Reflexive verbs are the rule. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with postfix xia(s), which express the opposite action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, date.
Suffix xia(s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It comes after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.
Modern verb suffix xia (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself in the accusative case singular.
Using a suffix xia(s) verbs are formed:
Attention! It is written -s is written Xia
We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; I shaved yesterday - shave twice.
Verb state category
The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and object of an action. Yes, in a sentence The team carries out the plan the subject of the action (or the bearer of dynamic characteristics) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent, aimed at an object (plan), which in a sentence acts as a direct object.
The logical relations of subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action aimed at an independent object.
However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical form, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In this sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of passive action. Verb performed, formed from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, has lost its transitive meaning. The logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the instrumental of the subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.
Compare also: Everyone greets a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action aimed at an independent object; in the second, the action is distributed between subjects and is also an object.
The meaning of the verb state is closely related to the semantics of the verb and turns out to be in its syntactic connections with other words.
The category of state finds its expression in the methods of verbal control, closely associated with the category of transitivity/intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of an active action, but intransitive verbs never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive ones using a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and enduring ones do not correlate with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom), express one-sided, subjective attitudes. Compare for example:
Subject-object relations Subject relations
The student completes the task. - Everyone around is sleeping.
The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.
Alenka dresses her sister. - Lena laughs.
Lena gets dressed (Alyonushka dresses herself).
The morphological and word-formative means of expressing individual meanings of a state is the postfix Xia. With the help of this word-forming affix the meaning of reverse and passive action is expressed.
Transitive and intransitive verbs correlate with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry-carry. Only when creating verbs with a passive meaning are the semantic nuances of comparable verbs almost invisible, for example the factory builds workshops, workshops are built by the factory; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.
In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or active), passive and reverse neuter.
In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express double, subject-object relations; these are verbs of zero object state.
Attention! In linguistic science, since the time of M.V. Lomonosov, a traditional system of verb states has been defined. M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” named six states: real (or transitional), inverse, reciprocal, average, passive (or suffering) and general.
In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the inverse state, its various meanings are considered: actually inverse, indirectly reciprocal, mutually inverse, etc.
In the academic grammar of the Ukrainian language, only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings - active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - by morphological and syntactic forms. When considering the verbal state, there is a different approach of scientists to this category: some take into account the semantic and grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity/intransitivity; some scientists rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, leaving the subject relations with the zero object without attention.
1. Active state. Verbs of the active (or actual) state express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the accusative case form without a preposition have this meaning.
For example: A mower in a meadow scythes his scythe loudly(M. Rylsky) The girls looked at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).
The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or pronoun or other substantivized word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to logical subject-object relations.
2. Passive state. Verbs of the passive state are contrasted with verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject of a passive verb has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship between a passive subject and a passive action. The object of action with a passive verb is expressed by the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantivized word), which acts as the subject, for example: The song is performed by all concert participants.
Passive verbs arise from active verbs using a postfix -xia. The states of the verb, correlative in meaning, appear respectively in active or passive figures of speech, for example: The singer performs an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.
The forms of inflection of verbs in the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with the instrumental subject, the verb is often placed in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed by the form of the passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm obsessed with you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass... I am affirmed, I am affirmed, I live(P. Tychina) I'm abandoned and I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).
The absence of an instrumental subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reflexive-medial state. For comparison: The film is watched by a commission And The film is being watched for the second time.
3. Back average condition. Verbs of the reflexive-medial state express the action of the subject, do not transform into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(puts on his shoes) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).
