Definition of the term hyperbole. Hyperbole as a literary means of expression and stylistic device

Image, character, characteristics of the official Chichikov in the poem Dead Souls

If, drawing images of landowners. ( This material will help you write competently on the topic The image, character, characteristics of the official Chichikov in the poem Dead Souls. Summary does not make it possible to understand the full meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, novellas, short stories, plays, and poems.) Gogol gave a picture of the economic collapse of natural serfdom and the moral degeneration of the ruling class, then in the image of Chichikov he showed typical features predator, “scoundrel”, “acquirer” of the bourgeois fold generated by the initial stage of capitalist accumulation.

In the eleventh chapter of the first volume, Gogol talks in detail about Chichikov’s life path from birth until the moment when this “hero” began buying up dead souls; how Chichikov’s character developed, what vital interests formed in him under the influence environment, guided his behavior.

Even as a child, he received instructions from his father on how to become one of the people: “most of all please teachers and bosses... hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion they can be useful to you... and most of all, take care and save a penny, this the thing is more reliable than anything in the world... You can do everything and lose everything in the world with a penny.” This behest of his father was the basis of his relationships with people, even from school. Saving a penny, but not for its own sake, but as a means to achieve material well-being and a prominent position in society, became the main Goal of his entire life.

Already at school, he quickly gained the favor of the teacher and, possessing “great intelligence on the practical side,” successfully accumulated money.

Service in various institutions developed and polished Chichikov’s natural abilities - practical intelligence, deft ingenuity, hypocrisy, patience, the ability to “comprehend the spirit of the boss”, feel for a weak string in a person’s soul and skillfully influence it for personal purposes, energy and perseverance in achieving conceived, complete unscrupulousness and heartlessness.

Having received the position of police officer, Chichikov “became a noticeable person. Everything turned out to be in him that is needed for this world: pleasantness in turns and actions, and agility in business affairs.” All this distinguished Chichikov in his further service; This is how he appears before us during the purchase of dead souls.

Chichikov uses “irresistible strength of character,” “quickness, insight and perspicacity,” and all his ability to charm a person to achieve the desired enrichment.

Widely using all his practical intelligence, courtesy and resourcefulness, Chichikov managed to charm both the provincial city and the estates. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to approach everyone in a special way, subtly calculating his moves and adapting the manner of address and the very tone of speech to the character of the landowner. One has only to observe how Chichikov behaves and speaks with Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin to be convinced of this and be amazed at the inexhaustible variety of “all the shades and subtleties of his address.”

This internal “multifacetedness” of Chichikov, elusiveness, is emphasized by his appearance, given by Gogol in vague tones. “In the chaise sat a gentleman who was not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin cannot be said to be old, but not so much as to be too young.”

Chichikov's facial expression constantly changes, depending on who he is talking to and what he is talking about. Going to the governor's ball, he spends an hour in front of the mirror, studying different facial expressions and mannerisms to use at the ball. “I tried to tell him (the person) a lot different expressions: sometimes important and sedate, sometimes respectful, but with some smile, sometimes simply respectful without a smile; several bows were made into the mirror, accompanied by unclear sounds, partly similar to French, although Chichikov did not know French at all.”

Gogol constantly emphasizes the external neatness of his hero, his love for cleanliness, goodness, fashionable suit. Chichikov is always carefully shaven and perfumed; He always wears clean underwear and fashionable dress“brown and reddish colors with sparkle” or “the color of Navarino smoke with flame.”

And this external neatness and cleanliness of Chichikov, strikingly contrasting with the internal dirt and uncleanliness of this hero, fully completes the image of the “scoundrel”, the “acquirer”-predator, who uses everything to achieve his main goal - profit, acquisition.

Gogol satirically castigates his hero - a “scoundrel”, a representative of those predators who appeared in large numbers in the 30s, when bourgeois-capitalist forces had already begun to develop within the framework of the feudal-serf system. This was noted by Belinsky, who said that “Chichikov, as an acquirer, is no less, if not more than Pechorin, a hero of our time.”

Belinsky and Chernyshevsky noted that Chichikov was typical of the bourgeois world.

Belinsky wrote that abroad one meets “the same Chichikovs, only in a different dress: in France and England they do not buy up dead souls, but bribe living souls in free parliamentary elections! The whole difference is in civilization, not in essence.” Chernyshevsky wrote that in England “The Chichikovs... are busy with stock exchange and factory tricks.”

