Spiritual and material culture. Upbringing and education
Material culture - these are the achievements of the human mind in the development of productive forces and production relations of society . It is also a set of those values that are aimed at satisfying consumer, material needs and interests of people. Mainly, the needs for food, clothing, housing, means of transportation, physical health, warmth, light, household items, etc. This is the process and result of human material activity. Material culture is the culture of labor and material production, the culture of everyday life, the culture of attitude towards own body and physical culture.
Analyzing the internal structure material culture y, within the framework of material action, we should first of all highlight economic (economic) activity aimed at creating material conditions for human life as the creator of a “second nature”. It includes means of production, methods practical activities(production relations), as well as creative aspects of human daily economic activity.
Features of material (technological) culture:
1) She is not concerned with the “value dimension” of activity. Its meanings are concentrated around WHAT and HOW to do, FOR WHY TO DO IT.
2) Values: efficiency, accuracy, strength, utilitarianism(utility);
3) Rationalism. Evolution from mysticism to rationality.
4) In relation to spiritual culture, it plays a subordinate role, service role. The goals of the development of science and technology are determined by the needs of the development of spiritual and social culture.
5) Performing a service role, it turns out to be an indispensable condition for any cultural activities. Professional excellence.
Spiritual culture is a set of norms and values related to satisfying the intellectual needs of people and contributing to the formation of reasonable moral, psychological qualities and abilities. Spiritual culture is the process and results of spiritual production (religion, philosophy, morality, art, science, etc.). This area of culture is very extensive. She is presented richest world science and art, morality and law, politics and religion. Of course, all the values of spiritual culture are recorded, preserved, passed on from generation to generation only in the material sphere, indirectly: language, ideology, values, customs, etc. The elements included in spiritual culture cannot be touched with our hands, but they exist in our consciousness and are constantly maintained in the process of interaction. Spiritual culture is represented and functions in a much richer, more extensive world of objects and norms of relationships than material culture.
So, spiritual culture acts as an activity aimed at the spiritual development of man and society, at the creation of ideas, knowledge, spiritual values - images of public consciousness. The subject forms of spiritual culture are the results of spiritual activity and relationships between people, the development and realization of human abilities.
The main forms of spiritual culture: myth, religion, morality, art, philosophy, science. Spiritual culture captures the creative side, innovation, achievements, the productive, not the reproductive side.
Features of spiritual culture:
1) N utilitarianism. She is essentially selfless. Its cornerstones are not benefit, not profit, but “joys of the spirit” - beauty, knowledge, wisdom. People need it for its own sake.
2) Greatest With freedom of creativity. The human mind, not connected with utilitarian considerations and practical necessity, is capable of breaking away from reality and flying away from it on the wings of fantasy.
3) creative activity becomes a special spiritual world created by the power of human thought. This world is incomparably richer than the real world.
4) Sensitivity. Most responsive to environmental changes. She is able to detect the slightest changes in people’s lives and respond to them with changes in herself. The most fragile area of culture, the one that suffers the most during social cataclysms, needs the support of society.
But it is impossible to differentiate and contrast the material and spiritual with each other as 2 special areas of culture. They are like different sides of the same coin. For, on the one hand, the whole culture as a whole is spiritual, because it is the world of meanings, i.e. spiritual entities. On the other hand, it is entirely material, because... presented in sensory-perceptible codes, signs, texts. Therefore, by material culture it makes sense to understand not some special area of culture, different from spiritual culture, but the “sign shell” of any culture. Any work of art is a material phenomenon, since it is always embodied in something. But at the same time, any work of art is an expression of certain meanings that reflect the values and ideology of society and era. This division makes it possible to ensure that any cultural phenomenon is the objectified result of ideal, spiritual content human activity. Thus, architectural buildings are both works of art and serve practical purposes.
The first structural element of culture is material culture, which represents objective, material forms of expression of spiritual meanings.
Material culture is a set of methods for producing material goods and values created by human labor at each stage of the development of society.
Value– this is the positive significance of objects, phenomena and ideas. Objects and phenomena become good if they satisfy positive human needs and contribute to social progress. Material culture is based on a rational, reproductive type of activity, expressed in an objective and objective form, satisfies the primary needs of a person.
Economic culture - this is an activity aimed at creating material conditions for human life as the creator of a “second nature”. It includes, first of all, economic activity - means of production, methods of practical activity for their creation (production relations), as well as creative moments of everyday economic activity of a person.
Economic culture should not be reduced to material production; it characterizes it from the point of view of its influence on a person, the creation of conditions for his life and the development of abilities, their implementation in the economic life of society. This culture is embodied not just in production and technology, but in the implementation of the creative principle of human material activity.