Reflexive verbs can have different shades of reflexive-medial state, differently characterize the relationship between the subject and object of the action
a) the actual reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy did not hesitate to wash and tidy up(Panas Mirny)
b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which simultaneously acts as the object of the action. These include verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, communicate, consult. For example: It was then... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. “And now you see where we met,” Zherdyaga recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)
c) indirect reflexive verbs express an action performed for the subject himself. Verbs with an indirect meaning may have an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for a trip. These verbs differ from the actual inverse ones in that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: The girl washes her face(the girl washes herself) and girl getting ready to go(the girl packs her things for the trip) The father took his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")
d) reflexive verbs express action, concentrated in the actor herself, or express the internal state of the subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship between the performer of the action and the object admire, worry, wonder, get angry, become angry, calm down, lament, shake, suffer and under. For example: There three willows bowed down as they lamented(L. Glebov)
d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. These include verbs with the meaning of dynamic characteristics of creatures: bite, fight, scratch, kick (a dog bites, a cow kicks, a cat scratches, a horse kicks) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle prick) ",
e) passive qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, which includes the influential actions of another object. This includes verbs like tear, bend, fight, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, turn into a liquid state), melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks."
f) reflexive passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs control the form of the dative case (dative subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object of reflexive-passive verbs is expressed in the nominative case form and acts as the subject of the sentence. For example: And I remember my grandfather’s Ulyantsi fairy tale(A. Donchenko).
If the direct object is not expressed in the nominative case form, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.
Reflexive passive verbs arise from transitive verbs using a postfix -sya, in which, to a certain extent, the meaning of the reciprocal pronoun has been preserved, especially in the group of reflexive verbs themselves.
All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the object expression -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix Xia (can’t sleep, can’t sit, can’t lie down).
Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relationship (the relationship of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and out of the restless fog came the blue-eyed, golden-fanged September(M. Stelmakh).
Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed by an impersonal verb with postfixes xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of him (I couldn’t sleep; the girl couldn’t sit in the house; he couldn’t lie down).
- Shakhmatov A. Ya. Syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - P. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Ed. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.
In our language there are a huge number of words, which, in turn, consist of morphemes. Each of these bricks carries special information, which we sometimes don’t even think about. This article will allow you to decipher some linguistic codes by analyzing small parts of words called postfixes. The rule, the main elements of which will be these morphemes, will allow us to determine whether we have a reflexive or non-reflexive one.
In contact with
What is a verb
The verb in is one of the significant parts of speech, denoting the action or state of an object. Verb can vary according to tenses, persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Also, verbs can be defined repayment, transitivity, voice, gender (past tense). In a sentence, the verb is associated with the subject and acts as a predicate.
What are verbs made of?
Let's figure out what the significant parts of verbs are? It's simple, these are all the morphemes that make it up. One of these important parts of any verb will be suffixes: SYA, SY, T, CH, L; as well as the basics: , present tense. (Splash - toil, SAT - crowded, DRINK - cry, LIE - flow, Puffed - licked; talk - speak, spit - spit - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - ricej - the basis of the present tense).
Based on this, you should understand what reflexive verbs are. These are those that contain the postfix SY. Absence of this morpheme speaks of irrevocability.
Important! It is easy to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb; it is enough to disassemble it by composition and trace the presence of the above element. This rule allows us to distinguish this feature of this part of speech.
How to determine in practice repayment and non-refundability
Two words are given: run and walk. We produce analysis by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at – ending, suffixes Сь and СЯ out of stock. 2nd chapter: pro- – prefix; rumble-root; -yat – ending; -sya is a postfix (which indicates recurrence). Also, all non-reflexives are both transitive and intransitive, while their “brothers” are only intransitive.
Conclusion: 1st – non-refundable, 2nd – returnable.
All reflexive suffixes have certain shades of meaning:
- Washing, shaving, getting dressed, wiping yourself, admiring, being ashamed - the action is directed towards oneself.
- Fighting, calling names, hugging are performed by several subjects in relation to each other.
- To be upset, to be happy, to sulk, to laugh is a psycho-emotional state.
- The nettle stings, the cat scratches, the flower blooms - constant action.
- Cleaning up, getting some money - actions done in one’s favor.
- The door opened, water spilled - an event that happened on its own.
More often reflexive verb– derived from irrevocable (to wash – to wash).
