The problem of the origin of folklore and the sources of its study. Coursework: Old Russian folklore as a means of expressing self-awareness and a historical source

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, Special attention You should pay attention to words associated with formal business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a context that is stylistically alien to them, are called clericalism. It should be remembered that these bureaucratic speech means are named only when they are used in speech not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical coloring for the official business style (presence, for lack of, in order to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, a lot can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; Currently, there is a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding bureaucracy. For example, why would a journalist write: Defects are the negative side of an enterprise’s activities, if you can say: It’s bad when an enterprise produces defects; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; We must prevent defects in production; We must finally stop producing defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! Simple and specific wording has a stronger impact on the reader.

Verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, swelling, closing) and without suffixes (sewing, stealing, taking time off) often give a clerical flavor to speech. Their clerical tone is aggravated by the prefixes not-, under- (non-detection, under-fulfillment). Russian writers often parodied a style “decorated” with such bureaucracy [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz.); The case of a crow flying in and breaking glass (Writing); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she had not attached a sixty-kopeck stamp... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. It narrows them down expressive possibilities compared to verbs. For example, the following sentence lacks precision: On the part of the farm manager, V.I. Shlyk showed a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. One might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the farm manager, V.I. Shlyk did nothing to ease the work of the milkmaids or prepare feed for the livestock. The inability to express the meaning of the voice with a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the professor’s statement (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed by the passive form of the participle or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to photograph them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary; they are varied in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of person (teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), and many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing in common with clericalisms.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed to -nye, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet cookies, boiling cherries - Cherry jam). Others retain a close connection with verbs, acting as abstract names of actions and processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that most often have a clerical connotation; only those that have received a strict meaning in the language do not have it. terminological meaning(drilling, spelling, joining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called “splitting of the predicate”, i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicates, leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complexity, confusion of accounting and increased costs, or better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, when assessing this phenomenon stylistically, one cannot go to the extreme, rejecting any cases of using verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, the following combinations are often used: took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style verb-nominal combinations have become established: declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs thank, fulfill, exact are inappropriate), etc. IN scientific style terminological combinations are used such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. IN journalistic style expressions function: the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister’s life, etc. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be avoided and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an active part is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination a precise terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verbal-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verbal-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives the speech greater effectiveness.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination adds clerical flavor to the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of phrases with verbal nouns (instead of simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in section, in part, in business, by force, for purposes, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of etc. They received a great deal distribution in book styles, and with certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often passion for them damages the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominal prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to a string of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, turnover in government and commercial stores should increase - a cluster of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal ponderous and cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominal preposition from it, and, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let’s assume this version of the edit: To increase turnover in government and commercial stores, you need to pay wages on time and not delay pensions for citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is partly still preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, construction was suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity and helps to express thoughts more specifically and stylistically correctly.

In this article we will talk about such a linguistic concept as “bureaucraticism”. We will consider examples, basic properties and scope of use of this in particular detail.

In Russian, clericalisms are classified as such language group, like speech stamps. Therefore, let’s first figure out what kind of phenomenon this is.

What are speech stamps

Let's start by looking at the most common mistakes, which are allowed both in writing and in communication.

Stamps and stationery (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interrelated. More precisely, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of cliches (this concept names such words and expressions that are often used, due to which they have lost their meaning). Therefore, such constructions simply overload the speaker’s speech and are considered redundant.

Words and phrases often used in speech become cliches. Usually such linguistic phenomena do not have any specificity. For example, the phrase “the meeting was really high level" is used instead of giving a detailed account of the event.

In russian language? Examples

In the Russian language there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in a specific context. Such words include clericalisms. This term usually refers to words, grammatical structures and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is enshrined in literary language for a formal business style. For example: petition, must, activities not pursuing the goal of making a profit, carry out control etc.

Signs of clericalism

Now let’s define the characteristics of such words and consider examples.

Officeisms are words of an official business style, however, in addition to this, they have a number of purely linguistic characteristics. Among them are:

• Use of non-suffixed substances (hijacking, tailoring, time off); suffixal (taking, identifying, swelling, finding).
• Replacement of a simple verbal predicate with a compound nominal predicate (predicate splitting). For example: show desire- instead of wish, decide- instead of decide, help- instead of to help.
• Use of denominative prepositions. For example: in part, along the line, in force, to the address, in section, in the area, at the expense of, in plan, in business, at the level.
• Stringing of cases, usually genitive. For example, conditions necessary to raise the level of culture of the population of the region.
• Replacing active speeds with passive ones. For example, active turnover we installed- to passive the establishment was carried out by us.