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Chichikov’s chaise, which became the object of the men’s attention, is an important “detail-object”. Thanks to her, the plot of the journey becomes possible; as a result of a collision between a britzka and a carriage, Pavel Ivanovich meets governor's daughter; sometimes this vehicle seems to be endowed with its own will, goes its own way and even dumps the rider into impassable mud; the chaise turns out to be faulty when it is necessary to quickly leave the city; The motif of the road, turning into the path along which Rus' flies, is also associated with the image of the chaise...

Details of Chichikov's everyday life help us realize that he, too, is a dead soul, and that a special illness destroyed him - opportunism, predation, enterprise in the name of personal enrichment. He wants to spend the money not for the benefit of society, but on “thin Dutch shirts” and “a special kind of French soap that gave extraordinary whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks.” Chichikov is “captured by things, by the European, haberdashery “canal”, “...he imagined a life ahead in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a perfectly furnished house, delicious dinners”...

When going to a party or ball, Chichikov puts on a “lingonberry-colored tailcoat with a sparkle,” which is mentioned more than once during the narrative. This detail emphasizes the desire of the visitor to show his respectability, to show off, to be moderately noticeable, to somehow stand out from the crowd with an expectation of success, and a somewhat defiant color (lingonberry, i.e. close to dark red, with a spark that demonstrates festivity, elegance) reveals the hero’s temperament and at the same time his dishonor.

The internal structure of this box is given after the guest’s argument with Korobochka about the price of “dead souls”: “... in the very middle there is a soap dish, behind the soap dish there are six or seven narrow partitions for razors; then square nooks for a sandbox and an inkwell with a boat hollowed out between them for feathers , sealing wax and everything that is longer; then all sorts of partitions with lids and without lids for what is shorter, filled with business, funeral, theater and other tickets, which were folded for memory. The entire top box with all the partitions was taken out, and there was space under it occupied by piles of papers in a sheet, then there was a small hidden box for money, which pulled out unnoticed from the side of the box." And further Gogol notes that this “hidden box” “always... hastily pulled out and moved back.”

Such a hasty movement speaks of the suspicion and even fear of the owner, who is protecting his property from a prying glance or theft, and of dubious and therefore hidden means of acquiring this money, and of a secret dream with their help to occupy a “worthy” position in society... Students come to the conclusion that the box symbolizes life path hero, the essence of his nature. In it, as in a mirror, the whole of Chichikov is reflected: a rogue, a businessman with a criminal past, a man with a double bottom, for whom everything is calculated in advance, an entrepreneur who is completely captured by the thirst for profit, mercantile interest, the one who has ruined his soul.

Finding out Gogol’s attitude towards his hero, we read in the 11th chapter: “No, it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel too. So, let’s harness the scoundrel!” But a few pages later, in the same chapter, a somewhat “mitigated” sentence sounds, although the attitude remains the same : "...who is he in terms of moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfections and virtues, is clear. Who is he? So he's a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?... It is most fair to call him: master, acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of him, things were done that the world calls not very clean." In other words, Chichikov lives in the world of his more or less successful transactions, scams and speculations, and he does not care about Russia. He is interested in as much as possible serfs were dying.

Touching upon the writer’s depiction of the people, the teacher will explain that the people are shown in the poem in their concrete everyday manifestation only in passing; they act as a bearer of the positive principle affirmed in lyrical digressions, V landscape descriptions, in which the voice of the author is felt.

In the “Author's Confession” he wrote: “This complete incarnation in the flesh, this complete rounding of character took place in me only when I took away in my mind all this prosaic essential squabble of life, when, containing in my head all the major character traits, I collected in at the same time, all the rags around him, down to the smallest pin, which swirls around a person every day - in a word, when I figure out everything from small to large, without missing anything.”

Thus, the world of things, created with the help of everyday details, largely characterizes a person, and each detail complements the internal appearance of the character, the integrity of the revealed picture. The detail gives Gogol's descriptions extreme specificity and at the same time generality, expressing the idea, the main meaning of the depicted hero, the essence of his character (nature). "That is why creation is great" Dead Souls“,” emphasized V. G. Belinsky, “that life in him was opened and dissected down to the smallest detail, and these small details were given general meaning" .

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Poem "Dead Souls" occupies a special place in Gogol's work. The writer considered this work to be the main work of his life, the spiritual testament of Pushkin, who suggested to him the basis of the plot. In the poem, the author reflected the way of life and morals of different layers of society - peasants, landowners, officials. The images in the poem, according to the author, “are not at all portraits with worthless people“, on the contrary, they contain the traits of those who consider themselves better than others.” Close-up The poem shows landowners, owners of serf souls, “masters” of life. Gogol consistently, from hero to hero, reveals their characters and shows the insignificance of their existence. Starting with Manilov and ending with Plyushkin, the author intensifies his satire and exposes the criminal world of landowner-bureaucratic Russia.

