What is an artistic device in the Russian language? Literary techniques of a writer that can be useful to everyone

ARTISTIC TALENT the ability of a person, manifested in artistic creativity, the socially determined unique unity of the emotional and intellectual characteristics of the artist; artistic talent differs from genius (see Artistic genius), which opens up new directions in art. Artistic talent determines the nature and possibilities of creativity, the type of art (or several types of art) chosen by the artist, the range of interests and aspects of the artist’s relationship to reality. At the same time, the artistic talent of an artist is unthinkable without an individual method and style as stable principles artistic embodiment ideas and plans. The individuality of the artist is manifested not only in the work itself, but also exists as a prerequisite for the creation of this work. The artistic talent of an artist can be realized in specific socio-economic and political conditions. Certain eras in history human society create the most favorable conditions for the development and realization of artistic talent (classical antiquity, Renaissance, Muslim Renaissance in the East).

Recognition of the determining importance of socio-economic and political conditions, as well as the spiritual atmosphere in the realization of artistic talent, does not at all mean their absolutization. The artist is not only a product of the era, but also its creator. An essential property of consciousness is not only reflection, but also transformation of reality. For the realization of artistic talent, the subjective aspects of ability to work, the artist’s ability to mobilize all his emotional, intellectual and volitional forces are of great importance.

PLOT(French sujet subject) way artistic comprehension, organization of events (i.e. artistic transformation of the plot). The specificity of a particular plot is clearly revealed not only when comparing it with the real life story, which served as its basis, but also when comparing descriptions of human life in documentary and fiction, memoirs and novels. The distinction between the event basis and its artistic reproduction dates back to Aristotle, but a conceptual distinction between the terms was undertaken only in the 20th century. In Russia the word "plot" for a long time was synonymous with the word “theme” (in the theory of painting and sculpture it is still often used in this meaning).

In relation to literature at the end of the last century, it began to mean a system of events, or, according to the definition of A. N. Veselovsky, a sum of motives (i.e., what in another terminological tradition is usually called a plot). Russian scientists formal school"proposed to consider the plot as a processing, giving form to the primary material - the plot (or, as it was formulated in the later works of V. B. Shklovsky, the plot is a method artistic comprehension reality).

The most common way to transform the plot is to destroy the inviolability of the time series, rearrange events, and parallel development of action. A more complex technique is the use of nonlinear connections between episodes. This is a “rhyme”, an associative roll call of situations, characters, sequence of episodes. The text can be built on a collision different points vision, comparison of mutually exclusive options for the development of the narrative (A. Murdoch’s novel “The Black Prince”, A. Kayat’s film “Married Life”, etc.). The central theme can develop simultaneously on several levels (social, family, religious, artistic) in the visual, color, and sound ranges.

Some researchers believe that the motivations, the system of internal connections of the work, and methods of narration do not belong to the area of plot, but to composition in the strict sense of the word. The plot is considered as a chain of depicted movements, gestures of spiritual impulses, spoken or “thought” words. In unity with the plot, it formalizes the relationships and contradictions of the characters between themselves and the circumstances, that is, the conflict of the work. IN modernist art there is a tendency towards plotlessness (abstract art in painting, plotless ballet, atonal music, etc.).

Plot is important in literature and art. The system of plot connections reveals conflicts and characters of action, which reflect the great problems of the era.

METHODS OF AESTHETIC ANALYSIS (from the Greek methodos - path of research, theory, teaching) - specification of the basic principles of materialist dialectics in relation to the study of nature artistic creativity, aesthetic and artistic culture, various forms of aesthetic development of reality.

The leading principle for the analysis of various spheres of aesthetic exploration of reality is the principle of historicism, most fully developed in the field of the study of arts. It involves both the study of art in connection with its conditioning by reality itself, the comparison of artistic phenomena with extra-artistic ones, the identification of social characteristics that determine the development of art, and the disclosure of system-structural formations within art itself, regarding the independent logic of artistic creativity.

