Literary devices with examples. Test “Means of Artistic Expression”

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used in figurative meaning for creating artistic image and achieving greater expressiveness. Paths include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperboles and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. Artistic word- ambiguous; the writer creates images by playing with meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up artistic possibilities words, which are the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trope, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Let's consider different types tropes:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature...(F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frenzied dragon (A. Blok); takeoff illuminated(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here he is, leader without squads(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My little dove is dark!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Every epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author’s perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, wooden face - an epithet expressing the speaker’s impression of the interlocutor’s facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote, portly, kind Well done, It's clear sun, as well as tautological, that is, repetition epithets, the same root with the defined word: Eh, bitter grief, boring boredom, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art an epithet can perform various functions:

describe the subject figuratively: shining eyes, eyes- diamonds;
create an atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
convey the attitude of the author (storyteller, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: “Where will our prankster?" (A. Pushkin);
combine all previous functions in equal shares (in most cases of using the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text they are epithets.

COMPARISON is an artistic technique (trope) in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison is different from others artistic comparisons, for example, likenings, by something that always has a strict formal sign: a comparative construction or a phrase with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Expressions like he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Examples of comparisons:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called detailed comparison, revealing various signs phenomena or conveying your attitude to several phenomena. Often a work is entirely based on comparison, such as, for example, V. Bryusov’s poem “Sonnet to Form”:

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (trope) in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not be confused, exactly human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the entire work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mother and the evening killed by the Germans”, “The violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky, etc.). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, comprehend it figuratively inner essence an object hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative meaning to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite in content to hyperbole is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most character traits depicted object. Often hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic way, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author’s point of view, aspects of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, a speech turn in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. A metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words; what the object is compared to is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that “to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities.”

Examples of metaphor:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trope: figurative designation of an object according to one of its characteristics.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means artistic expression"and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the concepts given. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the method of comparison has strict formal characteristics (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques, which are also based on the comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison.

Please note that you must begin your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them) or with your own version of the beginning of the complete answer. This applies to all such tasks.

Recommended reading:

Literary studies: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
Polyakov M. Rhetoric and literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of poetics and artistic semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
Dictionary literary terms. - M., 1974.

Antithesis is a means of expression that is often used in the Russian language and in Russian literature because of its powerful expressive possibilities. So, antithesis definition is such a technique in artistic language when one phenomenon is contrasted with another. Those who want to read about the antithesis of Wikipedia will certainly find there different examples from poems.

I would like to define the concept of “antithesis” and its meaning. She has great importance in language, because it is a technique that allows compare two opposites, for example, “black” and “white”, “good” and “evil”. Concept this technique defines it as a means of expressiveness that allows you to very vividly describe an object or phenomenon in poetry.

What is antithesis in literature

Antithesis is an artistic figurative and expressive means that allows you to compare one object with another based on oppositions. Usually she's like artistic medium, is very popular among many modern writers and poets. But in the classics you can also find great amount examples. Within the antithesis can be opposed in meaning or in their properties:

Two characters. This most often happens in cases where positive character opposed to negative;
Two phenomena or objects;
Different qualities of the same object (looking at the object from several aspects);
The qualities of one object are contrasted with the qualities of another object.

Lexical meaning of trope

The technique is very popular in literature because it allows you to most clearly express the essence of a particular subject through opposition. Typically, such oppositions always look lively and imaginative, so poetry and prose that use antithesis are quite interesting to read. She happens to be one of the most popular And known means artistic expressiveness of a literary text, be it poetry or prose.

The technique was actively used by the classics of Russian literature, and modern poets and prose writers use it no less actively. Most often, the antithesis underlies contrast between two characters in a work of art, When positive hero is opposed to negative. At the same time, their qualities are deliberately demonstrated in an exaggerated, sometimes grotesque form.

Skillful use of this artistic technique allows you to create a lively, imaginative description of characters, objects or phenomena found in a particular work of art (novel, story, story, poem or fairy tale). It is often used in folklore works(fairy tales, epics, songs and other genres of oral folk art). During runtime literary analysis text, you must definitely pay attention to the presence or absence of this technique in the work.

