Participle: examples of words in Russian. Special verb forms

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.

Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding type. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: after looking, correct use: after looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
• having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for correctly choosing a vowel in the suffixes of present participles is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be”, “poorly”, for example - having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.

The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

Use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
• the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.

Isolation of syntactic constructions

This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.

Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:

• personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
• has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.

The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

It denotes the additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).

In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.

Common grammatical errors

The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man, completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” The correct option is:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

Passive and active participles are often confused:

There was a winning one among the lottery tickets.

From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.

When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”

Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you cannot use this part of speech in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.

Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.

Permanent:
active or passive;
type (perfect or imperfect);
tense (present or past).
Non-permanent:
full or short form (for passives);
case (in full form);
number;
gender (singular).
Initial form- the full form of the participle in the nominative singular masculine case.

Active and passive participles

Active participles denote a sign of an object that itself performs an action: educational(i.e. he teaches himself), taught(i.e. he taught himself), trained(i.e. he taught himself).
Formed:

Passive participles denote a sign of an object that experiences an action from another object: trainee(by someone) trained(by someone).

Participle

Participle- this is a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers questions what are you doing?what did you do?
Syntactic role: in a sentence it can be an adverbial circumstance.
Already beyond the river,a fishing fire was burning.(P.)

Morphological features of gerunds

1. Type (perfect or imperfect).
2. Transitive or intransitive.
3. Immutability.
Initial form- infinitive.

Type of participles

Imperfect.
Imperfect participles answer the question what are you doing? and are formed using suffixes:

Perfect.
Perfect participles are formed using suffixes

scientist(by someone).
Formed:

Complex non-union proposal
A complex sentence whose parts are not connected is called unconjunct.
conjunctions or allied words, but in meaning, intonation, aspect ratio
tense forms of verbs and the order of parts (The horses started moving,
the bell rang, the carriage flew off (A.S. Pushkin). You are wrong again:
I'm not a gastronomy at all; I have a very nasty stomach (M.Yu. Lermontov).
A complex non-union sentence may consist of two or more
independent parts. Between parts in non-union complex sentences can be established
various semantic relations, for example:
- transfers (The horses set off, the bell rang, the carriage flew
(A.S. Pushkin);
- comparisons (It had long since become dusk - she was still sitting in
living room (A. Aksakov);
- explanations (Suddenly we hear: lapwings screaming at the top of their lungs (M.M. Prishvin);
-conditions (I’ll think about it – I’ll hide large rivers under oppression for a long time (N.A.
Nekrasov);
-reasons (Now the water in the lake was very black, transparent: all the duckweed
winter has descended
on
bottom (K.G. Paustovsky);
-consequences (We are in mourning, we can’t give a ball like that (A.S. Griboyedov);
- time (the storm stopped - the detachment moved on), etc.

Conjunctive sentences are complex sentences in which semantic relationships between predicative constructions (parts of a complex sentence) are expressed using conjunctions or allied words. For example: I realized that I need to act immediately. This was the abyss into which he was afraid to look (JI. N. Tolstoy). Conjunctive sentences according to their syntactic form are divided into complex and complex sentences. The formal syntactic means that distinguishes coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. It is the use of a coordinating or subordinating conjunction as part of a complex sentence that characterizes the sentence as complex or complex. Coordinating conjunctions show the equality of predicative constructions. For example: The rain stopped, but the wind blew with double force. Subordinating conjunctions express the syntactic relationship of dependence of one predicative construction on another. For example: We were late because we lost a lot of time in traffic jams.
8 . Spelling of separators b and b

Although the letters b and b themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: SEED (without a soft sign) and FAMILY (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.

The dividing b is written inside a word (in the root or suffix, but not after a prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, I, I (BLIZZARD, WEEDS, FOX TRACES), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O ( BROTH, SIGNOR, GUILLOTINE). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound preceding it and, in addition, forces us to pronounce an additional sound [Y].

The separating Ъ (hard sign) must be written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root of the word begins with the letters E, Ё, Yu, I. For example: ENTRANCE, EXTRACT, INJECTION, TRANS-EUROPEAN. In addition, the separative Ъ is written in complex words with numerals: BILARY, TRILINGUAL.

Please note: Ъ is not written before other vowels: ACCIDENT-FREE, COUNTERATTACK, TRANSARCTIC.

The exceptions are complex abbreviated words (CHILDREN, INYAZ, ORGEDINITSA) and complex words written with a hyphen (POL-YURTY). These words require neither a hard nor a soft sign.

Participle is a part of speech that means attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which? Sometimes the participle is considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a special form of the verb.

Participles are formed from a verb and have some of its constant features. Participles are perfect ( read, excited ) and imperfect form ( read, excited ). The type of participle coincides with the type of the verb from which it is formed ( excited - from the perfective verb to excite, worried- from the imperfect verb to worry).

Like the verb, participles have a tense sign, but for the participle this sign is constant. Participles are past ( listened) and present tense ( listening). There are no future participles.

Designating sign of an object by action, participle combines features verb And adjective . Like an adjective, a participle agrees with a noun in gender, number and case (these are its inconstant characteristics): child playing, girl playing, children playing . Some participles, like adjectives, can form a short form: built - built, born - born .

The initial form of the participle is the nominative singular masculine form. Syntax function participles: in full form most often perform the function definitions , and in short form - noun part compound predicate .

ATTENTION. We need to differentiate!