Important! It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with the passive (The wallpaper is chosen by the buyer. The doors are closed with a key.) and impersonal meaning (It’s getting dark. It’s frowning. The weather will clear up.).
Features of the use of the key morpheme:
- SY- is added to the base of the verb, which ends in a consonant (washed, itched, caught fire, hoped, overate, shit yourself, drank too much, got dressed, dressed up);
- S- joins a stem ending in a vowel (unraveled, trampled, combed, became familiar, disappeared, put on makeup, cheered up, fledged, hesitated).
Variants of use within a literary text
Let's look at sentences with reflexive verbs using specific examples.
It's getting dark (no return). The reeds are spiking (return) on the pond, the ducks have begun a roll call, anticipating twilight. The river surface lies (return) like an even glass canopy over the entire visible space, close (return) to the banks.
Slowly a small boat moored (non-return) to the wooden bridge, knocking (return) barely audibly against its bow, barely protruding from the water.
The bittern begins to hoarsely (non-return) scream (non-return) in a distant swamp, as if he is not feeling well today (impersonal form). The bloody streak of the setting sun has already turned red (non-return) in the sky, which is about to disappear (return) from the human world and will bask (return) all night in the coolness of the curly clouds.
Between the branches, roots, swaying blades of grass, fog seeps (return.) enveloping everything and everyone that its timid hand touches (return.) with a veil of coolness and enchanting smoky bliss.
A herd of horses is driven (passive form) from the pastures before dawn. In the tangled manes of free animals, bells and daisies, which inadvertently found themselves (return) under their hooves, live out (unreturned) the last seconds of their lives.
The last cry of the rooster ends (non-return.) the reign of the past day, and the first star lights up (return.) in the sky, one can hear the cries of an owl, the chirping of grasshoppers and the quiet purring of a cat who sleeps (non-return.) by the stove. And with the arrival of the first rays of sunshine in this world, everything is covered with (irrevocable) awe, in every living being, an (returnable) irresistible desire for life lights up.
And there is (non-return) in all this confusion a special charm, that you are also a direct participant in all this action.
Verb definition. Reflexive/non-reflexive verbs. Grammatical meaning of the verb
Russian lessons Reflexive form of the verb
Conclusion
Often, having mastered a theory, a person cannot easily apply it for practical purposes. Now you know how to determine reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. It is for this purpose that the article provides a number of examples of both single words and entire syntactic structures related to the topic of study “Reflexive and non-reflexive verb”. Offers with reflexive verbs, placed as a separate block, can be an excellent option practical task one of the thematic works in both high school and secondary school.
The verbs of the Russian language contain some morphological inconstant and constant features. One of them includes reflexive and non-reflexive types of verbs. Non-reflexive verbs, as well as reflexive ones, carry the presence or absence of special reflexive word-forming postfixes - -сь and -ся. Let's try to figure out what it is and how such verbs are used.
Reflexivity of verbs
The reflexivity of verbs is a grammatical category that will indicate the direction or non-direction of a certain state defined by this verb, or an action on some subject. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian are conjugated forms, which differ in the presence or absence of postfixes -s and -sya (reflexive).
What constitutes reflexivity in verbs can be seen in the following examples: The boy washed himself and got ready. The man got into a conversation with a friend (these are examples of reflexive verbs).
The puppy played with the ball and ran off to the playground. It was raining in the evening (this is a non-reflexive form of the verb). This is how you need to distinguish them.
A couple of useful words
Let us briefly remind you once again that understanding how to define a non-reflexive verb is not particularly difficult. It can be transitive and intransitive, it can mean a certain action that is aimed at a subject (assembling a puzzle, reading a book), a state, a certain position in space, a multidirectional action, and the like (dreaming, sitting, thinking). Irreflexive verbs do not include the postfix -сь and -ся.
Shades of meaning
Reflexive verbs are capable of expressing an action that will be directed at a specific subject (at someone doing something, at a speaker, at a looker, and so on).
