What is world artistic culture definition. Lectures on the course "World artistic culture"

This tutorial is short essays on the history of world artistic culture. Compiled in accordance with the author’s program of the course “History of World Artistic Culture (1994), includes 4 sections: the culture of the Ancient World, the culture of Europe, Russian culture and the culture of the twentieth century. It is a teaching aid of a new type. Takes into account the multi-level training of students, activates cognitive and creative activity. For successful mastery of the educational material, the manual is illustrated, supplemented with questions and tasks, applications and a dictionary of terms. For average special educational institutions, lyceums, colleges, schools, as well as everyone interested in the problems of culture and art.

PRIMITIVE CULTURE.
To understand any phenomenon, it is always necessary to go to its origins. Everything once and somewhere began, originated, arose - this seems indisputable. But step by step we discover that every beginning is relative, it is only a link in endless changes... Until now, we cannot answer many of the questions that primitive man posed to us.

How old is humanity? What made ancient man invent and create? How did culture come about?
Archaeologists distinguish three periods of primitiveness - depending on what materials people used to produce tools - the Stone Age, Bronze and Iron.

In our today's perception, this period constitutes a huge stage at the dawn of civilized humanity, in comparison with which the last twenty centuries are only a relatively small episode. Studying how culture arose in those distant times allows us to better understand its subsequent dynamics.

Stone Age - ancient period in the development of mankind between two million and six thousand years BC, during which tools and weapons were made of stone and people learned to make fire artificially. The Stone Age is divided by scientists into three stages: ancient (Paleolithic) - when, in fact, homo sapiens appeared; middle (Mesolithic) - when the bow and arrows were invented; and new (Neolithic). The Paleolithic, in turn, is divided into lower, middle, and upper. This can be represented in the following table.

Table of contents
SECTION 1
Introduction. Concept of culture 5
Culture and civilization 6
Chapter 1
Primitive culture 9
Chapter 2
Culture of early civilizations 14
Culture Ancient Egypt 14
Culture Ancient India 19
Culture Ancient China 23
Culture Ancient Greece 26
Culture of Ancient Rome 36
Appendix 42
Glossary 59
Literature 70
SECTION 2
Chapter 3
Middle Ages. Arab-Muslim world 73
Culture of the Arab East 74
Questions and tasks 77
Appendix 78
Glossary 78
Chapter 4
Medieval Europe 81
Worldview foundations of the Middle Ages 81
Medieval Architecture 83
Chivalry 85
Art of the Middle Ages 87
Universities 88
Questions and tasks 89
Appendix 89
Glossary of terms 95
Chapter 5
Renaissance 102
Renaissance Humanism 104
Painting, sculpture, architecture of the Renaissance 105
Literature and Theater of the Renaissance 108
Renaissance Music 111
Crisis of Humanism 113
Reformation and Culture 114
Questions and tasks 116
Appendix 116
Glossary of terms 123
Chapter 6
New time 125
New worldview XVII century 126
17th century art 129
Baroque. Classicism 131
Questions and tasks 134
Appendix 134
Glossary of terms 137
Chapter 7
Age of Enlightenment 139
Bourgeois and nobles in culture XVIII century 140
Ideology of Enlightenment culture 143
Literature and theater of the Enlightenment 146
Rococo 150
Painting, sculpture, architecture of the 18th century 151
Music of the 18th century 153
Questions and tasks 157
Appendix 157
Glossary of terms 159
Chapter 8
Europe of the 19th century 162
Romanticism as a type of culture 163
The Art of Romanticism 165
19th century realism 170
Impressionism 173
Post-Impressionism 178
Questions and tasks 182
Appendix 182
Glossary of terms 185
Literature 187
SECTION 3
Chapter 9
Pagan Rus' 191
Slavic paganism 191
Worldview of the Eastern Slavs 193
Mythology of the Eastern Slavs 196
Folklore 197
Religion of the Eastern Slavs on the eve of the Baptism of Rus' 199
Questions and tasks 201
Appendix 202
Glossary of terms 204
Chapter 10
Medieval Rus' 207
Change of faith. Baptism of Rus' 209
The Bible as a monument of world culture 212
Art of Orthodox Rus' 214
Moskovia 221
Questions and tasks 223
Appendix 223
Glossary of terms 225
Chapter 11
Russia of modern times 229
Transformations of Peter 230
New capital - St. Petersburg 232
Art of the Turning Age 233
Questions and tasks 238
Appendix 238
The Golden Age of Russian Culture 239
Nobility. Intelligentsia 240
From the Decembrists to the “superfluous man” 243
Golden Age Art 244
Questions and tasks 250
Application 250
Silver Age of Russian Culture 253
Russian philanthropists 254
Turn of the Century Art 255
Questions and tasks 260
Glossary of terms 263
Literature 266
SECTION 4
Culture of the 20th century. Main development trends 271
Chapter 12
Philosophy as cultural self-awareness 272
Freud. Paradoxes of Freudianism and Marxism 274
Spengler. Sorokin. Cultural concepts 277
Berdyaev about Russian culture 280
Gumilev. Passionarity Theory 282
Fromm. The art of loving 284
Ortega y Gasset Concept mass society 286
Questions and tasks 288
Literature 289
Chapter 13
Art as an imaginative sphere of culture 290
The fate of realism. Vanguard 292
art
Fauvism. Matisse. Color Master 295
Expressionism. Personality drama 297
Cubism. Creativity of forms. Picasso 298
Abstract art. Malevich. Kandinsky 302
Surrealism. In the labyrinths of consciousness and subconscious. Dali 306
Pop Art. The art of success. Rauschenberg 309
Questions and tasks 311
Literature 312
Sculpture
New plastic forms. Siddur 312
Architecture
Faces of a modern city 316
Literature
Peculiarities literary processes 318
Music
Musical types and styles of modern times 322
Jazz. Rock music 334
Theater Art 337
Screen arts
Cinema. Television 339
Questions and tasks 342
References 343
Chapter 14
Culture and state 344
Popular culture 345
Counterculture. Subculture 348
Culture in totalitarian and democratic regimes 350
Cultural catastrophe of Russia 353
UNESCO 355
Questions and tasks 357
Literature 357
Appendix 358
Glossary of terms 381
SECTION 5
Course program 387
Course content 393
Approximate topics test questions, abstracts, discussions on MHC rate 408.