The main character of the work is Chichikov- until the last chapter of the first volume remains a mystery to everyone: both for officials of the city of N and for readers. Inner world The author reveals Pavel Ivanovich in scenes of his meetings with landowners. Gogol draws attention to the fact that Chichikov is constantly changing and almost copies the behavior of his interlocutors. Talking about Chichikov’s meeting with Korobochka, Gogol says that in Russia a person talks differently to the owners of two hundred, three hundred, five hundred souls: “... even if you reach a million, there will be all shades.”

Chichikov has studied people well, knows how to find a benefit in any situation, and always says what they would like to hear from him. So, with Manilov, Chichikov is pompous, amiable and flattering. He talks to Korobochka without any special ceremony, and his vocabulary is in tune with the style of the hostess. Communication with the arrogant liar Nozdryov is not easy, since Pavel Ivanovich does not tolerate familiar treatment, “...unless the person is of too high a rank.” However, hoping for good deal, he does not leave Nozdryov’s estate until the last moment and tries to become like him: he addresses himself as “you,” adopts a boorish tone, and behaves familiarly. The image of Sobakevich, personifying the thoroughness of a landowner's life, immediately prompts Pavel Ivanovich to conduct as thorough a conversation as possible about dead souls. Chichikov manages to win over the “hole in human body" - Plyushkina, who has long lost contact with the outside world and forgotten the norms of politeness. To do this, it was enough for him to play the role of a “motishka”, ready, at a loss to himself, to save a casual acquaintance from the need to pay taxes for dead peasants.

It is not difficult for Chichikov to change his appearance, because it has all the qualities that form the basis of the characters of the depicted landowners. This is confirmed by the episodes in the poem where Chichikov is left alone with himself and does not need to adapt to those around him. While examining the city of N, Pavel Ivanovich “teared off a poster nailed to a post so that when he came home, he could read it thoroughly,” and after reading it, “he folded it neatly and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything he came across.” This is reminiscent of the habits of Plyushkin, who collected and stored various kinds of rags and toothpicks. The colorlessness and uncertainty that accompany Chichikov until the last pages of the first volume of the poem make him similar to Manilov. That is why officials of the provincial city are making ridiculous guesses, trying to establish the true identity of the hero. Chichikova's love for neatly and pedantically arranging everything in his little chest brings him closer to Korobochka. Nozdryov notices that Chichikov looks like Sobakevich. All this suggests that in the character of the main character, as in a mirror, the traits of all landowners were reflected: Manilov’s love for meaningless conversations and “noble” gestures, and Korobochka’s pettiness, and Nozdryov’s narcissism, and Sobakevich’s rudeness, and Plyushkin’s hoarding.

And at the same time, Chichikov differs sharply from the landowners shown in the first chapters of the poem. He has a different psychology than Manilov, Sobakevich, Nozdryov and other landowners. He is characterized by extraordinary energy, business acumen, and determination, although morally he does not rise at all above the owners of serf souls. Many years of bureaucratic activity left a noticeable imprint on his demeanor and speech. Evidence of this is the warm welcome given to him in the provincial " high society" Among officials and landowners he new person, the acquirer who will replace the Manilovs, Nozdrevs, Sobakevichs and Plyushkins.

Chichikov's soul, just like the souls of landowners and officials, became dead. The “brilliant joy of life” is inaccessible to him; he is almost completely deprived human feelings. In order to achieve his practical goals, he pacified his blood, which “played strongly.”

Gogol sought to understand the psychological nature of Chichikov as a new phenomenon, and for this he last chapter The poem tells about his life. Chichikov's biography explains the formation of the character revealed in the poem. The hero's childhood was dull and joyless, without friends and maternal affection, with constant reproaches from his sick father, and could not help but affect his future fate. His father left him an inheritance of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, please teachers and bosses, and, most importantly, save a penny. Pavlusha learned his father’s instructions well and directed all his energy towards achieving his cherished goal - wealth. He quickly realized that all lofty concepts only interfere with the achievement of his goal, and began to make his own way. At first, he acted childishly and straightforwardly - he pleased the teacher in every possible way and thanks to this he became his favorite. As he grew up, he realized that you can find a special approach to each person, and began to achieve more significant success. Promising to marry the daughter of his boss, he received a position as a military officer. While serving at customs, he managed to convince his superiors of his integrity, and later established contacts with smugglers and made a huge fortune. All of Chichikov’s brilliant victories ultimately ended in failure, but no failures could break his thirst for profit.