It seems possible to discuss reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in Russian endlessly. Here are examples of reflexive verbs with completely different shades of meaning:
To be happy, upset, sad (denotes the mental or physical state of a certain subject);
The dress wrinkles, the dog bites, the nettle branch burns (shows a permanent quality or property of the subject);
Dress, eat, put on shoes, bathe (the action of the verbs is directed exclusively at oneself);
I want, I wish, it gets dark (impersonal action is shown here);
Hugging, quarreling, seeing each other (a reciprocal action performed by several people in their relationship to each other);
Clean up, line up, get some money (an action of an indirect reciprocal nature, which is performed by the subject solely in his own interests).
Unforgettable suffixes for reflexive verbs
Let's figure out what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means.
Verbs in the reflexive form have suffixes:
Xia - maybe, both after consonants (take, surround, and the like), and after endings (teach - learn, dries - dries, and the like));
S will come after vowels (lowered, drawn, unseen, and so on).
In the process of forming reflexive verbs, not only suffixes are of great importance, but also prefixes (read - read a lot, drink - get drunk). In addition, among the verbs of this type there are non-derivatives. They are the ones that under no circumstances are used without the suffixes -sya and -sya (to laugh, to fight, to please).
Since pronouns in the accusative case and nouns are never used after reflexive verbs, they are all classified as intransitive.
No suffixes
Non-reflexive verbs in Russian do not have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be either intransitive (create, breathe, play) or transitive (speak, draw).
An important point: many reflexive verbs can be formed from non-reflexive ones, for example, cook - prepare.
Based on the above, you need to understand that in order to determine what a reflexive and non-reflexive verb means and exactly what type it belongs to, you need to find a suffix that helped in education. If the suffixes -sya (-sya) are present in words, then these are reflexive verbs. If they are not present, then non-reflexive verbs.
Situations marked in verbs
So, we already know that reflexive verbs have the suffixes -sya and -sya. They can be both non-derivative (for example, laugh) and formed from transitive and intransitive verbs (to wash - to wash).
Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them talk about the same situation, for example: something is black in the distance and something is black in the distance. True, in the vast majority of situations, you can understand what a non-reflexive verb means and what it looks like “in life” by noting that the verbs reflexive and non-reflexive mean completely different moments.
A good example is the following: washing - a situation in which there are two participants (a mother washes her daughter) and washing - a situation in which there is only one participant (the girl is washing); Petya hit Vanya. Petya and Vanya hit a large stone (in both cases we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are direct participants are completely different).
Here we can say that the components of meaning themselves, which are introduced into the word by the postfixes -sya and -sya, are word-forming.
What can you find in grammars?
And the following information is noted there (we are talking about several meanings):
The meaning is mid-reflexive - to have fun, get angry, get scared, rejoice;
The meaning is active-non-objective - bite, butt, swear (use ;
The meaning is reciprocal - quarrel, make up, meet, hug, kiss;
The meaning is proper-reflexive - to dress, put on shoes, meet, powder;
The meaning is passive-reflexive - to be remembered, to be remembered;
The meaning is indirectly returnable - to gather, stock up, pack, pack;
The meaning is passive-qualitative - to be introduced, to be remembered.
A reflexive verb can be formed by using -sya as a help, which will be combined with other morphemes (wink, run up).
It is with the voice that reflexivity will be associated (that is, in the case in which the voice is defined at the morpheme level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs will be combined into a voice, which is called reflexive-medial).
The intransitive sign is an affix. Combinations such as I’m afraid of dad, I obey my older brother, which can be found in the Russian language, are few and non-normative.
Without rules - nowhere
Let's return to what a non-reflexive verb is. The rule says that without a postfix -sya. But in return ones this postfix is present. It has long been the case that the appearance of reflexive verbs was associated with the pronoun -sya. True, initially it was attached exclusively to transitive verbs (for example, bathe + xia (that is, oneself) = bathe).
The variety of verbs in the Russian language is divided into different groups.
Non-reflexive verbs from which reflexive verbs are formed - build + sya; meet + xia; write - can't write, sleep - can't sleep.
Non-reflexive verbs - have dinner, answer.