Along with the philosophical and aesthetic methodology, which has a certain categorical apparatus, modern aesthetics also uses a variety of techniques, analytical approaches of special sciences, which have an auxiliary value mainly in the study of formalized levels of artistic creativity. Appeal to particular methods and tools of particular sciences (semiotics, structural-functional analysis, sociological, psychological, information approaches, math modeling etc.) corresponds to the character of modern scientific knowledge, but these methods are not identical scientific methodology studies of art are not “an analogue of the subject” (F. Engels) and cannot lay claim to the role of a philosophical and aesthetic method adequate to the nature of the aesthetic development of reality.

CONCEPTUAL ART one of the types of artistic avant-gardeism of the 70s. It is associated with the third stage in the development of avant-gardeism, the so-called. neo-avant-gardeism.

Supporters of conceptual art deny the need to create artistic images (for example, in painting they should be replaced by inscriptions of uncertain content), and see the functions of art in using concepts to activate the process of purely intellectual co-creation.

Products of conceptual art are thought of as absolutely devoid of representation; they do not reproduce s.-l. properties of real objects, being the results of mental interpretation. For the philosophical justification of conceptual art, an eclectic mixture of ideas borrowed from the philosophy of Kant, Wittgenstein, the sociology of knowledge, etc. is used. As a phenomenon of a crisis socio-cultural situation, the new movement is associated with petty-bourgeois anarchism and individualism in the sphere of the spiritual life of society.

CONSTRUCTIVISM (from Latin constructio - construction, construction) - a formalist trend in Soviet art of the 20s, which put forward a program for restructuring the entire artistic culture of society and art, focusing not on imagery, but on the functional, constructive expediency of forms.

Constructivism became widespread in Soviet architecture of the 20-30s, as well as in other forms of art (cinema, theater, literature). Almost simultaneously with Soviet constructivism, the constructivist movement called. Neoplasticism arose in Holland, and similar trends took place in the German Bauhaus. For many artists, constructivism was just a stage in their creativity.

Constructivism is characterized by the absolutization of the role of science and the aestheticization of technology, the belief that science and technology are the only means of solving social and cultural problems.

The constructivist concept went through a number of stages in its development. What the constructivists had in common was: an understanding of a work of art as a material construction created by the artist; the struggle for new forms of artistic labor and the desire to master the aesthetic possibilities of design. At the final stage of its existence, constructivism entered the period of canonization of its characteristic formal-aesthetic techniques. As a result, the aesthetic possibilities of technical structures, the discovery of which was the undoubted merit of the “pioneers of design,” were absolutized. Constructivists did not take into account the fact that the dependence of form on design is mediated by a set of cultural and historical facts. Their program of “The Social Utility of Art” as a result became a program for its destruction, the reduction of an aesthetic object to a material-physical basis, to pure form-creativity. The cognitive, ideological and aesthetic side of art, its national specifics and imagery in general disappeared, which led to pointlessness in art.

At the same time, attempts to identify the laws governing the form of the material and analysis of its combinatorial features (V. Tatlin, K. Malevich) contributed to the development of new approaches to the material and technological side of creativity.

COMPOSITION(lat. compositio arrangement, composition, addition) - a method of constructing a work of art, the principle of connecting similar and heterogeneous components and parts, consistent with each other and with the whole. The composition is determined by the methods of shaping and the peculiarities of perception characteristic of a certain type and genre of art, the laws of construction artistic sample(see) in canonized types of culture (for example, folklore, ancient egyptian art, Eastern, Western European Middle Ages, etc.), as well as the individual originality of the artist, the unique content of the work of art in non-canonized types of culture ( european art New and Contemporary times, baroque, romanticism, realism, etc.).

The composition of the work finds its embodiment and defines it artistic development themes, moral and aesthetic assessment of the author. She, according to S. Eisenstein, is the exposed nerve of the author’s intention, thinking and ideology. Indirectly (in music) or more directly (in fine arts) composition correlates with the laws of the life process, with the objective and spiritual world reflected in a work of art. In it, the transition of artistic content and its internal relations into the relation of form takes place, and the orderliness of form into the orderliness of content. To distinguish between the laws of construction of these spheres of art, two terms are sometimes used: architectonics (the relationship of the components of content) and composition (the principles of constructing form). There is another type of differentiation: general shape the structures and interrelationships of large parts of a work are called architectonics (for example, stanzas in a poetic text), and the interrelationships of smaller components are called compositions (for example, the arrangement of poetic lines and the speech material itself). It should be taken into account that in the theory of architecture and organization of the subject environment, another pair of correlated concepts is used: design (the unity of the material components of the form, achieved by identifying their functions) and composition (artistic completion and emphasis on constructive and functional aspirations, taking into account the features visual perception And artistic expression, decorativeness and integrity of form).