Where can you find examples of antithesis?

Antithesis examples from literature can be found almost everywhere, in a variety of genres fiction starting from folk art (fairy tales, epics, legends, etc. oral folklore) and ending with works modern poets and writers of the twenty-first century. Due to its characteristics of artistic expression, the technique is most often found in the following genres of fiction:

Poems;
Stories:
Fairy tales and legends (folk and author's);
Novels and stories. In which there are lengthy descriptions of objects, phenomena or characters.

Antithesis as an artistic device

As a means of artistic expression, it is built on the opposition of one phenomenon to another. A writer who uses antithesis in his work selects the most characteristic features of two characters (objects, phenomena) and tries to reveal them most fully by contrasting each other. The word itself, translated from ancient Greek, also means nothing more than “opposition.”

Active and appropriate use makes the literary text more expressive, lively, interesting, helps to most fully reveal the characters of the characters, the essence of specific phenomena or objects. This is what determines the popularity of the antithesis in the Russian language and in Russian literature. However, in other European languages this means artistic imagery is also used very actively, especially in classical literature.

In order to find examples of antithesis during the analysis of a literary text, you must first examine those fragments of the text where two characters (phenomena, objects) are not considered in isolation, but are opposed to each other with different points vision. And then finding a reception will be quite easy. Sometimes the whole meaning of a work is built on this artistic device. It should also be borne in mind that the antithesis can be explicit, but maybe hidden, veiled.

Find the hidden antithesis in art literary text It’s quite simple if you read and analyze the text thoughtfully and carefully. In order to teach how to correctly use a technique in your own literary text, you need to familiarize yourself with the most striking examples from Russian classical literature. However, it is not recommended to overuse it so that it does not lose its expressiveness.

Antithesis is one of the main means of artistic expression, widely used in the Russian language and in Russian literature. The technique can easily be found in many works of Russian classics. They actively use it and modern writers. Antithesis enjoys well-deserved popularity because it helps to most clearly express the essence of individual heroes, objects or phenomena by contrasting one hero (object, phenomenon) with another. Russian literature without this artistic device is practically unthinkable.

Everyone knows well that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer’s personality. The “baggage” of a writer consists of vocabulary, speech techniques, skills in using these techniques. The richer the artist’s palette, the greater the possibilities he has when creating a canvas. It’s the same with a writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter images the deeper and more interesting statements, the more powerful emotional impact his works will be able to influence the reader.

Among the means of speech expressiveness, more often called “artistic devices” (or otherwise figures, tropes) in literary creativity In first place in terms of frequency of use is metaphor.

Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in a figurative sense. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is metaphor that creates an artistic image.

There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:

metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes suggesting the imposition of one meaning on another

(examples: “Let me eat another plate!”; “Van Gogh is hanging on the third floor”);

(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”; “bitter bread”);

comparison is a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one thing with another

(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a pipe is tender”);

personification - “revival” of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature

(examples: “ominous darkness”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);

hyperbole and litotes - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described object

(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of tears”; “there wasn’t a drop of poppy dew in his mouth”);

sarcasm is an evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in popular Lately rap battles);

irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

humor is a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);

grotesque - a figure of speech that deliberately violates proportions and true dimensions objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is “Gulliver’s Travels” by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);

pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their polysemy

(examples can be found in jokes, as well as in the works of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov, etc.);

oxymoron - a combination in one expression of the incongruous, two contradictory concepts

(examples: “terribly handsome”, “original copy”, “pack of comrades”).

However, verbal expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures. In particular, we can also mention sound painting, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order in the construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitation of sounds real world. The reader will often encounter sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.

If you look at the sky, you will see the sun. Without the sun, life on Earth is impossible. The sun has attracted people's attention for thousands of years. In ancient times they worshiped him and made sacrifices.