Reflexive verbs - laugh, fight, resist.
From the information provided we can conclude: the postfix -sya in Russian can perform different functions:
Prepare reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning (forgive - say goodbye);
Form the reflexive form of verbs (whiten).
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some verbs in -sya have a synonymous reflexive combination (to cover oneself - to cover oneself).
The division of verbs into reflexive and non-reflexive has developed in the Russian language completely regardless of their division into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not coincide with either one hundred percent, but is in a certain connection with the categories of transitivity and voice: -sia represents the intransitivity of the verb, but only the reflexive form can provide voice correlation.
In conclusion
Let's talk a little more about verbs and summarize the productive conversation.
Verbs are words that define the meaning of a process, that is, capable of expressing the signs they designate as a certain action (say, read, write), state (sit, jump) or becoming (aging).
In addition to syntactic conjugation forms, verbs have non-syntactic reflexive and non-reflexive forms and aspect forms. By the way non-syntactic formal meanings are expressed with their help, verbs can be divided into grammatical categories, which are in some relation to each other.
The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive depends on how much the grammatically intransitive meaning of the process is expressed or, conversely, not expressed in them.
Reflexive verbs are verbs that contain grammatically expressed intransitivity. In other words, they perfectly show that the process they express can be addressed to a direct object, which is represented by a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. An example would be the words - get angry, meet, wash, knock, get dressed.
Irreflexive verbs have some difference: they do not have any indication of the intransitiveness of the process. That is why they can be transitive: dressing (daughter), making people angry (parents), welcoming (guests), and intransitive: banging, knocking.
Basic meanings of postfix – xia
IN depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sia- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.
Refundable- these are verbs that have a postfix -sya- (-s-).
For example:
swim, smile, hope
Non-refundable- these are verbs that do not have a postfix -sya- (-s-).
Some verbs in modern Russian have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - non-reflexivity.
Exercise:
Compare:
dress - get dressed, bathe - swim, see - see
Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.
Exercise:
Compare:
smile, hope, tumble;
go, sit down, freeze
Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give different verb forms semantic meanings :
1) Self-return value , when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).
For example:
I wash my face
2) Reciprocal value , when each of the two actors acts simultaneously as both a subject and an object.
For example:
1. Friends met and hugged brotherly.
2. And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss
3) Return value , when the action does not transfer to anyone, but is confined to the subject himself.
For example:
He got angry.
We're offended
Such verbs, as a rule, express the internal mental state of a person.
4) Objectless return value e, when the action being spoken of is a property of the given subject.
For example:
The dog bites.
The cow is butting.
The cat is scratching.
Nettle stings
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian language
The place of the discipline in the educational process.. the discipline belongs to the cycle of general professional disciplines of OP and.. the main provisions of the discipline should be used in the future when studying the following disciplines of stylistics and..
If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:
What will we do with the received material:
If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:
| Tweet |
All topics in this section:
Explanatory note
In the section “Modern Russian language: Morphology”, according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - introduction to modern morphology
Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work
Discipline
Grammar is one of the oldest sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient
In Russian
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological
Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphologist
A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleeping, whiteness
Meaning
According to their lexical meaning, nouns in the Russian language are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect
The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting the necessary nouns instead of dots. 1. Ceremonial celebrations were held for those leaving for the army.
Classifications of nouns by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find nouns of a certain category among these words and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing
Common and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lu
A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns
Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student
Relative adjectives and their features
Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of objects not directly, but by their relationship to other objects. They can have different semantic meanings
Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a specific person or animal. For example: fathers (house), mothers
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house
Their signs
Qualitative adjectives can have two forms - full and short. Short form
Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree - e
And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, when used figuratively
Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what ending they have. Is it similar to the endings of a being
Full and short adjectives and their characteristics
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Mark cases of inappropriate use
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from the adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (When doing the exercise, keep in mind that simple forms are compared
An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any attribute of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.