Traditionally, culturologists single out labor culture as objects (forms) of material culture - equipment, structures and tools, means of production, communication systems - routes and means of communication (transport, communications); everyday culture - items of clothing, everyday life, food.
All these cultural objects are carriers of cultural information that create an artificial habitat for humanity and are the process and result of human material activity. All these phenomena are related to the content of productive forces or production relations. However, material culture, being a side of material production, is not identical to it. It characterizes production from the point of view of creating conditions for human life, its development, as well as the realization of human abilities in the process of material activity.
V Spiritual school
Spiritual culture is the totality of spiritual values of humanity (ideas, ideas, convictions, beliefs, knowledge); intellectual spiritual activity and its results, ensuring the development of a person as an individual at each stage of the development of society.
Spiritual culture is based on a rational, creative type of activity, is expressed in a subjective form, and satisfies secondary human needs.
Spiritual culture includes forms focused on the development of knowledge and values in the spiritual sphere - this is a complex of ideas, knowledge, ideas, experiences, motivations, drives, beliefs, norms, traditions of human existence. Spiritual activity has a complex structure and includes the following forms of culture:
Religious culture (religious teachings, traditional confessions and denominations, modern cults and teachings);
Moral culture (ethics as a theoretical understanding of morality, morality as its social expression, morality as a personal norm);
Aesthetic culture (art, its types, directions and styles);
Legal culture (legal proceedings, legislation, executive system);
Political culture (traditional political regime, ideology, norms of interaction between political subjects);
Intellectual culture (science, philosophy).
By type of activity, they are all included in cognitive activity (science, philosophy), value-oriented activity (morality, art, religion), regulatory activity (politics, law).
Cognitive activity is based on man’s knowledge of nature, society, himself and his inner world. This activity is most adequately represented by scientific activity. The science- a specialized area of culture focused on cognition. The main functions of science are to form a system of logically ordered knowledge based on a specially organized theoretical and empirical study of reality; constructing rational forecasts; control of the processes under study based on experiment.
Traditional knowledge passed on from generation to generation, accepted as a “dogmatic banality” that is not questioned, with the advent of a new intellectual environment - scientific - ceases to dominate the minds of people, leading to sharp leaps in the development of the entire culture. Thus, in any society, a system of obtaining, storing, and transmitting information and knowledge, independent of the individual, develops.
Value-oriented human activities include morality (moral culture), art (artistic culture) and religion (religious culture). The meaningful nature of cognition and understanding of the world presupposes not just knowledge about it, but an understanding of the value of the person himself as a subject of activity, the value of his knowledge, creations, the values of the cultural world itself in which a person lives. The human world is always a world of values. It is filled with meanings and meanings for him.
The first most socially significant sphere of culture is moral culture, which provides a normative and value orientation for the attitude of individuals and social groups to all aspects of society and to each other.
Moral culture – this is the level of humanity achieved by society and the individual, humanity in the relations of social subjects, the attitude towards man as the highest goal and self-worth . The moral culture of an individual manifests itself as a culture of action: a motive corresponding to the concepts of good and evil, justice and human dignity. The basis of a person’s moral culture is morality and conscience.
The second form of spiritual culture associated with value-based activities is artistic and aesthetic culture. Art culture - this is a specific sensory-emotional sphere of cognition, assessment and artistic transformation of the world according to the laws of beauty. Artistic culture is based on an irrational, creative type of activity, expressed in both objective and subjective forms, and satisfies secondary human needs (see art in the system of spiritual culture).
The third form of spiritual culture, associated with value-based activities is religious culture, based on religious activity as a person’s ascent to God . Religious culture is embodied by cultic and religious actions, the meaning of which is determined by the corresponding system of values, the main of which is God as the spiritual and moral Absolute.
In spiritual culture, two more forms can be distinguished, focused on the regulatory form of activity - politics (political culture) and law ( legal culture), related to the state and its institutions and the legal system of society.
Spiritual culture grows as the ideal side of material activity. However, under certain conditions, fixed in the mechanisms of social memory spiritual culture stands outas a stable matrix of spiritual life, stereotype of perception and thinking, mentality of society. It can play a leading role at different stages of the development of society.
To the features of spiritual culture, which is focused on the development of knowledge and values, it is necessary to include the following:
1. Spiritual culture is a special spiritual world created by the power of human thought, which is richer than the real, material world (for example, the art of painting - the direction of surrealism - the artist S. Dali).
2. Spiritual culture gives a person the greatest freedom of creativity (conscious creativity of a person is what distinguishes the world of culture from the world of nature).