Why should we not abuse bureaucratic language?

Officialism and speech cliches (examples confirm this), often used in speech, lead to the fact that it loses its imagery, expressiveness, brevity, and individuality. As a result, the following shortcomings arise:

• For example: after short-term precipitation fell in the form of rain, a rainbow shone over the reservoir in all its glory.
• The ambiguity that verbal nouns create. For example, the phrase “professor’s statement” can be understood both as “the professors claim” and as “the professor claims.”
• Verbosity, heavy speech. For example: Due to the improvement in the level of service, turnover in commercial and government stores should increase significantly.

The bureaucracy, examples of which we have presented, deprives speech of imagery, expressiveness, and persuasiveness. Since they are frequently used expressions with erased lexical meaning, faded expressiveness.

Journalists usually tend to use cliches. Therefore, in journalistic style such expressions are found especially often.

What words refer to clericalisms

Clericalism looks natural only in business speech. Examples of their use indicate that very often these words are used in other styles of speech, which is considered a gross stylistic error. To avoid such an oversight, you need to know exactly which words are classified as bureaucratic words.

So, clericalisms can be characterized by:

• Archaic solemnity: named, above-mentioned, collect, bearer of this, must, reclaim, such.
• At the same time, clericalisms can also be everyday and businesslike: talk(in meaning discuss), listen, progress, puzzle, specifics, developments.
• Nouns formed from verbs with the following suffixes give speech an official business tone: - ut, -at, -ani, -eni: beginning, taking, finding; unsuffixed: time off, hijacking, tailoring, hiring, supervision; words with prefixes under-, non-: non-detection, non-detection, under-fulfillment, non-admission.
• In addition, a number of nouns, participles, adverbs, linking verbs and adjectives are strictly related to the business sphere of communication. For example: party, customer, client, principal, owner, person, report, victim, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free of charge, be, appear, have.
• A number of official words have an official business connotation: to, at the expense of, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the agreement, in connection with the termination of the agreement, in case of refusal to comply with the agreement, as a result of the study etc.
• Such turnovers include the following compound names: food, law enforcement agencies, vehicle, budgetary sphere, diplomatic relations.

In what cases is it appropriate to use the term "bureaucratic"

Clericalisms (we discussed examples of words in detail above), according to the laws of literary language, should be used only in an official business style. Then these phrases do not stand out against the background of the text.

The term “bureaucraticism” itself is appropriate to use only in cases where such words and phrases are used in someone else’s style. Then the speech acquires an inexpressive, official character, deprived of emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.

Stationery as a stylistic device

But clericalism is not always considered a speech defect. Examples from works of art show that such words and phrases are often used as stylistic device. For example, for speech characteristics hero.

Writers often use clericalism to create a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin - “...gouging out an eye, taking away a head, biting off a nose is prohibited”; in Chekhov - “the killing occurred due to drowning.”

Officialisms (we examined examples of words in some detail) in Russia reached their greatest distribution during the period of stagnation, when they penetrated into all spheres of speech, including even everyday life. This example once again confirms the idea that language is a reflection of all the changes that occur in the country and society.

Stationery

- words, stable phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in lit. language is assigned to official affairs. style, especially for its administrative substyle (see). K. is treated as separate words with the connotation of official affairs. style ( notice, petition, called, due etc.), and syntactic constructions built according to certain models (“chain” of forms genitive case nouns, for example: activities that do not pursue the goal of making a profit; clarifying the conditions for committing a crime; combination of a noun with a delexicalized verb, for example: provide assistance instead of to help, carry out control instead of control).

K. are necessary structural element any office business text. Eg: Plant "Progress" asks You provide technical assistance in developing pumping station drawings. Since in currently installation is already underway, please do this work directly on site(from the letter of guarantee).

Natural in business speech, outside of it K. become alien and undesirable. Some of them are archaically solemn: the above-mentioned, named, must, collect, take effect, demand, forward, such, the bearer of this. Others are typical of the speech of modern officials and are businesslike: engage, speak(meaning “to discuss”), puzzle, listen, progress, developments, specifics etc. The use of such nouns as customer, party, owner, principal, client, person, as well as adjectives and participles, including substantives report, vacant, victim, invoice, outgoing, daily allowance, adverbs of type immediately, promptly, free of charge, linking verbs to be, to be, to be (to take place) and so on.