A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven Number the names
In grammar, there are two categories of numerals: quantitative and ordinal. Cardinal numbers
Declension of numerals
The cardinal numeral one, which displays a number of grammatical features that bring it closer to the adjective as a part of speech, is declined using the ending
The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Witty, my dear, hands down! Have a full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend
Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following Note and comment on it. Note: B
Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh changes in the same way as gray, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numerals and putting them in
A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (answer n
The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as parts of speech that indicate objects, when
Pronouns
Based on the nature of the functions they perform (i.e., by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.
According to their grammatical properties, pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m
Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals are inflected
The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes were made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashniko
Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate whether the plural forms of 3rd person personal pronouns are used correctly. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n
Grammatical grades of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what are pronominal nouns; which, which, whose are pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How many and
Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns are combined with prepositions like this: there was no one - was not with anyone, did not tell anyone - did not go to anyone, was not noticed by anyone -
Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).
Topic plan
1. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic postfix values
The concept of a verb as a part of speech
The term “Verb” itself is of Old Slavonic origin. In the Old Russian language, the verb means “Word”. The verb is the largest part
Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
If the initial form of a noun is the nominative singular form, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive
The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All
Verb mood category
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is an unstable grammatical category of the verb, i.e. by mood verb in Russian language izm
Verb person category. Impersonal verbs
The person category of the verb expresses the relationship of the action performed by the subject to the speaking person. Only verbs of the present and future tenses change by person. Past verbs
Conjugation of verbs
Changing present and future tense verbs into singular and plural persons is called conjugation. In the past tense verbs in s
In addition to the infinitive, special inconjugated forms of the verb are participles and gerunds. Participle
The concept of a verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skill is an adjective (short form), and skill is a verb. Compare:
Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
Exercise 5 Read the joke fairy tale “Infinitive”. The Infinitive looks at how the verbs are conjugated and says: “Oh, is it really necessary to conjugate this way?” - And to
Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Phrases with the instrumental case of the character are sometimes stylistically incongruous
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the river bank. My dog stumbled upon a hare. The shore was steep
Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the form will become clearer if it is associated with phenomena of reality. A pupil (student) will understand what the meaning of the perfect form is if it is clear to him
Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense form in different groups of verbs. From what basis are they formed? Using what affixes? What verbs have a past tense meaning?
Conjugation of verbs
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run have most endings of the II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?
Participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Make up a sentence with this participle to change
The participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 150 For each participle with explanatory words, two sentences are given. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a sentence and write it down.
The verb is the largest part of speech in the grammatical system of the modern Russian language. This is a significant part of speech, denoting an action or state of being.
The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,
Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: - function in a sentence; - type of adverb meaning.
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Like adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by contrasting three forms: positive, comparative and superlative. Forms of degrees of comparison
Exercises for independent work
Note: exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework. Up
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, a child is very
Features of the state category as a part of speech
The category of state (impersonal predicative words) is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in the grammatical
Condition categories
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad,
Unchangeable parts of speech
In the modern Russian language, along with the previously discussed seven variable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including nare
Pretext
Particles
Particles are usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and specifying the meaning of lexical and
Pretext
Exercise 1 Think about why the words but or cannot be considered prepositions. Exercise 2 Prepositions are used with the dative case:
Particles
Exercise 14 Read. Select the particles that serve: a) to form word forms; b) to convey different shades of meaning of the entire sentence or its members
A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) with other words in a sentence and phrase
Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself, like modal words, constitutes a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n
Modal words are a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which comes down to the transfer of various subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how
Students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian Language: Morphology” is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered two
Fund of control tasks for the discipline
“Modern Russian language: Morphology” (for students of the specialty “Journalism”) Note: The fund of control tasks is intended for control
List of abbreviations
Abr. – F. Abramov Already. – V. Azhaev Ax. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. Co
Information about Russian language researchers
Fyodor Ivanovich BUSLAEV (13 (2514.1818, Kerensk, now the village of Vadinsk, Penza region, - 31.7 (12.8).1897, village of Lyulino, Moscow province, now within Moscow) - Russian philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Main stages of studying morphology
In the study of the morphological structure of the Russian language, four periods can be roughly distinguished. The first period (mid-18th - mid-19th centuries) is associated with the name
V. V. Vinogradov
“Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words)” (excerpt) 1. It is necessary to pay attention to the subordination of some parts of speech to others, which in school
Parts of speech problem
(From the book by P.S. Kuznetsov “On the principles of studying grammar”) 1. An essential issue in morphology is the question of parts of speech,
Adjective
I. In modern Russian, short forms of qualitative adjectives are used only in the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate and are an accessory
Yuri Dolin
“Insidious” part of speech in the speech of television journalists First, it should be said that in recent decades the very problem of “Russian language on air” has become one of the most pressing issues
The problem of pronouns as a special part of speech
Considering the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scientists came to the conclusion that pronouns were not composed at all.
