by S. Spielberg, films about monsters - "Godzilla" (1954), disaster films - "The Fall of Japan" (1973). In the 20th century, science fiction dramaturgy emerged - plays intended for production in the theater (“R.U.R.”, 1920, “ White disease", 1937, Capek), and on radio and television (works by F. Dürrenmatt, S. Lem).

Science fiction

One of the types fiction, telling about the imaginary past or future of humanity (or the inhabitants of other planets), paying particular attention to technological advances, scientific discoveries, opportunities that are deprived modern man. Conflicts associated with these new possibilities and their uncontrolled use often form the content of science fiction. Science fiction does not include works fantasy where fiction is based on fairy tale motifs- the participation of monsters, fictional creatures, etc. (however, there are works that combine fairy-tale and science-fiction motifs - for example, “Monday begins on Saturday” and “The Tale of Troika” by A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky), also socio-fictional stories do not belong to science fiction (or only partly belong) utopia(e.g. “We” E.I. Zamyatin, "1984" J. Orwell). The main feature of science fiction in comparison with other areas of fiction is rationality; when depicting fictional life, it uses scientific rather than mystical explanations of various kinds of miracles: invention by scientists spaceships, devices for transmitting thoughts at a distance, etc.; Another motif very often used in science fiction is aliens visiting Earth. In various works of science fiction, incredible things happen, often much more incredible than miracles fairy tales, but at the same time they are considered the achievement of intelligence - either earthly or alien. Science fiction is actually based on a picture of an atheistically minded world that believes in the achievements of human science, which is why its heyday occurs in the 20th century.

Illustration for the novel by A. R. Belyaev “The Head of Professor Dowell.” Artist B. Kosulnikov. 1990s

At the origins of Russian science fiction stood V.V. Mayakovsky, who depicted in the play “The Bedbug” the resurrection of a person in the distant future, when it becomes possible to resurrect the dead; M.A. Bulgakov, who showed in the story “ Fatal eggs“The discovery of the “ray of life” and the catastrophe that resulted from the authorities’ too hasty attention to it and careless handling of it. In classical Russian 19th century literature writers paid little attention to science fiction (part of this can be attributed to the unfinished novel by V.F. Odoevsky“Year 4338” and the utopian “Vera Pavlovna’s Fourth Dream” from the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky"What to do?"). The rise of science fiction in Russian. literature dates back to the 20th century, when the works of A.S. were created. Greena(“The Shining World”), A. N. Tolstoy(“Aelita”, “Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin”), V. A. Obrucheva(“Plutonia”, “Sannikov Land”), A.R. Belyaeva(“Amphibian Man”, “The Head of Professor Dowell”), I.A. Efremova(“The Andromeda Nebula”), A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky (“It’s Hard to Be a God”, “Roadside Picnic”), A. P. Kazantseva(“Planet of Storms”, “ Moon Road"), TO. Bulycheva(“The Secret of the Third Planet”), etc.

The beginning of foreign science fiction is associated with utopias written in the era Renaissance(T. Campanella, T. More). Then in the 19th century. Science fiction works appear in the works of many writers - E. By, M. Shelley, M. Twain, A.K. Doyle, especially in the novels of J. Verna and G. Wells. In the 20th century achievements in the genre of science fiction belong to R. Bradbury(“451° Fahrenheit”, collection “The Martian Chronicles”), S. Lemu(“Solaris”), etc.
Many works of science fiction are classified as children's literature because of their entertaining nature - they depict a life that is unlike modern life, filled with all sorts of technical innovations that the characters perceive as something completely ordinary. However, most works of this type of fiction attempt to answer serious questions. The task of science fiction is to “prepare” a person for the future, to show what problems he will face and what he will be responsible for. One of the main questions: what will humanity be like when it has more opportunities than it has now? What can change, first of all, in the moral, spiritually? This is discussed, for example, by R. Bradbury (the story “The Veldt,” where a child’s room, guessing wishes, ultimately leads to the death of the parents; the story “Crime without Punishment,” where a virtual murder turns into a real one, etc.). Science fiction is trying to find an answer to another question that has long troubled humanity: are we alone in the Universe? One of the most common plots is a collision with alien civilizations, their perception of people or people’s perception of them. Such a conflict allows us to show the different qualities of people against the background of representatives of other civilizations. In some cases, earthlings turn out to be more moral, understanding, tactful and incapable of violence (for example, in the story by A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky “It’s Hard to Be a God”), in others, aliens turn out to be more “humane” than people (“Concrete Mixer” by R. Bradbury). The moral test of meeting aliens, changes in man himself are also the theme of many works of science fiction; for example, the story “Roadside Picnic” by A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky is dedicated to this. The external side of the plot is the “visit” of aliens to the Earth and various kinds of mechanisms and devices unknown to earthlings, left behind by them. The main conflict unfolds around the possession of these things, their speculation, the manifestation moral qualities person. ABOUT philosophical problem Man's responsibility for his cosmic deeds is also mentioned in the novels of S. Lem.
Science fiction is at the intersection of different areas of literature: on the one hand, the psychological authenticity of characters and conflicts makes it similar to realism; interest in exceptional situations and events is common with romanticism; it is also easy to find fairy tale elements in it, adventure literature– incredible situations, dynamic, action-packed plot, etc.
The entertaining nature of science fiction, the reader's interest in various kinds of miracles and amazing things leads to the creation of many short-lived works where the writer does not put serious problems, but is interested in detective stories and descriptions of fictional creatures and devices.
Science fiction has had big influence on cinema - many films have been shot based on science fiction works using images characteristic of science fiction (space flights, aliens, discoveries, etc.).

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

See what “science fiction” is in other dictionaries:

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