Verbal nouns with suffixes add and enhance the clerical flavor of speech. -eni, -ani, -at, -ut, eg: elimination, beginning, finding, taking, withdrawal, execution, non-suffix type hijacking, time off, reception, hiring, tailoring, supervision, as well as words with prefixes not-, under-: underfulfillment, non-detection, lack of, under-delivery, non-admission, non-detection and so on.

Bright office business Special function words - complex denominative prepositions - also differ in coloration - at the expense of, to the address, in part, along the line, on the basis of etc., for example: in connection with expiration of the contract, according to by order when late payment, as a result studying, as well as unions: due to the fact that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, namely, equally, and equally and so on.

The clerical phrases also include compound names like law enforcement agencies, material values, Food, vehicles, diplomatic relations, budgetary sphere, one-time benefit, cassation appeal, compound verb-nominal combinations (so-called “split predicates”) give instructions (indicate), assist (influence), leads to complication (complicates) and etc.

Described vocabulary and phraseology from official affairs. coloring receives the name K. only in those cases when it is used in an alien sphere, outside the boundaries of official affairs. style. Sufficiently appropriate and necessary in repetitive office situations. communication clerical words and expressions, ending up in the texts of other functions. styles, give speech an official, inexpressive character, deprive it of liveliness, emotionality, simplicity and naturalness. The use of K. in scientific. and public. speech should be thoughtful and limited, and in conversation. – without any special stylistic motivation – is not only undesirable, but also unacceptable. If they are used accidentally, unintentionally, then this is regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error, for example: In our green area so many mushrooms and berries; It is necessary to eliminate the backlog at the front misunderstandings satires; In front of me a problem arises; We found ourselves in the grip of a dilemma .

The use of K. in a stylistic context unusual for them (not in official business texts) without a stylistic task is a speech defect, called " clerk" (K.I. Chukovsky, 1963, p. 119). Thus, we observe the inappropriate use of K. in the following statement: The regional administration considers the cooperation policy to be the most acceptable, but this does not mean that enterprises in the region such will be imposed: now everyone has their own considerations about how survive(Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets, February 7, 1998). Wed: The regional administration considers the policy of cooperation to be the most acceptable, but this does not mean that it will be imposed on enterprises: now everyone has their own ideas on how to survive.

The intentional use of K. as a stylistic device, for example, in fiction, is not a speech defect. speech as a means of speech characterization of a character: Davydov came out and unfolded the note. In blue pencil it was written in a sweeping manner: “Lisa! I categorically propose to immediately and unconditionally provide lunch to the bearer of this note. G. Korchzhinsky." - “No, it’s better without lunch than with such a mandate,” the hungry Davydov decided sadly, after reading the note and heading to the regional water union(Sholokhov).

Or: - But I’m in order of lack of living space, whispered the young man. - Citizens!(Ilf, Petrov).

In order to achieve a humorous effect, K. is used in the following example: The muse was not given to him for a long time, and when it was given, the poet was surprised at what he did with it. Anyway, after reading the products it became clear to him that there was no question of a fee(Zoshchenko).

Unjustified entry by K. from the office. spheres in art lit., in everyday life, oral speech occurred before and was rightly criticized not only by linguists, but also by writers: M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A. Chekhov, A. Tolstoy, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, L. Kassil, K. Paustovsky, V. Ardov and others.

Stylizations of bureaucratic speech are known, for example: It is equally prohibited gouge eyes, biting nose... removal of the head(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Killing happened due to drowning (Chekhov); The case about gnawing plan thereof mice(Herzen); The case about flying in And breaking black glass(Pisarev); A shame tearers campaigns to fight implementation of the plan for organizing the campaign of struggle (Ilf and Petrov).

In “The History of a City,” M. Saltykov-Shchedrin parodies the style of tsarist laws, using K. with a special stylistic task to achieve expression: 1. Let everyone bake pies on holidays, not forbidding themselves from baking on weekdays... 4. Upon removal from the oven, let everyone take a knife in his hand and, having cut a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift...

An example of a modern parody of bureaucratic speeches comes from the pen of M. Zhvanetsky: Resolution to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of worldwide interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater activation of the mandate of the working people of all masses based on the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own mandate.

The office reached its greatest distribution in our country during the years of stagnation, when in the sphere of political, social, cultural, scientific. and even in everyday communication, clichéd speech of a ritual nature was in use, filled with dummy words like question, matter, task, problem, fact and so on.

Subsequently, this obscure, clumsy bureaucratic language was called “newspeak.” One of the linguistic gains of perestroika was the abandonment of ritual speech in favor of living, stylistically normal texts Unfortunately, they are not always literate.