Red wolf - message about a rare animal
Among known species Animals in the fauna world are distinguished by those that have features due to which they can be classified as rare. It may be unusual appearance, warm skin or nutritious meat of an animal
Soap - message on chemistry grade 10
Any self-respecting person cannot live without soap. It symbolizes cleanliness and personal hygiene. WITH scientific point Soap - solid or liquid substance
Laws of Hammurabi - report message
Hammurabi's code of laws is the oldest monument written laws. It was created by one of the rulers of Babylon of the Hammurabi dynasty. The text of the laws was carved on basalt tablets. Subsequently, at the beginning of the twentieth
How to teach a child to work and work?
Today, the younger generation often, instead of doing housework or helping relatives in some other area of activity, simply choose to walk down the street or play computer games.

Writing activity, as mentioned in this is the most interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways highlighting a text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and the desire to read it in full are literary writing techniques. They have been used at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write vivid and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, to look at things from a perspective.

It doesn’t matter whether you are writing texts professionally, taking your first steps in writing, or creating good text It just appears on the list of your responsibilities from time to time; in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. Knowing how to use them is very useful skill, which can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be supplied a shining example for a more precise understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

“To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks about himself” (Dale Carnegie)
“Immortality costs us our lives” (Ramon de Campoamor)
“Optimism is the religion of revolutions” (Jean Banville)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which true meaning is put in contrast to the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

A phrase said to a slacker: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today.”
A phrase said about rainy weather: “The weather is whispering”
A phrase spoken to a person business suit: “Hey, are you going for a run?”

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its peculiarity. Using an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

Proud warrior, be steadfast
Suit fantastic colors
beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

Metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another based on their common feature, but used in figuratively.

Nerves of steel
The rain is drumming
Eyes on my forehead

Comparison

Comparison is figurative expression, connecting with each other various items or phenomena by means of some common features.

From bright light sun Evgeny went blind for a minute as if mole
My friend's voice reminded creak rusty door loops
The mare was frisky How flaming fire bonfire

Allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

You are right great schemer(reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”)
They made the same impression on these people as the Spaniards did on the Indians. South America(reference to historical fact conquest of South America by conquistadors)
Our trip could be called “The incredible movements of Russians across Europe” (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov “ Incredible adventures Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

Poor, poor little boy!
Scary, how scared she was!
Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don’t be timid!

Personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, through which inanimate objects properties of the animate are attributed.

Snowstorm howls
Finance sing romances
Freezing painted windows with patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative connection between two or three objects.

“The waves splash in the blue sea, the stars sparkle in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
“A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
“What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary device in which, in one context, different meanings the same word (phrases, phrases), similar in sound.

The parrot says to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you”
It was raining and my father and I
“Gold is valued by its weight, but by pranks - by the rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the creation of one new word by combining two others.

Pizzaboy - pizza delivery man (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
Pivoner – beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
Batmobile – Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlines

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the author’s personal attitude, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

We will change the world for the better
Acceptable losses
It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease their semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

“Higher, faster, stronger” (Yu. Caesar)
Drop, drop, rain, downpour, it’s pouring like a bucket
“He was worried, worried, going crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses rhetorical opposition between images, states, or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

“Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
“He who was nobody will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetyev)
“Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is stylistic figure, which is considered a stylistic error - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

Living Dead
Hot Ice
Beginning of the End

So, what do we see in the end? The number of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those we have listed, we can also name parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows anyone to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and development. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and not as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when using these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the manner of writing or speech outstanding personalities. There are a huge number of examples: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and rhetoricians of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we have not mentioned.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?

What can you wish for a person who wants to engage in literary work? Firstly, inspiration and dreams. Without this, any creativity is unthinkable. This is the only way craft becomes art! However, in order for a person to start writing, he should a priori read a lot. Initial techniques literary reading are still being studied in high school. It is important to understand the actual content of the work, its main ideas, motives and feelings that drive the characters. Based on this, it is made holistic analysis. In addition, your own life experience plays a significant role.

The role of literary devices

To the Adept literary activity You should carefully and moderately use standard techniques (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, irony, allusions, puns, etc.). The secret that is somehow rarely shared is that they are secondary. Indeed, mastering the ability to write works of fiction is often interpreted by criticism as the ability to use certain literary techniques.