The concept of composition should be distinguished from that which became widespread in the 60s and 70s. the concept of the structure of a work of art as a stable, repeating principle, a compositional norm of a certain type, kind, genre, style and movement in art. In contrast to structure, composition is the unity, fusion and struggle of normative-typological and individually unique tendencies in the construction of a work of art. The degree of normativity and individual originality, the uniqueness of the composition is different in different types of art (cf. European classicism and “uninhibited” romanticism), in certain genres of the same art form (compositional normativity in tragedy is expressed more clearly than in drama, and in a sonnet immeasurably higher than in a lyrical message). Compositional means are specific in certain types and genres of art, but at the same time, their mutual influence is undoubtedly: the theater has mastered the pyramidal and diagonal composition plastic arts, and subject-thematic painting is the backstage construction of a scene. Various types of art, directly and indirectly, consciously and unconsciously, have absorbed the compositional principles of musical structures (for example, sonata form) and plastic relationships (see).

In the art of the 20th century. complication occurs compositional structures due to the increased inclusion of associative links, memories, dreams, through time changes and spatial shifts. The composition also becomes more complex in the process of convergence of traditional and “technical” arts. Extreme forms of modernism absolutize this tendency and give it an irrational and absurd meaning (“ new novel", theaters of the absurd, surrealism, etc.).

In general, composition in art expresses artistic idea and organizes aesthetic perception in such a way that it moves from one component of the work to another, from part to whole.

INTUITION artistic (from Latin intuitio - contemplation) - the most important element of creative thinking, affecting such aspects of artistic

activity and artistic consciousness, such as creativity, perception, truth. In the very general view, when intuition is recognized as equally important in art and science, this is nothing more than a special discernment of truth, which dispenses with reliance on rational forms of knowledge associated with one or another type of logical proof.

The most important thing is artistic intuition in creativity. This is especially evident at the initial stage of the creative process, the so-called. " problematic situation" The fact that the result of creativity must be original forces creative personality already really early stage creativity to look for a solution that has not been encountered before. It involves a radical revision of established concepts, mental patterns, ideas about man, space and time. Intuitive knowledge, as new knowledge, usually exists in the form of an unexpected guess, a symbolic diagram, in which the contours of a future work are only guessed. However, as many artists admit, this kind of insight forms the basis of the entire creative process.

Aesthetic and especially artistic perception also include elements of artistic intuition. Not just creation artistic image creator of art, but also perception artistic imagery reader, viewer, listener is associated with a certain mood for perception artistic value, which is hidden from superficial observation. In this case, artistic intuition becomes the means by which the perceiver penetrates into the area of artistic significance. In addition, artistic intuition ensures the act of co-creation of the perceiving work of art and its creator.

Until now, much in the operation of the intuitive mechanism seems mysterious and causes great difficulties in its study. Sometimes, on this basis, artistic intuition is attributed to the realm of mysticism and identified with one of the forms of irrationalism in aesthetics. However, the experience of many brilliant artists indicates that thanks to artistic intuition it is possible to create works that deeply and truthfully reflect reality. If the artist does not deviate from the principles of realism in his work, then artistic intuition, which he actively uses, can be considered as a special effective means of cognition that does not contradict the criteria of truth and objectivity.

INTRIGUE(from Latin intricare - to confuse) - an artistic technique used to build a plot and plot in various genres of fiction, cinema, theatrical arts(confused and unexpected turns actions, interweaving and clashes of interests of the characters depicted). The idea of the importance of introducing intrigue into the unfolding of the action depicted in dramatic work, was first expressed by Aristotle: “The most important thing with which tragedy captivates the soul is the essence of the plot - twists and turns and recognition.