However, the author notes that in Chichikov, unlike Plyushkin, “there was no attachment to money for the sake of money, he was not possessed by miserliness and stinginess. No, it was not they who moved him - he imagined life ahead in all its pleasures, so that finally later, over time, he would certainly taste all this, that’s why the penny was saved.” Gogol notes that main character poem is the only character capable of manifesting the movements of the soul. “Apparently the Chichikovs also turn into poets for a few minutes,” says the author, when his hero stops “as if stunned by a blow” in front of the governor’s young daughter. And it was precisely this “human” movement of the soul that led to the failure of his promising venture. According to the author, sincerity, sincerity and selflessness are the most dangerous qualities in a world where cynicism, lies and profit reign. The fact that Gogol transferred his hero to the second volume of the poem suggests that he believed in his spiritual revival. In the second volume of the poem, the writer planned to spiritually “cleanse” Chichikov and put him on the path of spiritual resurrection. The resurrection of the “hero of the time,” according to him, was supposed to be the beginning of the resurrection of the entire society. But, unfortunately, the second volume " Dead souls"was burned, and the third was not written, so we can only guess how it happened moral rebirth Chichikova.

All topics in the book “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol. Summary. Features of the poem. Essays":

Summary of the poem “Dead Souls”:

Brief description of Chichikov?

1. The characteristics of Chichikov are given by the author in the first chapter. His portrait is given very vaguely: not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. Gogol pays more attention to his manners: he made an excellent impression on all the guests at the governor’s party, showed himself to be an experienced socialite, maintaining a conversation on the most different topics, skillfully flattered the governor, police chief, and officials and formed the most flattering opinion of himself. Gogol himself tells us that he did not take a virtuous person as his hero; he immediately stipulates that his hero is a scoundrel.
   The origins of our hero are dark and humble. The author tells us that his parents were nobles, but whether they were nobles or private - God knows. Chichikov's face did not resemble his parents. As a child, he had neither a friend nor a comrade. His father was ill, the windows of the little house were not open either in winter or summer. Gogol says about Chichikov: At the beginning, life looked at him somehow sourly and unpleasantly, through some muddy, snow-covered window
2. Chichikov was very neatly dressed and knew how to behave well in everything. He spoke neither loudly nor quietly, but absolutely as he should. In a word, no matter where you turn, he was a very decent person. All officials were pleased with the arrival of a new person. The governor explained about him that he was a well-intentioned person, the prosecutor said that he was a practical person, the gendarmerie colonel said that he learned man, chairman of the chamber - what is he knowledgeable person, the police chief - that he is a respectable and kind person, the police chief's wife - that he is the most kind and courteous person. Even Sobakevich, who spoke harshly of someone in a positive light, called Chichikov a pleasant person.
   The officials of the city of N were bureaucrats, bribe takers, idlers, selfish and selfish people with a bad conscience, but they had an opinion of Chichikov as a decent person. And these assessments are given by people of very different character.

   2)
   Relationships with others... Chichikov has studied people perfectly, knows how to find benefits in any situation, always says what they would like to hear from him. So, with Manilov, Chichikov is pompous, amiable and flattering. He talks to Korobochka without any special ceremony, and his vocabulary is in tune with the style of the hostess. Communication with the arrogant liar Nozdryov is not easy, since Pavel Ivanovich does not tolerate familiar treatment, unless the person is of too high a rank. However, hoping for a profitable deal, he does not leave Nozdryov’s estate until the last and tries to become like him: he turns to you, adopts a boorish tone, and behaves familiarly. The image of Sobakevich, personifying the thoroughness of a landowner's life, immediately prompts Pavel Ivanovich to conduct as thorough a conversation as possible about dead souls. Chichikov manages to win over the hole in Plyushkin’s human body, who has long lost contact with the outside world and forgotten the norms of politeness. To do this, it was enough for him to play the role of a spendthrift, ready, at a loss to himself, to save a casual acquaintance from the need to pay taxes for dead peasants.