What will give awareness and understanding of their essence to the writer and to the person writing? Let us answer figuratively: approximately the same as what fins will give to someone who is trying to swim. If a person does not know how to swim, fins are useless to him. That is, stylistic linguistic tricks cannot serve as an end in themselves for the author. It is not enough to know what literary devices are called. You must be able to captivate people with your thoughts and imagination.

Metaphors

Let's define the main literary devices. Metaphors represent appropriate creative replacement of the properties of one subject or object with the properties of another. This trope achieves an unusual and fresh look at the details and episodes of the work. An example is the well-known metaphors of Pushkin (“fountain of love”, “along the mirror of rivers”) and Lermontov (“the sea of life”, “splashing tears”).

Indeed, poetry is the most creative path for lyrical natures. Perhaps this is why the literary devices in the poem are most noticeable. It is no coincidence that some artistic prose works called prose in verse. This is what Turgenev and Gogol wrote.

Epithets and comparisons

What are literary devices such as epithets? The writer V. Soloukhin called them “clothing of words.” If we talk about the essence of the epithet very briefly, it is the very word that characterizes the essence of an object or phenomenon. Let us give examples: “stately birch”, “golden hands”, “quick thoughts”.

Comparison as an artistic technique allows us to compare social actions with natural phenomena to increase expressiveness. It can be easily noticed in the text by the characteristic words “as”, “as if”, “as if”. Often comparison acts as a deep creative reflection. Let's remember the quote famous poet and the 19th century publicist Pyotr Vyazemsky: “Our life in old age is like a worn-out robe: it’s both ashamed to wear it and a pity to leave it.”

Pun

What is the name of literary device with a play on words? It's about about use in works of art homonyms and polysemantic words. This is how jokes that are well known to everyone and loved by all people are created. Such words are often used by classics: A.P. Chekhov, Omar Khayyam, V. Mayakovsky. As an example, here is a quote from Andrei Knyshev: “Everything in the house was stolen, and even the air was somehow stale.” Isn't that a witty saying?

However, those who are interested in the name of the literary device with a play on words should not think that a pun is always comical. Let us illustrate this with the well-known thought of N. Glazkov: “Criminals are also attracted to good, but, unfortunately, to someone else’s.”

However, we admit that there are still more anecdotal situations. Another pun immediately comes to mind - the comparison of a criminal with a flower (the first is first grown and then planted, and the second - vice versa).

Be that as it may, the literary device of word play came from common speech. It is no coincidence that the Odessa humor of Mikhail Zhvanetsky is rich in puns. Isn’t it a wonderful phrase from the maestro of humor: “The car was collected... in a bag.”

Able to make puns. Go for it!

If you really have a bright sense of humor, then the literary device of wordplay is your know-how. Work on quality and originality! A master of creating unique puns is always in demand.

In this article we limited ourselves to the interpretation of only some of the tools of writers. In fact, there are many more of them. For example, a technique such as metaphor contains personification, metonymy (“he ate three plates”).

Literary device parabola

Writers and poets often use tools that sometimes have simply paradoxical names. For example, one of the literary devices is called “parabola”. But literature is not Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek mathematician, the creator of two-dimensional geometry, would probably have been surprised to learn that the name of one of the curves also found literary application! Why does this phenomenon occur? The reason is probably the properties of the parabolic function. The array of its meanings, coming from infinity to the starting point and going to infinity, is similar to the figure of speech of the same name. That's why one of the literary devices is called "parabola".

Such genre form is used for specific organization the entire story. Let's remember Hemingway's famous story. It is written according to laws similar to the one of the same name geometric figure. The course of the narrative begins as if from afar - with a description of the difficult life of fishermen, then the author tells us the very essence - the greatness and invincibility of the spirit of a particular person - the Cuban fisherman Santiago, and then the story again goes into infinity, acquiring the pathos of a legend. I wrote in the same way Kobo Abe the parable novel “The Woman in the Sands”, and Gabriel García Márquez - “One Hundred Years of Solitude”.