Today, K., as satellites of the command-bureaucratic system, as a legacy of the previous era, are losing their positions in public speaking, in media texts, largely due to the general “fear of big words”, thanks to the rejection of emphatically bookish constructions, in particular from verbal-nominal phrases, which served as an integral part of official business, scientific. and generally speaking official language. V.G. Kostomarov also notes “that in current assessments of the speech there is no mention of the “office worker”, in which K.I. Chukovsky saw major vice contemporary speech."

Lit.: Shcherba L.V. Modern Russian literary language // Selected works on the Russian language. – M., 1957; Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life (About the Russian language). – M., 1963; Vinokur T.G. When do “clichés” and “clichés” become a dangerous disease? // Our speech. How we speak and write. – M., 1965; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M., 1980; His: How to speak correctly. Notes on the culture of Russian speech. – M., 1988; Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types Russian speech. – M., 1982; Skvortsov L.I. About bureaucracy and cliches // Russian speech. – 1982. – No. 1; Gal N.Ya. The word is alive and dead. From the experience of a translator and editor. – M., 1987; Rosenthal D.E. Practical style. – M., 1987; His: A Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. – M., 1996; Borisova I.N., Kupina N.A., Matveeva T.V. Fundamentals of stylistics, culture of speech and rhetoric. – Ekaterinburg, 1995; Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V., Lekant P.A. Quick reference in modern Russian language. – M., 1995; Solganik G.Ya. Russian language. 10–11 grade. Stylistics. – M., 1995; Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Lvov M.R. Dictionary-reference book on the methods of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents. – M., 1997; Schwarzkopf B.S. Stationery // Russian language. Encyclopedia. – M., 1997; Koltunova M.V. Languages business conversation. Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. – M., 2000.

G.A. Kopnina, O.V. Protopopova

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what “Clericalism” is in other dictionaries:

OFFICELISM- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures characteristic of an official business style (incoming, outgoing, must, brought to your attention, etc.) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

Stationery- Officialism is a word or figure of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written according to the accepted form, as a result of which official formulas and the necessary stamps of business speech... ... Wikipedia

bureaucracy- category of elements of passive vocabulary used in literary works to imitate an official business style. Authors use them in cases where it is necessary to create an illustrative image of a document or satirical image bureaucratic... ... Literary encyclopedia

bureaucracy- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures characteristic of an official business style (“incoming outgoing”, “should”, “brought to your attention”, etc.). * * * OFFICELISM OFFICELISM, words,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Stationery- words and figures of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written according to the accepted form. However, one should not transfer official formulas and necessary cliches of business speech... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

bureaucracy- pl. Words or figures of speech, the use of which in literary language is assigned to an official business style; clerks. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

bureaucracy- words, set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in the literary language is traditionally assigned to the official business style, especially to the clerical business substyle... Explanatory translation dictionary

OFFICELISM- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures used primarily in the official business style of the language (“should”, “incoming outgoing”, “brought to your attention”, etc.) ... Professional education. Dictionary

bureaucracy- words and figures of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. IN oral speech have a negative mental impact on listeners... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Each speech style has its own norms and characteristics. Inappropriate use stylistic means leads to the fact that the speech looks pompous and pretentious or, on the contrary, inappropriately lively and expressive. One of the stylistic enemies of speech is bureaucracy.

About language styles

In linguistics, there are several styles of speech:

• scientific;
• journalistic;
• colloquial;
• art;
• official business.

Each of them has distinctive features. IN scientific text it is undesirable to abuse in colloquial words or by means artistic expression. And in ordinary speech, you should avoid using official business terminology.

What are clericalisms?

Clericalisms are words, constructions and stable expressions of official business style, but also used in other styles of speech. Often these expressions can be found in journalism and scientific works. It looks strange when such words are used in colloquial speech. The use of clericalism gives it inappropriate formality, pomposity, and pretentiousness. It stops being alive and begins to resemble a clerk's report. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid using clericalism in ordinary speech.

There are several groups of clericalisms in the Russian language.

Verbal nouns

A large layer of clericalisms consists of nouns formed from verbs. They usually have the suffixes -ani-, -eni-. Examples of clericalisms in language: retention, consideration, coercion, presentation, provision, oppression, etc.

Example sentences:

1. Consideration this issue is the main task of the meeting.
2. The article requires summary theses.
3. Identifying the features of a process serves to ensure its safety.
4. Report writing forms the bulk of this job.