Intrigue gives the unfolding action a tense and exciting character. With its help, the transfer of complex and conflicting (see) relationships between people in their private and social life. The technique of intrigue is usually widely used in works of the adventure genre. However, this is also used by classical writers in other genres, as is clear from creative heritage great realist writers - Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy and others. Often intrigue is only a means of external entertainment. This is typical for bourgeois, purely commercial art, designed for bad philistine taste. The opposite tendency of bourgeois art is the desire for plotlessness, when intrigue disappears as an artistic device.

ANTITHESIS(Greek antithesis - opposition) - a stylistic figure of contrast, a way of organizing both artistic and non-artistic speech, which is based on the use of words with opposite meanings (antonyms).
Antithesis as a figure of opposition in the system of rhetorical figures has been known since antiquity. Thus, for Aristotle, antithesis is a certain “way of presenting” thought, a means of creating a special - “opposite” - period.

In artistic speech, antithesis has special properties: it becomes an element artistic system, serves as a means of creating an artistic image. Therefore, antithesis is called the opposite of not only words, but also images of a work of art.

As a figure of opposition, antithesis can be expressed by both absolute and contextual antonyms.

And the bright house is alarming
I was left alone with the darkness,
The impossible was possible
But the possible was a dream.
(A. Blok)

ALLEGORY(Greek allegoria - allegory) one of the allegorical artistic techniques, the meaning of which is that an abstract thought or phenomenon of reality appears in a work of art in the form of a concrete image.

By its nature, an allegory is two-part.

On the one hand, this is a concept or phenomenon (cunning, wisdom, goodness, nature, summer, etc.), on the other hand, a specific object, a picture of life, illustrating abstract thought, making it visual. However, in itself, this picture of life plays only a service role - it illustrates, decorates the idea, and therefore is devoid of “any definite individuality” (Hegel), as a result of which the idea can be expressed by a whole series of “picture illustrations” (A.F. Losev).

However, the connection between the two plans of the allegory is not arbitrary, it is based on the fact that the general exists and manifests itself only in a specific individual object, the properties and functions of which serve as the means of creating the allegory. One can cite as an example the allegories “Fertility” by V. Mukhina or “Dove” by Picasso - an allegory of the world.

Sometimes an idea exists not only as an allegorical plan of an allegory, but is expressed directly (for example, in the form of a fable “moral”). In this form, allegory is especially characteristic of works of art that pursue moral and didactic goals.

Writing activity, as mentioned in this is the most interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways highlighting a text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and the desire to read it in full are literary writing techniques. They have been used at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write vivid and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, to look at things from a perspective.

It doesn’t matter whether you write texts professionally, are taking your first steps in writing, or creating a good text just appears on your list of responsibilities from time to time, in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. Knowing how to use them is very useful skill, which can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be supplied a shining example for a more precise understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

“To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks about himself” (Dale Carnegie)
“Immortality costs us our lives” (Ramon de Campoamor)
“Optimism is the religion of revolutions” (Jean Banville)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which true meaning is put in contrast to the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

A phrase said to a slacker: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today.”
A phrase said about rainy weather: “The weather is whispering”
A phrase spoken to a person business suit: “Hey, are you going for a run?”

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its peculiarity. Using an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

Proud warrior, be steadfast
Suit fantastic colors
beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

Metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another based on their common feature, but used in a figurative sense.

Nerves of steel
The rain is drumming
Eyes on my forehead

Comparison

A comparison is a figurative expression that connects different objects or phenomena with the help of some common features.

Evgeny went blind for a minute from the bright light of the sun as if mole
My friend's voice reminded creak rusty door loops
The mare was frisky How flaming fire bonfire

Allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

You are right great schemer(reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”)
They made the same impression on these people as the Spaniards did on the Indians. South America(reference to historical fact conquest of South America by conquistadors)
Our trip could be called “The incredible movements of Russians across Europe” (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov “ Incredible adventures Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

Poor, poor little boy!
Scary, how scared she was!
Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don’t be timid!

Personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, through which inanimate objects properties of the animate are attributed.

Snowstorm howls
Finance sing romances
Freezing painted windows with patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative connection between two or three objects.