It is obvious that the literary device of the parabola is more global than those previously described by us. To notice its use by a writer, it is not enough to read a certain paragraph or chapter. To do this, you should not only read the entire work, but also evaluate it from the point of view of the development of the plot, the images revealed by the author, and general issues. It is these methods of analysis literary work will allow, in particular, to determine the fact that the writer used a parabola.

Creativity and artistic techniques

When it is useless for a person to undertake literary work? The answer is extremely specific: when he does not know how to express a thought in an interesting way. You shouldn’t start writing armed with knowledge if others don’t listen to your stories, if you don’t have inspiration. Even if you use spectacular literary devices, they will not help you.

Let's say it's found interesting topic, there are characters, there is an exciting (in the subjective opinion of the author) plot... Even in such a situation, we recommend taking a simple test. You must arrange it for yourself. See if you can interest a well-known person whose interests you perfectly represent with the idea of your work. After all, types of people repeat themselves. Once you get one person interested, you can get tens of thousands interested...

About creativity and composition

The author, of course, should stop and not continue writing if he subconsciously associates himself in relation to the readers with either a shepherd, or a manipulator, or a political strategist. You cannot humiliate your audience with subconscious superiority. Readers will notice this, and the author will not be forgiven for such “creativity.”

Talk to the audience simply and evenly, as equals to equals. You must interest the reader with every sentence, every paragraph. It is important that the text is exciting, carrying ideas that interest people.

But this is not enough for a person who wants to study literature. It's one thing to tell, another to write. Literary techniques require the author’s ability to build a composition. To do this, he should seriously practice composing a literary text and combining its three main elements: description, dialogue and action. The dynamics of the plot depend on their relationship. And this is very important.

Description

The description carries the function of linking the plot to specific place, time, season, set of characters. It is functionally similar theatrical scenery. Of course, the author initially, even at the conception stage, presents the circumstances of the story in sufficient detail, but they should be presented to the reader gradually, artistically, optimizing the literary techniques used. For example, artistic characterization The author usually gives the character of the work in separate strokes, strokes, presented in various episodes. In this case, epithets, metaphors, and comparisons are used in doses.

After all, in life, too, attention is first paid to striking features (height, build), and only then are eye color, nose shape, etc. considered.

Dialogue

Dialogue is good remedy to display the psychotype of the heroes of the work. The reader often sees in them a secondary description of personality, character, social status, an assessment of the actions of one character, reflected by the consciousness of another hero of the same work. Thus, the reader gets the opportunity to both in-depth perception of the character (in in the narrow sense), and understanding the peculiarities of society in the work created by the writer (in in a broad sense). The author's literary techniques in dialogues are top notch. It is in them (an example of this is the work of Viktor Pelevin) that the most striking artistic discoveries and generalizations are obtained.

However, dialogue should be used with double caution. After all, if you overdo it, the work becomes unnatural and the plot becomes rough. Do not forget that the main function of dialogues is communication between the characters in the work.

Action

Action is an essential element for literary narratives. It acts as a powerful authorial element of the plot. In this case, action is not only the physical movement of objects and characters, but also any dynamics of the conflict, for example, when describing a trial.

A warning for beginners: without a clear idea of how to present the action to the reader, you should not start creating a work.

What literary devices are used to describe action? It's best when there are none at all. The action scene in a work, even a fantastic one, is the most consistent, logical, and tangible. It is thanks to this that the reader gets the impression of the documentary nature of the artistically described events. Only real masters of the pen can allow the use of literary techniques when describing an action (remember from Sholokhov’s “ Quiet Don"scene of the appearance of a dazzling black sun before the eyes of Grigory Melekhov, shocked by the death of his beloved).

Literary reception of the classics

As the author’s skill increases, his own image appears behind the lines more and more voluminously and prominently, and literary artistic techniques become more and more refined. Even if the author does not write about himself directly, the reader feels him and unmistakably says: “This is Pasternak!” or “This is Dostoevsky!” What's the secret here?

When starting to create, the writer places his image into the work gradually, carefully, in the background. Over time, his pen becomes more skillful. And the author inevitably goes through in his works creative path from your imagined self to your real self. They are beginning to recognize him by his style. It is this metamorphosis that is the main literary device in the work of every writer and poet.