Among clericalisms there are also suffixless verbal nouns, for example “hijacking”, “time off”, etc. Example:

• The car theft case is pending.

Denominative prepositions

Among clericalisms, this is a very wide group, by which the official business style is immediately recognizable. Examples of such prepositions:

• in connection with;
• depending on the;
• by virtue of;
• with the aim of;
• to the address;
• in respect of;
• at expense, etc.

This group of clericalisms is connected in use with the previous one. Examples of such sentences:

1. Due to changing weather conditions, it was decided to postpone the meeting.
2. In order to improve the quality of service, the company conducts regular inspections.
3. Due to the emergence of new circumstances in the case, the final decision was revised.

Verb splitting

This group of clerical words includes the division of one verb into two words. This does not change its meaning, but the text becomes heavier and more cumbersome. Examples of splitting: make a decision (decide), exercise control (control), provide support (support), show interest (be interested), express sympathy (sympathize), etc.

• Western bloc countries expressed sympathy for the USSR in connection with the disaster.
• The government has decided to provide financial support to small businesses.
• It is necessary to constantly monitor changes in the composition of the environment.

Stringing the genitive case

Another common feature of formal business style.

For example:

1. Due to the impossibility of ensuring the safety of the research object, a decision was made to terminate its funding.
2. Due to the increase in consumption volumes of this product, there will be an increase in supplies.
3. This is a necessary measure to maintain the stability of the situation.

Using the Passive Voice

In this style of speech passive voice often replaces active. Examples of clericalism:

• we took into account - we took into account;
• they used - it was used by them;
• you decided - you made a decision, etc.

1. We have decided to increase prices for this category of goods.
2. During the meeting, the participants concluded that emergency measures were necessary.
3. A number of tests of the weapon were carried out, showing its destructive potential.

Speech stamps

Typical example clericalism is the use of speech cliches and cliches. This is the name for expressions with a “hackneyed” meaning that have lost their brightness and expressiveness. Examples of stamps:

• white gold (cotton);
• leaves much to be desired;
• plant a pig, etc.

Stamps are divided as follows:

1. Political-economic: unsurpassed quality, mutually beneficial cooperation, public values, market environment, unique offer, loss of authority.
2. General clerical: in in this regard, on this moment, today, at the current moment in time, it takes place to raise a question, draw appropriate conclusions, eat it, create inconvenience.
3. Journalistic: yellow press, newspaper canard, black gold, law enforcement agencies, numerous victims, a pressing problem, time will tell.

In the field of journalism, the use of cliches is acceptable, even if they have already lost their originality and originality. But in colloquial speech their use should be avoided.

A few more words and expressions that are interpreted as clericalism: comprehensive, given, significant, important, provide, pay attention, accordingly, necessary, implement, ensure, as a result of, implement, ongoing activities, etc.

What does the use of bureaucracy lead to?

Each speech style has its own sphere of use. It is recommended to use clericalism in speech only in an official business style.

The consequences of their inappropriate use include a mixture of speech styles:

• In view of this circumstance, I decided not to go for a walk today.
• The entire entrance is stained with whitewash due to renovations.

Syllable weighting:

• It is important to provide young specialists with jobs.
• The activities carried out allowed us to draw appropriate conclusions.

Semantic redundancy:

• We currently have the following information message.

Blurry, vagueness of the main idea:

• The law enforcement agencies have taken appropriate measures to eliminate this problem.

Difficulty to understand:

• According to information departments, we can conclude that the measures taken to date have shown their ineffectiveness.

Dry and unexpressive speech:

• Increase in sales - the most important task companies on this moment time.

From the above we can draw the following conclusions:

1. Clericalism is the use of formal business style means in other styles of speech.
2. Frequent manifestations of clericalism: denominal prepositions, verbal nouns, heaps of cases, speech cliches.
3. The use of clericalism is inappropriate in most other speech styles.

Psychology of the editor

Speech cliches and clericalisms - what are they?

no comments

There are special requirements for formal business style. It is necessary to select words and adhere to the required writing style. But the main thing to remember is that any information must be live.
A terrible enemy for an author is bureaucracy.

Clerical - speech filled with verbal cliches, template formulas in an official business style. She looks lifeless, deprived emotional coloring and sincerity. With such language it is difficult to convey the mood and direct the reader to take any action (purchases, subscriptions, commenting on an article). Such a language cannot create
Cliches and clericalism are the “enemies” of Russian speech.

Stationery

Officialism is a word, phrase or speech pattern that is typical when writing official and business texts, but is used in an unusual place (artistic presentation, oral speech).