WORLD ART

COURSE CONTENT The course on world artistic culture at the level of secondary (complete) general education is aimed at introducing outstanding achievements of art in different historical eras in different countries. It does not contain a complete listing of all phenomena of world artistic culture, but gives through individual most outstanding monuments architecture, fine arts, literature, music, theater, or the work of one master to show the socio-cultural dominants of the era, its main artistic ideas. The subject of MHC is integrative in its essence, therefore the principle integration lies at the heart of the course and is the principle of program design. Domestic and foreign artistic culture and various types of art are comprehensively studied: fine art, literature, music, theater, etc. Principle historicism allows us to show the patterns of development of world artistic culture, provides an understanding of the dependence of artistic phenomena on the phenomena of social life. Principle reliance on the creative method allows for progressive development various arts in their ideological and artistic relationships, identify the spiritual, moral and aesthetic dominants of the time. The ideological and aesthetic reasons for the appearance and change are revealed creative methods: classicism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, surrealism, etc. The distribution of material is carried out according to territorial principle, which allows us to show what system of values each nation operates, being the bearer of a certain religious and cultural tradition. The course follows the logic of the historical linear development of culture from primitive world until the twentieth century. In this case, a significant role is given to the development of students’ ability to understand logic historical development ideological processes and the various artistic systems and styles generated by them. The course allows you to realize the uniqueness and originality different cultures, teaches schoolchildren to perceive the world as a “world of worlds”, in which any culture has a place; forms positive life guidelines and his own ideological position. A special feature of the MHC course at the level of secondary (complete) general education is profile level is its connection with the tasks of specialization of education and the organization of pre-university training of students. It is planned not only to extensively expand the course, but also to formulate higher requirements for the level of students’ preparation, to develop their skills, personal qualities and motivation necessary for the successful continuation of their studies in higher education. The proposed program at the stage of secondary (complete) general education at the profile level is designed for 210 hours: in grades X and XI, 105 hours each, at the rate of 3 teaching hours per week. The program consists of two parts. The first part (grade 10) studies artistic culture from ancient times to modern times. The second part (grade 11) examines the artistic culture of the periods “Modern Time - 20th Century”. This also includes material on Russian artistic culture. In material 1 part Themes included:

Origin of art. In material 2 parts Themes included:

Goals

The study of world artistic culture at the level of secondary (complete) general education at the profile level is aimed at achieving the following goals:

works of art

The program provides for the development of general educational skills in students: the ability of students to organize motivationally cognitive activity– from setting goals to obtaining and evaluating results - and independently choose criteria for comparative analysis, comparison and evaluation of cultural phenomena different eras and peoples; involvement in creative, educational, research, information and communication activities; the ability to obtain the necessary information from various sources, use multimedia resources and computer technologies; understanding the value of education for the development of personal culture and critical self-esteem; the ability to give a personal assessment of the phenomena of modern life, defining one’s citizenship COURSE PROGRAM (10th grade)