“The waves splash in the blue sea, the stars sparkle in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
“A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
“What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary device in which, in one context, different meanings the same word (phrases, phrases), similar in sound.

The parrot says to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you”
It was raining and my father and I
“Gold is valued by its weight, but by pranks - by the rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the creation of one new word by combining two others.

Pizzaboy - pizza delivery man (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
Pivoner – beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
Batmobile – Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlines

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the author’s personal attitude, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

We will change the world for the better
Acceptable losses
It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease their semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

“Higher, faster, stronger” (Yu. Caesar)
Drop, drop, rain, downpour, it’s pouring like a bucket
“He was worried, worried, going crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses rhetorical opposition between images, states, or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

“Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
“He who was nobody will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetyev)
“Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a stylistic figure that is considered a stylistic error - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

Living Dead
Hot Ice
Beginning of the End

So, what do we see in the end? The number of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those we have listed, we can also name parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows anyone to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and development. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and not as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when using these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the manner of writing or speech outstanding personalities. There are examples great amount: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and rhetoricians of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we have not mentioned.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?

Everyone knows well that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer’s personality. The “baggage” of a writer consists of vocabulary, speech techniques, skills in using these techniques. The richer the artist’s palette, the greater the possibilities he has when creating a canvas. It’s the same with a writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter images the deeper and more interesting statements, the more powerful emotional impact his works will be able to influence the reader.

Among the means of speech expressiveness, more often called “artistic devices” (or otherwise figures, tropes) in literary creativity In first place in terms of frequency of use is metaphor.

Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in figurative meaning. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is metaphor that creates an artistic image.

There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:

metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes suggesting the imposition of one meaning on another

(examples: “Let me eat another plate!”; “Van Gogh is hanging on the third floor”);

(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”; “bitter bread”);

comparison is a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one thing with another

(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a pipe is tender”);

personification - “revival” of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature

(examples: “ominous darkness”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);

hyperbole and litotes - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described object

(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of tears”; “there wasn’t a drop of poppy dew in his mouth”);

sarcasm is an evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in popular Lately rap battles);

irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

humor is a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);

grotesque - a figure of speech that deliberately violates proportions and true dimensions objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is “Gulliver’s Travels” by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);

pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their polysemy

(examples can be found in jokes, as well as in the works of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov, etc.);

oxymoron - a combination in one expression of the incongruous, two contradictory concepts

(examples: “terribly handsome”, “original copy”, “pack of comrades”).

However, verbal expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures. In particular, we can also mention sound painting, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order in the construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitation of sounds real world. The reader will often encounter sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.

If you look at the sky, you will see the sun. Without the sun, life on Earth is impossible. The sun has attracted people's attention for thousands of years. In ancient times they worshiped him and made sacrifices.

Red wolf - message about a rare animal
Among the known species of animals in the fauna world, those that have features due to which they can be classified as rare are distinguished. It may be unusual appearance, warm skin or nutritious meat of an animal
Soap - message on chemistry grade 10
Any self-respecting person cannot live without soap. It symbolizes cleanliness and personal hygiene. From a scientific point of view, soap is a solid or liquid substance.
Laws of Hammurabi - report message
The code of laws of Hammurabi is the oldest monument of written laws. It was created by one of the rulers of Babylon of the Hammurabi dynasty. The text of the laws was carved on basalt tablets. Subsequently, at the beginning of the twentieth
How to teach a child to work and work?
Today, the younger generation often, instead of doing housework or helping relatives in some other area of activity, simply choose to walk down the street or play computer games.

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important constituent element his artistic means. Proper Use vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author’s perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic techniques in literature it is impossible to imagine without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world on the basis of meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.

The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. IN in this case we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one object to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.

A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”

Epithet

It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

Epithet from simple definition distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.

Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. IN strict meaning of the term, only those of them belong to the tropes, the function of which is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in direct meaning(red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.

Personification

When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litotes

Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being said we're talking about.

Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, it creates comic effect, however, there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
Humor is one of the lexical means expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can sense a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, the play on words is based on the jokes that arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word “figure” itself is translated from Latin as “appearance, outline, image.” This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? related to figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of phrase that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different means of expression are used. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them cause us positive emotions, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Various sounds cause various images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.

Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Technique of sound recording in fiction

Sound painting is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, a selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and prose.

Types of sound recording:

Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
Onomatopoeia - transmission in special words, reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

To the question: What are the author’s literary techniques? given by the author Yovetlana the best answer is

ALLEGORY

3. ANALOGY

4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS

6. APPLICATION

7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. LITOTA

9. METAPHOR

10. METONYMY

11. OVERDUCTION

12. OXYMORON
Matching by contrast
13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
Proof of the opposite.
14. REFRAIN

15. SYNEGDOHA

16. CHIASM

17. ELIPSIS

18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item.
Source: See examples here http://biblioteka.teatr-obraz.ru/node/4596

Answer from hundredrose[guru]
Literary devices are phenomena of very different scales: they relate to different volumes of literature - from a line in a poem to an entire literary movement.
Literary devices listed on Wikipedia:
Allegory‎ Metaphors‎ Rhetorical figures‎ Quote‎ Euphemisms‎ Autoepigraph Alliteration Allusion Anagram Anachronism Antiphrase Graphics of verse Disposition
Sound recording Gaping Allegory Contamination Lyrical digression Literary mask Logogriff Macaronism Minus technique Paronymy Stream of consciousness Reminiscence
Figured poems Black humor Aesopian language Epigraph.

Answer from Old Church Slavonic[newbie]
personification

Answer from Emerev Mikhail[newbie]
Olympic tasks school stage All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren in 2013-2014
Literature 8th grade
Tasks.

Says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her rosy cheeks are burning,
Like the dawn in God's sky.

Half smile, half cry,
Her eyes are like two deceptions,
Failures covered in darkness.
A combination of two mysteries
Half-delight, half-fear,
A fit of mad tenderness,
Anticipation of mortal pain.
7.5 points (0.5 points per correct name work, 0.5 for the correct name of the author of the work, 0.5 points for the correct name of the character)
3. What places is life and creative path poets and writers? Find matches.
1.V. A. Zhukovsky. 1. Tarkhany.
2.A. S. Pushkin. 2. Spasskoye – Lutovinovo.
3.N. A. Nekrasov. 3. Yasnaya Polyana.
4.A. A. Blok. 4. Taganrog.
5.N. V. Gogol. 5. Konstantinovo.
6.M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. 6. Belev.
7.M. Yu. Lermontov. 7. Mikhailovskoe.
8.I. S. Turgenev. 8. Greshnevo.
9.L. N. Tolstoy. 9. Shakhmatovo.
10.A. P. Chekhov. 10. Vasilyevka.
11.S. A. Yesenin. 11. Spas – Angle.
5.5 points (0.5 points for each correct answer)
4. Name the authors of the given fragments of works of art
4.1. Oh, memory of the heart! You are stronger
The mind's memory is sad
And often with its sweetness
You captivate me in a distant country.
4.2. And the crows?..
Come on, to God!
I’m in my own forest, not in someone else’s forest.
Let them shout, raise the alarm -
I won't die from croaking.
4.3.I hear the lark's songs,
I hear the trills of a nightingale...
This is the Russian side,
This is my homeland!
4.4. Hello, Russia is my homeland!
How joyful I am under your foliage!
And there is no foam