In literature, instead of specific words, we use literary expressions. We change the word road to road surface. If such a phrase is used when writing artwork, then this is bureaucratic language, but in official business language it’s the other way around.

Due to the excessive use of bureaucratic language, the language becomes inexpressive and ponderous.
An elaborate formal construction does not make sense; it can be removed from the text. The essence of the presentation will remain clear; clericalism is replaced with another word or phrase that suits the style and influences.

Getting rid of bureaucracy and cliches in texts

Types of clericalism

In the Russian language there is a classification that teaches you to recognize and eliminate them in time.

1. Verbal noun

It contains the suffixes -eni-, -ani- (taking, calculating, reconciliation, coercion), as well as nouns without suffixes (time off, sewing).

Sometimes authors further aggravate the tone of the office. To do this, they use the prefixes not-, under- (underfulfillment). Clericalisms do not have a tense category, aspect, mood, voice, or person. Their expressiveness and comparison with verbs are narrowed.

Example 1:
Identifying unwanted errors was his main job.
Feeding and milking cows was a top priority for workers in the early days.

Officialism makes the syllable heavier. The sentence becomes wordy and monotonous.
A verbal noun can be of two types:

• Stylistically neutral (understanding, walking, shooting) Ending a word with “nie” indicates that the action is still ongoing. If you transform “nie-” into “nie-“, you get the final result.
• Nouns that are closely related to the verbs that gave rise to them. This is the name of a specific action or process (writing, reading, reviewing). Such nouns have a bad clerical connotation. Exceptions include strict terminological meaning (treatment, spelling).

2. Denominative preposition

The official business style is expanded due to the fact that certain words are found, for example: due to, by force, with a purpose, at the level.

They can be used in moderation, but excessive accumulation can give the text an undesirable clerical flavor. Distinctive feature clericalisms is that they are connected in the text with the previous type. They can't live without each other.

Example 2:
Due to improving weather conditions.
Through the adoption of a law.
For the purpose of assimilation.

Denominal prepositions combine harmoniously with verbal nouns.
If we use such a link at the beginning of the presentation, then we will pull in all the clericalisms, as well as. You need to carefully use phrases in the text; such words are a real magnet for clerical vocabulary.

3. Template speech

This type of bureaucracy is associated with a speech cliche. Common patterns of speech that have permeated fiction from the official business style: today, at this stage, currently and others.

Example 3:
To date, all construction work is going according to plan.

The sentence carries the desired meaning without a revolution. And so it is clear that this is the present time. Using these criteria, you can exclude other words that are widely used.

Speech stamps

The use of speech cliches in a text deprives it of clear, specific and individual properties. Sometimes they make it difficult for the reader to grasp the meaning.

Template turns change every year, old ones are replaced by new ones. This replacement must be constantly monitored in order to avoid modern but empty sentences in your text.

Speech cliches are an inferior word or expression, riddled with unnecessary phrases. They are often used in oral speech, which makes it meaningless.

If you use a stereotypical or template word, then live speech quickly becomes dull and inexpressive. Too often storytellers don't take context into account.

You can often find speech cliches in the media and journalism. TV presenters and journalists believe that if they use popular phrases, their article will become more interesting. But this is a misconception.
Cliches in journalism, examples: ...time will tell, wait and see, this is the case.

Speech stamps and their types

Speech stamps are divided into several types.

1. A universal word used in various obscure and uncertain senses. Because of them, specificity is lost in oral or written presentation, and information is also lost.
2. Paired words used in spoken text, but they do not act as phraseological units. Such cliches include stereotyped thoughts, for example: stormy applause.
3. A fashionable word, phrase, phrase that spreads, but over time, due to frequent use, lose originality and become a template.

The property and characteristic that indicate the uniqueness of an object eventually turn into speech cliches.

Controversial issues about speech stamps

Stamps and clericalisms and their conditionality.
Some people believe that they should be completely abandoned, while others think the opposite. The latter are confident that cliches and bureaucracy make speech modern. We are completely satisfied with the simple repetition of speech phrases, which automate the speech process and facilitate communication.

The main goal is to save mental work. Therefore, only you can decide how to talk.

Why are speech stamps dangerous?

There are several reasons why you should abandon template phrases:

1. Speech is devoid of specific thoughts and ideas.
2. The conversation becomes dull and boring.
3. People who use such expressions become uninteresting to the interlocutor.
4. People who use such phrases in their speech eventually lose the originality of their thoughts, and their