	Subject		Number of hours
1.	Origin of art	World artistic culture - unity and diversity. Artistic image- the main means of displaying and understanding the world in art. The origin of art and the formation of the foundations of artistic thinking: prototype (world tree, mother goddess); mythological year (date, geometric pattern, plant, animal); polar forces (light-darkness, life-death) mythologies (chaos-creation-order, death-rebirth).	3
	Artistic culture of Asia, Africa, Latin America	Grade 11	21
2.	Artistic culture of the primitive world and ancient civilizations	Architectural and picturesque monuments of the Peleolithic and Neolithic (Altamira and Stonehenge). Geometric ornament as a symbol of the transition from chaos to form (circle, square, triangle, meander). Traditional cultures (Australian Aboriginal culture). Mythology is the main source of images of art of the Ancient world.	3
3.	Artistic culture of Mesopotamia	Representation of cosmogonic myths and the natural environment in temple architecture. Ziggurats Etemeniguru in Ur and Etemenaki in Babylon. Types of palace buildings. Surface cladding with glazed bricks - distinguishing feature Mesopotamian style (Ishtar Gate, Processional Road, throne room of the Southern Palace in Babylon). Relief is the main decorative element of Sumerian-Akkadian and Assyrian-Babylonian palaces. Shedu is a unique example of a combination of bas-relief and high relief (Sargon's palace 11 and in Dur-Sharrukin). Heroic epic The Tale of Gilgamesh is a major source of imagery for outdoor decor. Realistic features in reliefs and fresco paintings of interiors.	5
3.	Artistic culture of Ancient Egypt	The idea of Eternal Life is the basis ancient egyptian culture. The Legend of Osiris and Isis. The ritual of mummification and the necropolis as a material embodiment of the idea of Eternal Life (the pyramids in Giza, the semi-rock temple in Deir el-Bahri, the rock temple in Abu Simbel). Sculpture. Relief. Painting. The architecture of the above-ground temple is a symbol of the self-rebirth of Ra (Karnak Temple, Ramesseum). The pictorial and sculptural decoration of sarcophagi and tombs is a magical formula for eternal existence. Combination of front and profile elements in the canon of Eternal Life.	9
4.	Creto-Mycenaean culture	The architecture of the labyrinth palace at Knossos as a reflection of the myth of the Minotaur. Unity environment and picturesque decoration - the specificity of Minoan culture. “Cyclopean” character of the architecture and decoration of the Mycenaean rulers (the palace of King Agamemnon in Mycenae).	3
	Artistic culture of the East	Reflection of the religious and mythological picture of the world in the spiritual culture of the peoples of the Ancient East.	13
5.	Artistic culture of India	Hinduism as the core of Indian artistic culture. The epics "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana". Hindu - an architectural analogue of mystical sacrifice and ascetic asceticism (Kandarya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho). The role of sculpture (the “swelling form” technique) in the external decoration of a Hindu temple. The Buddhist stupa in Sanchi is a model of the Universe of Ancient India. Stone relief as a chronicle of the life and deeds of Buddha. The fresco cycles of the Ajanta cave temples are an encyclopedia of Indian life. The Taj Mahal is an example of Indo-Muslim aesthetics. Indian miniature painting is a sophisticated fusion of Indo-Muslim styles.	4
6.	Chinese artistic culture	Cosmologism is the basis of Chinese culture. Manifestation of the eternal harmony of yin and yang in the “mountain-water” landscape genre. Conveying the major image of the world in the decorative manner of gong-bi (Li Sixun “Travelers in the Mountains”); mood landscape using the technique of sei (Wang Wei, “Clearance after a snowfall in Goa by the river”). Unity of word, sign and image – standard Chinese painting. Displaying the ethics of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in literary works (“Lunyu” - “Judgments and Conversations”, “Daodejing” - “Book of the Path and Grace”, “Jin, Ping, Mei” - “Plum Blossoms in a Golden Vase”). Aesthetics of emptiness in fine art. The architecture of palaces and temples is a reflection of the five-part model of the world (Gugong, Temple of Heaven). Yiheyuan Park in Beijing as the ideal embodiment of heavenly harmony.	4
7.	Japanese artistic culture	Shinto aesthetics in Japanese culture. The cult of natural forms and everyday beauty in architecture (Amaterasu Shrine in Ise). “All in one” (“pine needle civilization”) is a key idea of Japanese artistic culture: the chanoyu tea ceremony, the philosophical rock gardens of Hiraniwa (Ryoanji in Kyoto), ukiyo-e woodblock prints (Ogata Korin, Kitagawa Utamaro, Katsushika Hokusai). Aestheticization of the moment. Images of the ancient world in modern culture. Dialogue between West and East in culture.	5
8.	Artistic culture of Mesamérica	Sacrificial ritual in the name of life is the core of the culture of the Indians of Central and South America. Teotihuacan type of construction as an example of temple and secular architecture of the Mayan and Aztec Indians (Palenque, Chichen Itza, Tenochtitlan). The sacred function of the sculptural decoration of temples. A combination of symbolism and realism in pictorial decoration (Bonampak). Colonial style in the architecture of Mexico. Myth and reality in the painting cycles of D. Rivera (Ministry of Education, National Palace in Mexico City).	3
	Artistic culture of Western Europe and North America	Grade 11	54
	Ancient artistic culture	Grade 11	15
9.	Artistic culture of Ancient Greece	Aesthetics of antiquity. Anthropomorphism of worldview. Reflection of the poetic mythology of the Greeks in architecture (Temple of Athena in Paestum, Parthenon and Erechtheinon in Athens). From linear rhythm in the archaic to volume (high relief) in Hellenism (“Perseus killing the gorgon Medusa” on the metope of the Temple of Athena in Selinunte; Ionic frieze of the Parthenon; high relief “Gigantomachy” of the altar of Zeus in Pergamon). The decorative nature of archaic kora and kouros are the origins of Greek sculpture. Greek sculpture early (chiasmus of Polykleitos), high (harmony of Phidias), late (furious impulse of Skopos) classics. Man and fate in the ancient Greek theater: the theme of the curse of the Atrides family in the tragedies of Aeschylus (“Oresteia”), Sophocles (“Electra”), Euripides (“Electra”).	10
10.	Artistic culture of Ancient Rome	The specifics of the Etruscan worldview as the basis of Roman culture. Picturesque decoration of Etruscan tombs. Naturalism of portrait and temple sculpture. Roman valor for the glory of the state is the credo of the culture of Ancient Rome. The layout of the Roman city and architecture as a reflection of the greatness of Ancient Rome (Roman Forum, Pantheon, Colosseum). Architectural model of a Roman house. Fresco and mosaic are the main means of decorating a Roman house (Villa of Mysteries). Portrait sculpture of the Romans - the forerunner European sculpture(Altar of Peace, equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius).	5
11.	Early Christian art	Types of early Christian temples: rotunda (mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna) and basilica (Church of Sant'Apollinare in Classe). The order of placement of mosaics in the internal space of the temple (mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna). Christian symbolism. Traditions ancient world in European and domestic culture.	3
12.	Artistic culture of the Middle Ages.	Reflection of the Eastern Christian worldview in the architecture of the Byzantine cross-domed church. Space. Topographical, temporary symbolism of the temple (St. Sophia of Constantinople). The evolution of the Byzantine style in icon painting and mosaic decoration (the churches of San Vitale in Ravenna and Chora in Constantinople). The evolution of the basilica from the pre-Romanesque Saint-Michel de Cuxa to the Romanesque Saint-Pierre in Moissac. Romanesque basilica - symbol way of the cross and salvation through atonement. Stone decor as a reflection of human life in the Middle Ages (the theme of passion on the portals and capitals of the columns). Polychrome in the fresco decoration of Romanesque basilicas. The Alhambra is a synthesis of Roman and Muslim cultures. Gothic aesthetics. The Gothic temple is an image of the world (architectural design, sculpture, mille-fleurs, stained glass, music). Monody as the basis of medieval religious music (Gregorian chant). Regional variants of the Gothic style in Germany (Cologne, Nuremberg), Spain (Seville, Toledo), Italy (Siena, Orvieto). Heroic epic, knightly courtly lyrics, folk prose (example-sermon) are the sources of plots in medieval sculpture, painting, miniatures. Images of medieval culture in the art of subsequent eras.	19
13.	Renaissance culture	Ideals of humanism in the art of the Italian Renaissance. Proto-Renaissance in literature (D. Alighieri “New Life”) and painting (Giotto: frescoes of the church of Santa Maria del Arena in Padua). The founder of Renaissance architecture F. Brunelleschi (Orphanage, Pazzi Chapel). Masters of the early Renaissance in the fine arts (Donatello, Masaccio, S. Botticelli). New aesthetics High Renaissance: D. Bramante (architecture), L. da Vinci, Raphael (painting), Michelangelo (sculpture). Late Renaissance (Venetian school): A. Paladio, Titian, Tintoretto. The flourishing of polyphony (the school of “strict writing”). Features of the Renaissance in the Netherlands: the Ghent Altarpiece of J. Van Eyck; P. Bruegel the Elder - artist of the crowd. Renaissance in Germany: workshops of A. Durer's engravings. French Renaissance: Fontainebleau school - a fusion of literary and visual images (P. Ronsard, Rosso Fiorentino, F. Primaticcio, J. Goujon). W. Shakespeare's tragedies are the pinnacle of artistic generalization of characters and situations. The greatness and tragedy of the utopian ideals of the Renaissance.	27
	Artistic culture of modern times	Grade 11	17
14.	Baroque aesthetics	Architectural features of the style of the ensemble (Church of Il Gesu in Rome). L. Bernini. Formation of new genres in painting (historical, everyday, still life). " Big style» P.-P. Rubens. New musical genres: opera (C. Monteverdi: “Orpheus”), instrumental music (A. Corelli: concerto grosso, A. Vivaldi). The pinnacle of free polyphony in the work of J.-S. Bach. (“Matthew Passion”)	2
15.	Aesthetics of classicism	“Grand style” of Louis XIV in architecture (Versailles, ensembles of Paris). Classicism in fine arts (N. Poussin). Theater of French classicism (P. Corneille, J. Racine).	2
16.	Realism in 17th century painting	beauty real world in the works of M. Caravaggio (Italy), Rembrandt H. (Holland), D. Velazquez (Spain).	1
17.	Rococo art	“Gallant festivities” by A. Watteau, “pastorals” by F. Boucher.	1
18.	Aesthetics of the Enlightenment	Philosophical stories by Voltaire, bourgeois drama by D. Diderot, sentimental novel J.-J. Rousseau). Revolutionary classicism and empire style J.-L. David. Opera reform K.-V. Gluck. Symphony of the Vienna Classical School (sonata-symphonic cycle by J. Haydn, opera by W.-A. Mozart, symphonies by L. van Beethoven).	2