3. Spiritual culture is needed in itself, and not for the sake of achieving any goals.
4. Spiritual culture is the most “fragile” area of culture; it is more sensitive to changes in the sociocultural space, it suffers more than all other areas during social cataclysms and needs the support of society.
It should be noted that the concept of “spiritual culture” also includes material objects that include the world of spiritual culture: libraries, museums, theaters, cinemas, concert halls, educational institutions, courts, etc. Any object of material culture is the embodiment of certain human plans, and in real life, the material and the ideal in culture are always intertwined.
Material culture is associated with a historical approach. Most often, ancient cultures are considered in this regard. Spiritual culture - science, morality, ethics, law, religion, art, education; material - tools and means of labor, equipment and structures, production (agricultural and industrial), routes and means of communication, transport, household items.
Material culture is one of the parts of a holistic human culture, human spirituality embodied in the form of a thing, results creative activity, in which natural object and its material are embodied in objects, properties and qualities and which ensure human existence. Material culture includes a variety of means of production, energy and raw materials, tools, production technology and infrastructure of the human environment, means of communication and transport, buildings and structures for domestic, service and entertainment purposes, various means of consumption, material and object relations in the field of technology or economy.
Spiritual culture is one of the parts of an integral human culture, the total spiritual experience of humanity, intellectual and spiritual activity and its results, ensuring the development of man as an individual. Spiritual culture exists in various forms. These are customs, norms, patterns of behavior, values, ideals, ideas, knowledge that have developed in specific historical social conditions. IN developed culture these components turn into relatively independent spheres of activity and acquire the status of independent social institutions: morality, religion, art, politics, philosophy, science, etc.
Material and spiritual culture exist in close unity. In fact, everything material, obviously, turns out to be a realization of the spiritual, and this spiritual is impossible without some material shell. At the same time, there is a significant difference between material and spiritual culture. First of all, there is a difference in subject matter. It is clear, for example, that tools and, say, musical works are fundamentally different from each other and serve different purposes. The same can be said about the nature of activity in the sphere of material and spiritual culture. In the sphere of material culture, human activity is characterized by changes in the material world, and man deals with material objects. Activities in the field of spiritual culture involve certain work with a system of spiritual values. This also implies a difference in the means of activity and their results in both spheres.
In Russian social science, for a long time, the dominant point of view was that material culture is primary, and spiritual culture has a secondary, dependent, “superstructural” character. Meanwhile, an unbiased examination will immediately reveal the very artificial nature of such subordination. After all, this approach assumes that a person must first satisfy his so-called “material” needs in order to then move on to satisfying “spiritual” needs. But even the most basic “material” needs of humans, for example food and drink, are fundamentally different from the seemingly exactly the same biological needs of animals. An animal, by absorbing food and water, really only satisfies its biological needs. In humans, unlike animals, these actions, which we have chosen completely arbitrarily as examples, also perform a symbolic function. There are prestigious, ritual, mourning and festive dishes and drinks, etc. This means that the corresponding actions can no longer be considered the satisfaction of purely biological (material) needs. They are an element of sociocultural symbolism and, therefore, are related to the system of social values and norms, i.e. to spiritual culture.
The same can be said about all other elements of material culture. For example, clothing not only protects the body from adverse weather conditions, but also indicates age and gender characteristics, and a person’s place in the community. There are also work, everyday, and ritual types of clothing. The human home has multi-level symbolism. The list can be continued, but the examples given are quite sufficient to conclude that it is impossible to distinguish human world purely biological (material) needs. Any human action is already a social symbol that has a meaning that is revealed only in the sphere of culture. And this means that the position about the primacy of material culture cannot be considered justified for the simple reason that there is no material culture in " pure form"simply doesn't exist.
Thus, the material and spiritual components of culture are inextricably linked with each other. After all, creating objective world culture, a person cannot do this without changing and transforming himself, i.e. without creating oneself in the process of one's own activity. Culture turns out to be not only an activity as such, but a way of organizing activity. And such an organization is impossible without a complex and branched system of social symbolism. A person as a person cannot perform even the most basic action without weaving it into a chain of symbols. The symbolic meaning of an action is often more important than its purely practical result. IN in this case It is customary to talk about rituals, i.e. about such types of activity that in themselves are completely inappropriate, but are connected with expedient activity purely symbolically.
All human activity becomes the content of culture, and the division into material and spiritual culture seems very conditional. The main thing that is created as a result of the development of culture is man as a generic being. Everything a person does, he does ultimately for the sake of solving a given problem. In this case, human development appears as the improvement of his creative powers, abilities, forms of communication, etc.