   3) How Khlestakov, passing through the provincial town, allowed Gogol to expose and show the agitated anthill of the district bureaucracy. So circling noble estates Chichikov gave the opportunity to paint a picture of the provincial-landlord life of serf Russia: everyday life typical representatives the class of landowners, the range of their mental and moral interests.
   Korobochka is a poor, tiny landowner, the owner of eighty serf souls, who lives, as if in a shell, separately from the rest of the world. She lives in contentment, but at the same time she always cries over crop failures, the death of peasants and losses. Korobochka is thrifty and knows how to collect little by little money, rubles, fifty rubles, quarters, and hide them in bags on chests of drawers (in fact, that’s why she is Korobochka). Gogol emphasizes the typicality of this image, simultaneously giving a characterization of Nastasya Petrovna, from which we learn about her exorbitant self-interest and greed.
   What follows is the interior of the rooms, which appear to the reader as modest and quite old, but with a large number of paintings with some kind of birds. Old striped wallpaper, wheezing and hissing clocks, mirrors with dark frames - all this bears the imprint of the character of the housewife herself, who cherishes and collects everything.
   But the landscape of the estate’s courtyard represents an abundance of birds and other domestic creatures, as Chichikov noted. The huts, which, although they were built scattered and not enclosed in regular streets, showed the visitor the contentment of the inhabitants and the fact that her (Korobochka’s) village was not small. The housewife sells honey, hemp, flour, and bird feathers. Treating the buyer Chichikov, Korobochka treats him to such dishes of patriarchal village cuisine that one cannot doubt his well-being

3. The start is right.
4. Thank you
5. Thank you
6. The main character of the poem Gogol's Dead soul is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, an adventurer who carries out a brilliant scam on the pages of the work. The author introduces us to his hero in detail only in the eleventh head of the dead shower. Before this, Gogol depicts the environment in which the hero operates; reveals the essence of his business, for the sake of which Chichikov travels all over Rus'; presents him as the hero of phantasmagoristic rumors (as if Chichikov is Rinaldi, Napoleon, and even the Antichrist himself).
7. thank you
8. not that.

In this chapter, Chichikov appears to the reader as an arrogant and callous person. He perceives all failures as troubles for others (he woke up late, the chaise is not ready), but at the same time he does nothing for their success. In addition, he allows himself to treat other people rudely. It seems to him that the whole world owes him something, but, apparently, he does not know his responsibilities and does not want to know. He just watches how other people do their work, without even trying to help them.

Chichikov's parents were nobles, but they were poor. And since childhood, Chichikov understood how to increase money: he sold pies from the market to hungry classmates, trained a mouse to perform tricks for a fee, sculpted wax figures. Chichikov was attracted Rich life, he actively sought to break into people.
He cheated and cunned everywhere, launched an entire campaign against corruption, although he himself was a bribe-taker. He was engaged in transferring documents for peasants to the guardianship council, where he was paid for each peasant. So Chichikov got the idea to buy them.
I don’t consider him vile because he wanted a secure life for himself so as not to need anything.

Image of Chichikov

Chichikov embodies numerous traits and characters of Russian landowners. However, he is different, even towers above the rest of the surviving landowners: above the dreamer Manilov, above the stupid Korobochka, above the greedy Plyushkin and above the rest. He makes the way to the future with his strength, energy, and special passion for acquisition. Chichikov is active, lively, and enterprising. His goals are not hampered by lofty ideas: he has none. This is an ambiguous image that is neither mean nor virtuous. It has everything for a person whose meaning in life is accumulation and well-being. He is not a slave to money. They are only a means to achieve the life that Chichikov wishes for himself and his children in the future.

Characteristics of Chichikov

1. The author is convinced that Chichikov is not a female ideal.
2. He is middle-aged and plump.
3. He is not a virtuous person, but on the contrary, even a scoundrel.
4. The origin of the hero is very vague. His parents were nobles, but Chichikov was not like them. As a child, he was lonely: without friends and comrades.
5. When he began to study, he did not show any particular talent in the sciences, but he was diligent and neat.
6. Even as a child, Chichikov became practical. He was thrifty, indulged in various speculations, saved and earned money.
7. He knew how to fit in with teachers and bosses, for which he received a good certificate.
8. Seemingly well-behaved and quiet, he could refuse to help a person if a significant amount was required.
9. He was not stingy and attached to money, but kept it for future contentment.
10. For business relations he had required characteristics: liveliness, liveliness, visibility, ability to get along and be pleasant in communication, understanding the spirit of the boss.
11. He adapted to any work, quickly and zealously grasped any task.
12. His honesty and integrity were demonstrated in customs affairs.
13. He knew how to speak, convince people, flatter them without excess.

Chichikov is a man of great passion and irresistible strength of character. The hero had a passion for acquisition. He's not a scoundrel, no virtuous person. He is the acquirer.