19.	Aesthetics of Romanticism	Music is the leading genre of romanticism: songs (F. Schubert), program works (G. Berlioz), opera (R. Wagner), folklore (J. Brahms). Religious and literary themes Pre-Raphaelite painting (D.-E. Milles, D.-G. Rossetti). Landscape in romantic painting (K.-D. Friedrich. W. Turner). Revolutionary romanticism of E. Delacroix and F. Goya. English park.	2
20.	Aesthetics of critical realism	Grade 11	2
	Artistic culture of the late 19th-20th centuries.	Grade 11
21.	Aesthetics of artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century	Absolutization of the moment in impressionism: painting (C. Monet, P.-O. Renoir, E. Degas), music (C. Debussy), sculpture (O. Rodin). The cult of the irrational in symbolism: painting (G. Moreau, P. Puy de Chevannes), sculpture (E.-A. Burdell). Fixation of the eternal in a moment in post-impressionism (P. Cezanne, V. Van Gogh, P. Gauguin).
21.	Art Nouveau aesthetics	An iconic expression of style in architecture (V. Orte. A. Gaudi), painting (A.-M. Mucha). Graphics (O. Beardsley), decorative and applied arts (L.-C. Tiffany, G.-J. Guimard). Synthesis of arts in architecture. The cult of absolute beauty as a credo of art in painting (Beethoven's frieze).
22.	The era of modernism	A new vision of beauty as a denial of the unity of form, space and color. Individual freedom of the artist and creative experiment: fauvism of A. Matisse, expressionism of F. Marc, primitivism of A. Rousseau, cubism of P. Picasso, abstract art of V. Kandinsky, surrealism of R. Magritte, S. Dali. New techniques (dodecaphony, aleatorics) and directions (new Vienna school) in music. Constructivism in the architecture of Sh.-E. Le Corbusier: Villa Savoye in Poissy. “Grand style” of totalitarian states. The principle of “nationality” and authoritarianism in totalitarian art. The artistic and ideological originality of US culture: literature (W. Irving, G. Longfellow. W. Whitman, E. Hemingway), painting (E. Hopper. E. Warchel). Music (C. Ives). Skyscrapers are an elegant stylization of the temple-pyramid architecture of the Toltecs, Mayans, and Aztecs (Empire State Building in New York). Geometric decor as an expression of optimism, energy and drive. African-American folklore (fairy tales, parables, spirituals, blues, jazz).
23.	Postmodernism	Basic principles. New types of art and new forms of synthesis: cinema, installation, high fashion (D. Galliano), computer graphics and animation. Musical art of the second half of the 20th century (The Beatles, Pink Floyd, " New wave»). Electonic music. Mass culture and the revival of archaic forms in artistic thinking. Pop Art. Dialogue of cultures and globalization.
	Russian artistic culture	Grade 11
24.	Artistic culture of Ancient Rus'	Slavic pagan traditions and aesthetics of Orthodoxy. The cultural influence of Byzantium and the formation of the national style (St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv). The mimetic image is the ideal of Byzantine fine art. Kyiv school of icon painting (Alimpiy). White stone architecture is a sign of the Vladimir-Suzdal style (Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Vladimir Cathedral). The stone carving on the facade is a synthesis of Romanesque and Byzantine styles (Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir). Fresco painting is the main type of interior decor. Interpretation of the theme Last Judgment in a Russian church. Features of the architecture of Novgorod and Pskov churches. Formation of national icon painting schools. Novgorod school of icon painting (“St. George with Life”). Pskov school of icon painting (“Descent into Hell”). F. Greek. Early Moscow school of icon painting in the works of A. Rublev. The Trinity icon as a national symbol of the unity of Russian lands. Russian iconostasis as a symbol of the unity of the Church from Adam to the Last Judgment. Formation national identity. Early Moscow style in architecture (Cathedral of the Transfiguration in the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery). Renaissance trends in the architecture of the Moscow Kremlin (Aleviz New: Archangel Cathedral). The Assumption Cathedral of Fioravanti is a unique example of the synthesis of Vladimir-Suzdal and Renaissance styles. The work of Dionysius as a reflection of the greatness and glory of the national Russian state (fresco cycle in the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Ferapontovo). Famous chant; partes concert. Orientation towards Russian antiquity is the specificity of culture under Ivan the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye is an example of a tent-roofed church. The Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary “on the moat” in Moscow is an example of a temple-monument. Fresco cycles (Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow) and icon painting (the “Church Militant” icon) are examples of canonical reproduction of the text of Holy Scripture. Contacts with Western Europe (Piscator Bible). Civil architecture (Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin). Secular motifs in religious architecture (Resurrection Cathedral of the New Jerusalem Monastery). Multicolor glazed tiles – the new kind decor in Russian architecture. The secular sound of temple frescoes (merchant churches of Moscow and Yaroslavl). Wooden architecture (the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, the Church of the Transfiguration in Kizhi). Naryshkinskoe Baroque (bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent, refectory chamber of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra) as an example of European influence. Old Russian literature: from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” to “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum.” Images of Ancient Rus' in Russian art.
	Artistic culture of Russia in modern times	Grade 11
25.	Cultural ties between Russia and Europe	The problem of cultural synthesis and cultural borrowing. St. Petersburg style as a reflection of the personal tastes of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress is an example of fortification structures. The Peter and Paul Cathedral is an example of religious architecture. A summer house is an example of a private home. Peterhof - “paradise” of Peter I at sea. New types of decor. “Monumental Rococo” F.-B. Rastrelli as a Russian variety of Baroque ( Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo Palace. Resurrection Cathedral of the Smolny Monastery). The originality of Catherine's classicism in architecture; “early classicism” by A. Rinaldi (Marble Palace in St. Petersburg, palace in Gatchina); “strict classicism” J. Quarenghi (Academy of Sciences, Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens). “Transparent classicism” by Charles Cameron is a subtle stylization of Catherine’s classicism (Tsarskoye Selo). The peculiarity of Moscow classicism as the style of the “noble republic”. Secular (Moscow University, Assembly of the Nobility, Senate) and religious (Church of the Great Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate, temple at the Golitsyn Hospital) buildings of M.F. Kazakova. Pavlovsk and the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg are ideal examples of a romantic attitude in the architecture of classicism. Romantic tendencies in painting (F.S. Rokotov, D.G. Levitsky, V.L. Borovikovsky) and sculpture (F. Shubin, E.-M. Falconet) of classicism. Alexander’s classicism of the early 19th century as an orientation towards the ideals of Ancient Greece : Kazan Cathedral, the stock exchange, the Admiralty - symbols of the military, commercial, and maritime power of Russia. Alexander's Empire style as an orientation towards the ideals of Ancient Rome: urban planning ensembles of C. Rossi (arch of the General Staff, Alexandrinsky Theater, Mikhailovsky Palace). White Hall Mikhailovsky Palace as an example of Empire style interior. Architectural scenery by P. di Gottardo Gonzaga in the Russian theater. The role of sculptural decoration in decorating buildings of classicism and empire style (S.S. Pimenov, I.I. Terebenev). Monumental and decorative (V.I. Demut-Malinovsky). Park (P.P. Sokolov), memorial (I.P. Martos) sculpture. Synthesis of romanticism, realism and classicism in painting (O, A, Kiprensky, K, P. Bryullov, A. A. Ivanov, P. A. Fedotov). Russian classical music (M.I. Glinka).
26.	Critical realism in the art of the second half of the 19th century.	Search for national identity in art. The Wanderers are the heralds of pressing social issues (I.N. Kramskoy, I.E. Repin). National psychological picture(V. G. Perov: portrait of F. M. Dostoevsky; I. N. Kramskoy: portrait of M. P. Mussorgsky). Historical genre (V.I. Surikov). The special role of landscape as the “landscape of the Russian soul” in the Russian landscape school (A.K. Savrasov, F.A. Vasiliev, I.I. Levitan). The principle of “musical truth” in the work of the composers of the “Mighty Handful”. Romantic traditions in the music of P.I. Tchaikovsky. Russian classical ballet (M. Petipa). Reflection of Russian “ethnic originality” in architecture (Russian-Byzantine style of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow by K.A. Ton; the “la russe” style of the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg. A.A. Parlanda) and in monumental painting(frescoes of the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv by V.M. Vasnetsov).
27.	Russian art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries	The originality of Russian modernism in architecture. The main directions of style in the work of F.O. Shekhtel: neo-romanticism (Z.G. Morozova’s mansion, Yaroslavsky station building), plasticism (Ryabushinsky’s house), neoclassicism (Shekhtel’s mansion on Bolshaya Sadovaya), rationalism (printing house “Morning of Russia”). Picturesque realism V.A. Serova. Historical reminiscences of the artists of the “World of Arts” (K.A. Somov, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, A.N. Benois). Synthesis of words, color and sound in the music of A, N, Scriabin. Refined stylization of modernity in the ballet productions of the Russian Seasons in Paris (I. F. Stravinsky). Symbolism in painting (M.A. Vrubel. V.E. Borisov-Musatov, K.S. Petrov-Vodkin, “Blue Rose”) and sculpture (A.S. Golubkina).
28.	Russian culture in the first half of the 20th century	Global significance creative quests of Russian artists in the first half of the 20th century: painting (V.V. Kandinsky, K.S. Malevich, M. Chagall), music (S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, A.G. Schnittke). Cinema (S.M. Eisenstein), theater (K.S. Stanislavsky, V.E. Meyerhold). Architecture (V.E. Tatlin, K.S. Melnikov).
29.	Russian culture of the second half of the 20th century	Propaganda art: monumental sculpture(N.A. Andreev), political poster (D.S. Moor). The art of socialist realism in painting (A.A. Deineka, P.D. Korin), sculpture (V.I. Mukhina) and engraving (V.A. Favorsky). Stalin's Empire style: high-rise buildings in Moscow (L.V. Rudnev), Moscow Metro. Development of Russian culture in the second half of the 20th century. “A city for three thousand inhabitants” is a project of the future that has become the present. Development Russian art at the end of the 20th century: music, painting. Theater, television. Openness of modern Russian culture and continuity in its development.