How many categories of faces are there in modern Russian?
1. The system of grammatical categories, their content and structure, the methods and forms of their expression reflect the essence and specificity of the grammatical structure of the language.
Yu.T. Dolin
On the question of the grammatical nature of forms like “klop” in modern Russian Forms like klop, hvat, bam both in Russian and in other Slavic languages attracted etc.
Some tips on how to improve your
literacy Both jokingly and seriously 1. Check your literacy according to the talk book. 2. Between us, the place case
Reflexive verbs are called verbs that have a postfix – xia (s): to return, to dream, to dream, to start. The remaining verbs are called irrevocable: watch, read, eat, run.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs that indicate an action that passes to another object or person. This object or person can be expressed:
Using a noun in the genitive case without a preposition: cut off the sausages, drink compote.
A noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case with a prepositional connection: read a book, see the sun, count sheep.
By a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with negation, but also without a preposition: not to have the right .
The remaining verbs are considered intransitive: lie on the bed, look into the darkness, sunbathe under the sun.
Perfective and imperfective verbs.
Perfect Verbs indicate the completion, effectiveness, end of an action or its beginning and answer the question “what to do?”: run, run away, sing, sing, gallop, gallop away. Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past (what did you do? - galloped up) And future simple (what will they do? - they'll gallop). Perfect Verbs Dont Have present tense forms.
Imperfect verbs indicate the course of an action, but do not indicate its completion, result, beginning or end and answer the question “what to do?”: run, jump, sing. Imperfective verbs have three tense forms:
Past (what they were doing? - watched, listened);
The present (what are they doing? - look, listen);
The future is complicated (what will they do? - they will read, they will watch).
Syntactic role of the verb.
The verb in a sentence most often performs the role of the predicate. But verb infinitive can act as different members of a sentence:
Subject: Live- means to breathe;
Compound predicate: I I'm going to enroll to the Faculty of Philology;
Definition: I have a burning desire go out to the air;
Addition: Mother asked me come up closer.
Purpose circumstance: Grandma sat down take a break.
Define an application.
Application- this is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. Applications can indicate various qualities of an object, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example: An old grandmother looks out of the window. If next to the application - a common noun - there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: flying carpet, ascetic monk.
When a common noun is followed by a proper name, a hyphen is not placed (boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows a proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga, Moscow River, Ivan the Fool, Nightingale the Robber. The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames. If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old man watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because the application and the main word are common nouns). Examples of typical applications (in italics): Volodya, an excellent student, was the first to raise his hand. Ivan the shepherd was driving the cows across the field.
Examples of exceptions:
Names are proper names, usually separated by quotation marks. The nominative case is used here, regardless of the form of the word being defined.
Names of press organs, literary works. In the Kommersant newspaper. In the novel "The Young Guard".
Names of enterprises. At the Krasnoye Sormovo plant. Seizure of the Yukos enterprise.
Nicknames. Charges have been brought against Misha Two Percent. Vsevolod the Big Nest had eight sons.
A hyphen is not placed after words that are generally accepted addresses: Citizen Financial Inspector! I'm sorry to trouble you.