Adjectives And participles answer the same question, indicate a feature of an object. To distinguish them, you need to remember the following: adjectives denote a characteristic by color, shape, smell, place, time, etc. These signs are constantly characteristic of this object. And the participle denotes a sign by action, this sign occurs in time, it is not permanently characteristic of the object. Let's compare: reading room - adjective, sign by purpose, and reading person - participle, sign of action; bold - emboldened, dark - darkening, busy - busy . Also, participles are formed using suffixes unique to them: - ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-), -vsh-(-sh-), -eat-, -im-, -om-,-T-, -enn- (the latter occurs in adjectives).

Strengthen theory with practice!

(take tests with the answer checked immediately and an explanation of the correct answer)

Basic features of a verb

Question No. 2. (What is the difference between perfective and imperfective verbs?)

View verbs - verbs come in perfect and imperfect form.

• Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?

• Verbs perfect form answer the question what to do?

• In Russian there is a small number two-type verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then the imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?).

Execute, marry, marry, order, explore, examine, arrest, attack, etc.

For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king would personally execute (what is he doing?- imperfect species) their enemies; The king executed (What did you do?- perfect view) more than fifty rebels.

Question No. 3. (What verbs are called transitive?)

Transitivity– in Russian there are transitive and intransitive verbs.

· Transitive verbs capable of combining with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Question No. 4.

1.Find the noun that the verb refers to. For example, in the sentence “All of Russia glorified the victory won by the Russian army on the Borodino field,” the verb “glorified,” being a predicate, is associated with the subject - the word “Russia.” And the participle “possessed” (the participle is also a form of a verb, and therefore always has a voice) refers to the word “victory”.

2
Answer the question - what kind of action does our verb mean? Are we talking about something that was done by the person whom (or what) the noun denotes? Or did someone else perform this action on him? “Russia glorified the victory” - it is Russia that represents the protagonist here. Therefore, the verb “glorified” is in the active voice. “Victory won by the army” - here the character is already “the army,” and the participle “won” denotes what the army did with this victory. Therefore it is in the passive voice.

3
A separate conversation is about reflexive verbs, that is, those that end in “-sya”. It is sometimes believed that all such verbs are necessarily in the passive voice. But this is a mistake. There are many active reflexive verbs. You can distinguish them like this. Try rephrasing the sentence so that the ending “-sya” is dropped. For example, “An article is being written now” easily becomes “Someone is writing an article now.” This means that “is written” is a passive verb. But let’s take the phrase “The housewife is stocking up on vegetables for the winter.” Paraphrasing it, we get “The housewife stores vegetables for the winter.” Obviously, the original proposal meant something completely different. In the same way, it is impossible to remake the phrase “The dog bites.” “Someone bites the dog” is a sentence with a completely different meaning. “Stocks up” and “bites” are active verbs.

4
The active voice also includes those reflexive verbs that denote action on oneself. You can distinguish them by trying to replace the ending “-sya” with a separate word “yourself”. “He saves himself from danger” thus becomes “He saves himself from danger.” The active voice of this verb is already obvious.

Question No. 5. (What is a participle? What signs of a participle make it similar to an adjective and a verb?)

Participle– an independent part of speech, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, combines the properties of an adjective and a verb and answers a question Which? Questions are also possible what to do? what to do?

Main signs of the sacrament

Question No. 6. (How are participles formed? What is the difference between active and passive participles?)

Education:

· Present participles are formed from the foundations of the present tense. In order to highlight this basis, it is necessary to discard the personal ending of the verb in the present tense:

a) active participles:

decide(I conjugation): decide-ut → solving- + -yush- + -y (decisive );
build (II conjugation): constructionyat → build- + -box- + -y (building );

b) passive participles:

decide(I conjugation): decide-ut → solve- + -em- + -th (solvable );
build (II conjugation): constructionyat → build- + -im- + -y (under construction ).

· Past participles are formed from the infinitive stem (or past tense stem):

a) active participles:

decide(vowel stem): decide-t → solve- + -vsh- + -y (deciding );
carry (stem per consonant): carriedyou → nes- + -sh- + -y (carrying );

b) passive participles:

write(not based on -it ): wrote-t → written- + -nn- + -y (written );
build (based on -it ): built/and-th → built- + -enn- + -y (built );
take : took-t → take- + -t- + -y (taken ).

Real and Passive:

• Active participles denote a feature that is created by the action of the object itself.

Reading reads it himself ; read boy is the boy whoI read it myself .

• Passive participles denote a characteristic that is created in one object by the action of another object.

Readas a boy, a book - a book thatthe boy read ; built workers' house - a house thatbuilt by workers .

Passive participles have a number of features:

• passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs;

• passive participles have a full and a short form;

A house is built - the house is built, milk is finished - milk is finished.

• Passive participles can be extended by a noun or pronoun in a similar manner with the meaning of the subject of the action.

Wed: built(by whom?) workers house (workers built a house); narrated(by whom?) grandmother fairy tale (grandmother told a fairy tale).

Question No. 7. (What is a gerund? What brings together and what distinguishes a gerund and an adverb?)

Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action caused by a predicate verb is performed.

The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also possible How? Why? how? When? and etc.

Leaving, waiting, seeing.

A gerund with words dependent on it is called participial phrase.

Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.

Similarities:

Question No. 8.

Formation of gerunds– gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes – -a, -i, -v, -lice, -shi :

• participles imperfect form formed from the present tense stem using suffixes -and I :

keep silent: silently -at → silentA ;
decide : deciding -yut → reshaI ;

• participles perfect form formed from the stem of the infinitive using suffixes -v, -lice, -shi :

shut up: shut up -t → shut upV ;
decide : decide -t → decideV ;
do : busy -t-Xia → busylice sya;
bring : brought -you → broughtshi .

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The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles They are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.