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Introduction

Modern cultural society is extremely complex and contradictory. Surrounding life offers a person different understandings of the world, different points of view on understanding it. Nevertheless, today, more than ever, people are looking for answers to important questions of earthly existence:

What is the world and man's place in it? What is the moral standard today? What is beauty and what is the aesthetic ideal? The student is given answers to these questions directly or indirectly in the subjects of the natural, mathematical and humanities cycles. Mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology create a natural scientific picture of the world. History is social and scientific. Literature, languages, music, and fine arts also introduce understanding of the world, but through human creativity, and the vision of the world can be both materialistic and religious. MHC will also help answer these questions. MHC occupies a special place in the school learning process. With literature, music, fine arts art MHC unite common goals: moral, aesthetic and spiritual education, education of aesthetic taste, knowledge of artistic culture. Introducing to universal and national artistic values, development of broad, holistic thinking. The task is to teach students to see the unity of artistic culture through the diversity of different works; distinguish works different styles, directions, understand their content; be able to argue for your understanding and assessment of works; instill the skill of independent analysis.

Selected Chapters

In material 1 part Themes included:

Origin of art.I Artistic culture of Asia, Africa, Latin America.

Artistic culture of the primitive world and ancient civilizations. Artistic culture of Mesopotamia. Artistic culture of Ancient Egypt. Creto-Mycenaean culture. Artistic culture of the East. Artistic culture of India. Artistic culture of China. Artistic culture of Japan. Artistic culture of Mesamérica.II Artistic culture of Western Europe and North America.

Artistic culture of Ancient Greece. Artistic culture of Ancient Rome. Early Christian art. Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Renaissance culture. In material 2 parts Themes included:

Artistic culture of the New Age. Baroque aesthetics. Aesthetics of classicism. Realism in 17th century painting. Rococo art. Aesthetics of the Enlightenment. Aesthetics of Romanticism. Aesthetics of critical realism. Artistic culture of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Aesthetics of artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century. Modern aesthetics. The era of modernism. Postmodernism. III Russian art culture.

Artistic culture of Ancient Rus'. Artistic culture of Russia in modern times. Cultural ties between Russia and Europe. Critical realism in the art of the second half of the 19th century. Russian art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Russian culture in the first half of the 20th century. Russian culture of the second half of the 20th century.