Answer from I-beam[newbie]
Literary device includes all the means and moves that the poet uses in the “arrangement” (composition) of his work.
To unfold the material and create an image, humanity has developed over the centuries certain generalized methods and techniques based on psychological laws. They were discovered by ancient Greek rhetoricians and have since been successfully used in all arts. These techniques are called TRAILS (from the Greek Tropos - turn, direction).
Paths are not recipes, but assistants, developed and tested over centuries. Here they are:
ALLEGORY
Allegory, expression of the abstract, abstract concept through specifics.
3. ANALOGY
Matching by similarity, establishing correspondences.
4. ANOMASIA
Replacing a person's name with an object.
5. ANTITHESIS
Contrasting comparison of opposites.
6. APPLICATION
Enumeration and piling up (of homogeneous details, definitions, etc.).
7. HYPERBOLE
Exaggeration.
8. LITOTA
Understatement (reverse of hyperbole)
9. METAPHOR
Revealing one phenomenon through another.
10. METONYMY
Establishing connections by contiguity, i.e. association based on similar characteristics.
11. OVERDUCTION
Direct and figurative meanings in one phenomenon.
12. OXYMORON
Matching by contrast
13. DENIAL OF DENIAL
Proof of the opposite.
14. REFRAIN
Repetition that enhances emphasis or impact.
15. SYNEGDOHA
More instead of less and less instead of more.
16. CHIASM
Normal order in one and reverse order in the other (gag).
17. ELIPSIS
An artistically expressive omission (of some part or phase of an event, movement, etc.).
18. EPHEMISM
Replacing the rough with the graceful.
ALL artistic techniques work equally in any genre and do not depend on the material. Their selection and appropriateness of use are determined by the author’s style, taste and the specific way of developing each specific item. Olympiad tasks of the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in 2013-2014.
Literature 8th grade
Tasks.
1. Many fables contain expressions that have become proverbs and sayings. Indicate the name of I. A. Krylov’s fables according to the lines given.
1.1. “I walk on my hind legs.”
1.2. “The Cuckoo praises the Rooster because he praises the Cuckoo.”
1.3. “When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.”
1.4. “God, deliver us from such judges.”
1.5. “A great man is only loud in his deeds.”
5 points (1 point for each correct answer)
2. Identify the works and their authors based on the given portrait characteristics. Indicate whose portrait this is.
2.1.In holy Rus', our mother,
You can’t find, you can’t find such a beauty:
Walks smoothly - like a swan;
He looks sweet - like a darling;
Says a word - the nightingale sings;
Her rosy cheeks are burning,
Like the dawn in God's sky.
2.2. “... the official cannot be said to be very remarkable, short in stature, somewhat pockmarked, somewhat reddish, somewhat blind in appearance, with a small bald spot on his forehead, with wrinkles on both sides of the cheeks and a complexion that is called hemorrhoidal...”
2.3. (He) “was a man of the most cheerful, most meek disposition, constantly sang in a low voice, looked carefree in all directions, spoke slightly through his nose, smiling, squinting his light blue eyes and often took his thin, wedge-shaped beard with his hand.”
2.4. “He was all overgrown with hair, from head to toe, like the ancient Esau, and his nails became like iron. He stopped blowing his nose a long time ago,
he walked more and more on all fours and was even surprised how he had not noticed before that this way of walking was the most decent and most convenient.
2.5. Her eyes are like two fogs,
Half smile, half cry,
Her eyes are like two deceptions,
Failures covered in darkness.
A combination of two mysteries
Half-delight, half-fear,
A fit of mad tenderness,
Anticipation of mortal pain.

Answer from Daniil Babkin[newbie]
Not only in literature, but also in oral, colloquial speech We use various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, imagery and persuasiveness. This is especially facilitated by the use of metaphors - the use of words in a figurative meaning (the bow of a boat, the eye of a needle, a death grip, the fire of love).
An epithet is a technique similar to a metaphor, but the only difference is that the epithet names not the object of artistic display, but the attribute of this object ( good fellow, the sun is clear or oh, bitter grief, boring boredom, mortal!).
Comparison - when one object is characterized by comparison with another, it is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. (the sun is like a ball of fire, rain is like a bucket).
Personification is also an artistic device in literature. This is a type of metaphor that assigns the properties of living beings to inanimate objects. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals (cunning, like a fox).
Hyperbole (exaggeration) is one of the expressive means of speech; it represents a meaning with an exaggeration of what is being discussed (lots of money, haven’t seen each other for centuries).
And vice versa, the opposite of hyperbole is litotes (simplicity) - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a nail).
The list can be supplemented with sarcasm, irony and humor.
Sarcasm (translated from Greek as “tearing meat”) is malicious irony, a caustic remark or caustic mockery.
Irony is also mockery, but softer, when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
Humor is one of the means of expression, meaning “mood”, “disposition”. When the story is told in a comic, allegorical manner.

Figures of speech on Wikipedia
Check out the Wikipedia article about Figures of Speech