Conclusion

Requirements for the level of training of graduates

As a result of studying world artistic culture at a specialized level, the student must

Know\understand

artistic language

Be able to

art styles

own point

Internet links to educational materials for schoolchildren

/library/art/pervcult.htm

/biblio/archive/noname_hrestpoestet/14.aspx

/user/f/00001535/MXK/Structure_of_a_rate/razdel_3.html

/31/31_102.htm

/user/f/00001535/MXK/Structure_of_a_rate/razdel_4.html

/edu/ref/stol/02.html

/user/f/00001535/MXK/Structure_of_a_rate/razdel_5.html

/ru/his/2002/08/2.htm

Internet links to the presented training materials or their components

There is no subject “World Art Culture” in the Unified Collection of the Center for Culture

Municipal educational institution "Evening (shift) comprehensive school No. 1"

(externship)

10-12 grades

for the academic year

Explanatory note

The creation of this program was caused by relevance integration of school education into modern culture and is due to the need to introduce the student into the modern information, socio-cultural space. The content of the program will ensure that students understand the importance of art in human life and society, its impact on spiritual world, formation of value and moral orientations.

The main section of this development is the requirements for passing tests for the 10th and 11th grade courses at evening school. These requirements are drawn up in accordance with the program, which takes into account the requirements for the mandatory minimum content of basic general education in MHC. The teacher bases his work on the content of textbooks for grades 10 and 11. The proposed program takes into account the initial level of knowledge and skills in MHC acquired by students of different ages earlier in educational institutions, implementing the basics of the course in the lessons of fine arts, music, aesthetics, literature, history.

The course is not presented linearly, but by type of art.

A distinctive feature of this program is that it provides self-study individual topics, which, in combination with lectures and practical exercises in the subject they form in students a holistic understanding of world artistic culture, including the culture of our country.

As an integral part of the federal component of state secondary (complete) general education at the basic level, this subject should contribute to the development of each student tolerant attitude to world art in general and a better assessment of our national culture as a component of world culture.

In accordance with the goals stated in this program, namely:

1. Development of figurative-associative thinking

2. Education of artistic and aesthetic taste

3. Mastering knowledge about cultural styles and directions

4. Mastering the ability to analyze works of art

5. Using acquired knowledge and skills in life

Students’ ability to perceive their national culture as an integral component of world culture is updated, skills in assessing the classical heritage and modern culture are developed, which is very necessary for successful adaptation in the modern world, choosing an individual direction of cultural development, organizing personal leisure and independent artistic creativity.

2. Independent work

3. Homework to study new material

4. Creative works

Student knowledge control is carried out in two ways:

1. Intermediate control: independent work, answers to questions, comparative analysis, notes

2. Final control: final test, creative work.

Credit requirements

1. Notebook with notes for grades 10-11 (table for those who came later)

2. Creative work(abstract, presentation)

3. Control tests / work for grades 10-11

4. Active work during lectures

Criteria for evaluation

Criteria
Notebook/table
Creative work
Control tests/works
Protection of creative work

As a result of studying MHC, the student must

Know/understand

J Main types and genres of art.

J Directions and styles.

J Masterpieces of world artistic culture and their authors.

Be able to

J Recognize the works studied, attribute them to a certain style or direction.

J Establish stylistic and plot connections between works of different types of art.

J Complete educational and creative tasks.

Brief content of the course “World Artistic Culture” for the 10th grade of general education:

1. Subject of MHC. The concept of culture. Culture of the primitive world.

Culture of the Ancient World: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, India.

2. Culture of the Middle Ages.

3. Culture of the Renaissance.

1. . World artistic culture: textbook for grade 10: secondary (complete) education (basic level) / 2nd ed., ster.-

2. . World artistic culture: textbook .-

Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 200s.

3. Danilova artistic culture, grade 10. M.:

(poetic texts), etc.

Test elements:

1.Test By the following questions:

· The architecture of pyramids and temples is a reflection of the idea of Eternal Life in the culture of Ancient Egypt

· Fill out the table: “The development of painting from the primitive world to the 17th century” (finish with the Renaissance)

· The ideal of beauty of Ancient Greece in an ensemble Athens Acropolis(reflect the synthesis of arts)

· Romanesque and Gothic styles. Give examples.

· Lexical meaning of the following words: amphitheater, stambha, stupa, mastaba, mummy, pictogram, architectural order, menhir, palaestra,

papyrus, basilica, caste, pagoda, necropolis.

Brief content of the course “World artistic culture” for the 11th grade of general education:

Russian art of the 18th-19th centuries.

2. Art of the 20th century. Impressionism. Post-Impressionism. Symbolism.

Aestheticism. Art Nouveau: Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Expressionism, Pop Art.

List of educational literature:

1. . World artistic culture: textbook for 11th grade: secondary (complete) education (basic level) / 2nd ed., ster.-

M.: Publishing center "Academy", 200 p.

2. . World artistic culture: textbook.-

Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 200s.

3. Danilova artistic culture 11th grade. M.:

Requirements for knowledge and skills:

1.Know the characteristics of the arts of each culture studied.

2.Recognize the presented cultural monuments, identify them

belonging to one or another people.

3.Ability to analyze a work of art: formulate it

the main idea, identify a number of topics, determine the position of the author,

characterize the characters of the work, present them concisely and in detail

plot, express and prove your point of view, quote

(poetic texts), etc.

4.Ability to select, systematize and analyze educational material

literature; determine the main and the secondary.

Test elements:

1.Test on the following questions:

· Main features of Baroque, Classicism, Rococo.

· The romantic ideal and its reflection in chamber music, painting, literature.

· The main trends of modernism in painting of the 20th century.

· Pablo Picasso or Salvador Dali: geniuses of the 20th century.

· Lexical meaning of the following words: bogatel, pastoral, engraving, empire, underground, collage, frottage, kinetic art, kitsch.

2. Essay or presentation on the topic of:

· Primitive culture: rock painting

· Gods of Ancient Egypt

· Literary monuments of Ancient Egypt

· Mesopotamian epic: tales of Gilgamesh

· Fine art and architecture of Mesopotamia

· Theater of Ancient Greece

· Mythology of Ancient Greece

· Literature of Ancient Cultures

· Oratory of Ancient Rome

· History of the Colosseum

· Engineering achievements and military art of Ancient Rome

Features of the culture of Ancient China

· Features of culture Ancient Japan

· Features of the ancient culture of the countries of the East

Temple buildings in India

· Slavic mythology

· History of chivalry

· Gothic style in architecture

· Romanesque style in architecture

· Medieval schools, universities and hospitals

· Humanism and rationalism as the main features of the Renaissance culture

· Titans of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti

· Music of the 18th century I. Haydn, L. Van Beethoven

· Antoine Watteau

· Claude Monet

· Russian art of the 19th century

· Russian theater

· Henri Matisse - master of color

· The genius of Pablo Picasso

· Salvador Dali: in the labyrinths of consciousness

· Free theme

For those who missed lectures, it is necessary to fill out the table!

Cultural era	Main features	Painting and sculpture	Architecture	Literature
Primitive culture
Ancient civilizations
Middle Ages
Renaissance

Classicism

Romanticism

Impressionism
Modernism

Fill out the table, highlighting the main features of each era and give examples of the most famous works arts and indicate the authors

(if they are known).

List of additional literature:

What is art / V. V. Alekseeva. - M., 1991.
Alpatov heritage / M. V. Alpatov. - M., 1990.
Alyansky Theater / Yu. L. Alyansky. - L., 1986.
Andreev myth and truth of history / Yu. V. Andreev. - L., 1990.
Apollo. Fine and decorative arts. Architecture. - M., 1997.
Arkin architecture and images of sculpture / D. E. Arkin. - M., 1990.
Arutyunov and culture / S. A. Arutyunov. - M., 1989.
Atlas of wonders of the world. - M., 1998.
Bartenev history of architectural styles / I. A. Bartenev, V. N. Batazhkova. - M., 1983.
Belyaev Yu. 100 monsters of the Ancient World: a mythological illustrated encyclopedia / Yu. Belyaev. - M., 1997.
Bible. Book of Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments. - M., 1976.
Biblical encyclopedia. - M., 1990.
Biderman G. Encyclopedia of symbols / G. Biderman. - M., 1996.
Brodsky B. Life through the ages / B. Brodsky. - M., 1990.
Buddhism: Dictionary. - M., 1992.
Burckhardt T. Sacred art of East and West / T. Burckhardt. - M., 1999.
Vanslov art and music / V.V. Vanslov. - M., 1981.
Vasiliev of the religions of the East / A. S. Vasiliev. - M., 1983.
Vlasov in art: Dictionary. In 3 volumes / V. G. Vlasov. - St. Petersburg, 1995-1997.
Interaction of cultures of East and West. - M., 1990.
Whipper in the historical study of art / - M., 1985.
Gachev images of the world / G. D. Gachev. - M., 1988.
Gnedich history of art / I. P. Gnedich. - M., 2007.
From amulet to monument: A book about the ability to see and understand sculpture / V. P. Golovin. - M., 1999.
Gombrich E. History of Art / E. Gombrich. - M., 1998.
Guzik guide to world artistic culture / M. A. Guzik. - M., 1999, 2002.
Gutnov A. World of architecture / A. Gutnov. - M., 1985.
Daniel see / S. M. Daniel. - L., 1990..
Dmitrieva and the word / N. A. Dmitrieva. - M., 1971.
Dmitrieva history of arts / - M., 1985, 1991, 1993.
Zilberquit of music / M. A. Zilberquit. - M., 1988.
Art. Music. - M., 1997.
An illustrated history of religion. In 2 volumes - M., 1992.
Art of countries and peoples of the world. Brief artistic encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M., 1962-1966.
Islam: encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1991.
History of world literature. In 9 volumes - M., 1994.
History of world art. - M., 1998.
History of world culture: a schoolchild's reference book. - M., 1996.
History of religion. In 2 volumes - M., 2002.
Judaism and Christianity: a dictionary. - M., 1995.
Kagan of communication / M. S. Kagan - M., 1988.
Karmin / A. S. Karmin. - M., 2002.
Cinema: encyclopedic dictionary. - 1986.
Books about the work of artists from the publishing house " White City».
Kononenko in terms, concepts, names /. - M., 1999.
Koran. - M., 1992.
Culture, man and picture of the world. - M., 1987.
Culturology: a brief dictionary. - St. Petersburg, 1995.
Lisichkina O. World artistic culture. Part 1-3 /. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
Literary encyclopedia. In 7 volumes - M., 1961-1965.
Lotman: Art / Yu. M. Lotman. - M., 2000.
Small history of art. - M., 1975.
Myths in art, old and new. - L., 1993.
Myths of the peoples of the world. In 2 volumes - M., 1988.
Mythological dictionary. - M., 1990.
Mikheeva dictionary in stories / L. V. Mikheeva. - M., 1988.
Musical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1991.
Musical encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M., 1985-1988.
Neihardt A. Seven wonders of the ancient Oikumene / A. Neihardt. - M., 1990.
Popular art encyclopedia. In 2 volumes - M., 1990.
Radugina in religious studies / A. A. Radugina. - M., 1996.
Religions of peoples modern Russia: dictionary. - M., 1999.
Russian artists from A to Z: encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2000.
Sobolev personality culture / P. V. Sobolev. - L., 1986.
Dictionary of Antiquity. - M., 1989.
Dictionary of Arts. - M., 1996.
Theater encyclopedia. In 10 volumes - M., 1965.
Tokarev in the history of the peoples of the world. - M., 1986.
Filatov school illustrated iconographic dictionary M., 1996.
Fomina about artists / N. N. Fomina - M., 1994.
Hollingsworth M. Art in human history / M. Hollingsworth. - Florence, 1997.
Christianity: dictionary. - M., 1994.
Christianity: encyclopedic dictionary. In 3 volumes - M., 1995.
Chernyak of the wonders of the world / V. Z. Chernyak. - M., 1990.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Historian. - M., 1990.
Encyclopedia for children “Avanta +” (volume “General History”, “Art”, “Religions of the World”). - M., 1990-1996.
Encyclopedia for children and youth. History of art. - M., 1996.
Encyclopedia for children. Religions of the world. - M., 1996. - T. 6.
Encyclopedia: painting. - M., 1999.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Cultural Studies. - M., 1997.
Encyclopedia literary heroes. - M., 1997.
Aesthetic dictionary. - M., 1989.
Yakovlev and world religions / E. G. Yakovlev. - M., 1985.

Internet resources:

"Museums of the World" - http://www. *****
"Louvre" - http://www. louvre. fr
"The Art of the Enlightenment" -
http://dmf. culture. fr/files/imaginary_exhibition. html
"Pictures of the history of Russia. XVII-XX centuries" (information about Russian artists and writers) - http://www. school/edu/ru/int
« Art museums and exhibitions" - http:///museums. html
"Artistic mixture" (music, opera, plays) - rec. arts. misc
"Hermitage Museum. Journey into the world of treasures" (paintings of the French impressionists, etc.) - http://www. school/edu/ra/int
"Surrealism" - http://pharmdec. wustl. edu/juju/surr/surrealism. html
“Treasures of Russia. Introduction to Russian art" (Russian art from origins to avant-garde) - http://www. school/edu/ru/int
"Russian Museum. Painting" - in the same place.
“APT - art history” - ibid.
“Nonconformists. New Russian art" - ibid.
For video art and new types of electronic art:
http://www. acm. uiuc. edu/rml; http://www. mb

The concept of “culture” has so many meanings that there is still no single definition. We are speaking " Greek culture", "work culture", "artistic culture". To better understand the meaning of this word, let's look at its origin.

Originally Latin word « culture » meant “cultivation of the land” and was contrasted with the meaning of “natura”, i.e. nature. The term “culture” can be used in other similar meanings: education, development, improvement.

Thus, the concept of “culture” means everything that is created by human labor as a result of the transformation of nature in the desire to achieve perfection. This is both the result and the very process of people’s creative activity to transform nature, based on highly conscious activity. That's why culture does not exist outside of man and his activities. Story human society– this is the history of world artistic culture.

Culture is a historically determined level of development of society and man, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people’s lives and activities.

Culture is a set of genetically non-inherited information in the field of human behavior.
Culture is the total volume of human creativity.
Culture is a set of material and spiritual values produced by humanity throughout history.

Rice. 1. Conditional division of culture by type.

National culture – This is a set of symbols, beliefs, values, norms and patterns of behavior that characterize the spiritual life of the human community in a particular country or state.

World culture is a synthesis of the best achievements of all national cultures various peoples, from ancient civilizations to the present day.

Spiritual culture– the totality of all human knowledge and methods of activity to create spiritual values. The main types of spiritual creation are science, religion, and art.

Material culture- this is a culture, the objects of which are tools of labor, means of production, clothing, everyday life, housing, means of communication - everything that is the process and result of human material activity.

Folk culture is the culture of the broad masses of the people, which is formed from the moment of the formation of the national state, transmitted from generation to generation in the process of direct interaction. Folk culture is created by the people themselves, often by unknown authors. It includes: fairy tales, songs, folklore, myths, traditions, customs.

Mass culture- the culture of everyday life, entertainment and information that prevails in modern society. It includes such phenomena as the media (TV and radio), sports, cinema, music, popular literature, fine arts, etc.

Elite culture is a culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by closedness, aristocracy and self-sufficiency.

Culture is an integral aspect of the life of society, it is inseparable from man as a social being: culture is a process active work human, aimed at mastering, knowing and transforming the world. The degree of development of culture always depends on the specific historical stage society. the main role culture in the life of society is that culture acts as a means of storing and transmitting human experience.

Hence the main functions of culture:

In addition to the presented types of culture (Fig. 1), artistic culture is distinguished separately.

Art culture- one of the types of culture that solves the problem of intellectual and sensory reflection of existence in artistic images.

This position of artistic culture is based on the ability for artistic creativity inherent only in man, which distinguishes him from other living beings. Artistic culture cannot be reduced only to art or identified with cultural activities at all.

Rice. 2 Example of a work of art primitive man. Cave painting of a bull from the Altamira cave (Spain).

Art occupies a central place in artistic culture. Art is a type of artistic exploration of reality by a person, with the goal of forming and developing his ability to creatively transform the world and himself according to the laws of beauty.

We consider art to be: literature, painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, art photography, decorative and applied arts, theater, circus, cinema, etc. In each of them, works of art are created - books, paintings, sculptures, performances, films, etc.

Each nation has its own culture, and together all the peoples of the world have created a world culture.

World Art- Not simple sum cultures of equal peoples. This is a constant interaction of cultures. Each nation “speaks” to other nations, to people separated from it by centuries, in the language of its culture. And this one universal language culture should be understandable to you and me, like the language of mathematics or physics, like foreign language, knowledge of which makes a person especially educated. Of course, we must learn to understand the language of culture.

Review questions:

Think about how culture influences a person?
Think about how a person influences culture?
What types of art do you know?
Using additional sources, find out what relation physical culture has to culture?

After familiarizing yourself with the presented materials, you must complete the test and control tasks presented here. If necessary, control materials are sent to the teacher's email address: [email protected]

It is difficult to disagree with how important a role art plays in the history of any period. Judge for yourself: in history lessons at school, after each topic devoted to the study of the political and economic situation in the world in a given time period, students are asked to prepare reports on the art of a given era.

Also, in the school curriculum since relatively recently there has been such a subject as MHC. This is absolutely no coincidence, because any work of art is one of the brightest reflections of the time in which it was created, and allows you to look at world history through the eyes of the creator who gave this work life.

Definition of culture

In architecture, under the influence of architects’ passion for the idea of the centric, proportional temples, palaces and architectural ensembles that emphasize earthly, centrically perspective-organized horizontals are becoming popular.

Renaissance literature is characterized by a love of Latin as a language educated people, adjacent to national and folk languages. Genres such as picaresque novel and urban novel heroic poems and novels of medieval adventure-knightly themes, satire, pastoral and love lyrics. At the peak of the popularity of drama, theaters staged performances with an abundance of city holidays and magnificent court extravaganzas, which became the source of colorful syntheses various types arts

In music there is a flourishing of strict musical polyphony. Complication compositional techniques, the appearance of the first forms of sonatas, operas, suites, oratorios and overtures. Secular music, close to folk music, is becoming equal to religious music. There is a separation of instrumental music into separate species, and the pinnacle of the era is the creation of full-fledged solo songs, operas and oratorios. The temple is being replaced by Opera theatre, which took the place of the center of musical culture.

In general, the main breakthrough is that the once medieval anonymity is being replaced by individual, authorial creativity. In this regard, world artistic culture is moving to a fundamentally new level.

Titans of the Renaissance

It is not surprising that such a fundamental revival of art, actually from the ashes, could not take place without those people who created with their creations new culture. They were later called "titans" for the contributions they made.

The Proto-Renaissance was personified by Giotto, and in the Quattrocento period the constructively strict Masaccio and the soulful and lyrical works of Botticelli and Angelico opposed each other.

The middle, or represented by Raphael, Michelangelo and, of course, Leonardo da Vinci - artists who became iconic at the turn of the Modern Age.

Famous architects of the Renaissance were Bramante, Brunelleschi and Palladio. Bruegel the Elder, Bosch and Van Eyck are painters of the Dutch Renaissance. Holbein the Younger, Durer, Cranach the Elder became the founders of the German Renaissance.

The literature of this period remembers the names of such “titan” masters as Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, who gave the world poetry, novels and drama, and also contributed to the formation literary languages their countries.

Undoubtedly, the Renaissance contributed to the development of many trends in art and gave impetus to the creation of new ones. It is unknown what the history of world artistic culture would have been like if this period had not existed. Perhaps classical art today would not evoke such admiration; most movements in literature, music and painting would not exist at all. Or maybe everything with which we are accustomed to associate classical art would have appeared, but many years or even centuries later. Whatever the course of events, history does not endure. And only one thing is obvious: even today we admire the works of this era, and this once again proves its importance in the cultural life of society.

Attention, TODAY only!