Culture, if viewed broadly, includes both material and spiritual means of human life, which are created by man himself.
Material and spiritual realities created by human creative work are called artifacts.
Currently, culture is studied systematically, which means that ideas about probable and random processes are used in its knowledge.
Features system analysis is that systems approach makes it possible to present culture holistically, and not in parts, to identify the specifics of influence different areas cultures to each other.
This approach makes it possible to use the cognitive capabilities of a wide variety of research methods created by representatives of the sciences that study culture and have high heuristics.
Finally, the systems approach is a flexible and fairly tolerant concept that does not allow one to absolutize the conclusions obtained, much less oppose them to other conclusions obtained by other methods.
It was the systematic approach that made it possible to understand culture itself as a specific form and system of human life, highlighting the areas of culture in it, cultural institutions, principles social connections, cultural patterns that determine the structure of a culture.
An important role in the spiritual culture of society belongs to art. The specificity of art, which makes it possible to distinguish it from all other forms of human activity, lies in the fact that art masters and expresses reality in an artistic and figurative form . It is the result of specific artistic and creative activity and at the same time the implementation of cultural historical experience humanity. An artistic image does not simply act as an external resemblance to reality, but manifests itself in the form of a creative attitude towards this reality, as a way to speculate and complement real life.
An artistic image is the essence of art, it is a sensual recreation of life, made from a subjective, author’s point of view . An artistic image concentrates in itself the spiritual energy of the culture and person that created it, manifesting itself in plot, composition, color, sound, and in one or another visual interpretation. In other words, artistic image can be embodied in clay, paint, stone, sounds, photography, words and at the same time realize oneself as musical composition, painting, novel, as well as film and play as a whole.
Like any developing system, art is characterized by flexibility and mobility, which allows it to realize itself in various types, genres, directions, styles. The creation and functioning of works of art takes place within the framework of artistic culture, which unites artistic creativity, art criticism, art criticism and aesthetics.
Art enriches culture with spiritual values through artistic production, through the creation of subjective ideas about the world, through a system of images symbolizing the meanings and ideals of a certain time, a certain era. Therefore, art has three dimensions: past, present and future. In accordance with this, differences are possible in the types of values that art creates. These are retro values, which are oriented to the past, realistic values, which are “precisely” oriented to the present, and, finally, avant-garde values, oriented to the future.
The role of art in the development of culture is contradictory. It is constructive and destructive, it can educate in the spirit of lofty ideals and vice versa. In general, art, thanks to objectification, is able to support the openness of the value system, the openness of the search and choice of orientation in culture, which ultimately fosters a person’s spiritual independence and freedom of spirit. For culture, this is an important potential and factor in its development.
However, the core basis of spiritual culture is religion. In religion, as a form of spiritual and practical exploration of the world, a mental transformation of the world is carried out, its organization in the mind, during which a certain picture of the world, norms, values, ideals and other components of the worldview are developed that determine a person’s attitude to the world and acting as guidelines and regulators of his behavior.
The main thing in almost every religion is faith in God or faith in the supernatural, in a miracle that is incomprehensible to reason, in a rational way. It is in this vein that all the values of religion are formed. Culture, as a rule, modifies the formation of religion, but, having established itself, religion begins to change culture, so that the further development of culture occurs under the significant influence of religion. E. Durkheim emphasized that religion operates mainly with collective ideas, and therefore unity and connection are its main regulators. The values of religion are accepted by a community of co-religionists, therefore religion acts, first of all, through motives of consolidation, through a uniform assessment of the surrounding reality, life goals, and the essence of man. The basis of religion is one or another cult system, that is, a system of ritual actions associated with certain ideas about the supernatural and the possibility of communication with it. During historical development in society there is an institutionalization of cult systems, their acquisition of the form of one or another organization. Most developed form religious organizations is a church - an association of believers and clergy on the basis of a certain doctrine and under the leadership of the highest clergy. In a civilized society, the church acts as a relatively independent social organization, spiritual authority that performs a number of important social functions, among which in the foreground is the formation of certain goals, values and ideals among its members. Religion, by establishing a gradation of values, gives them holiness and unconditionality, this leads to the fact that religion orders values “vertically” - from earthly and ordinary to divine and heavenly.
The requirement for constant moral perfection of a person in line with the values proposed by religion creates a field of tension of meanings and values, falling into which a person regulates his choice within the boundaries of sin and justice. Religious consciousness, unlike other worldview systems, includes in the “world-person” system an additional mediating formation - the sacred world, correlating with this world its ideas about existence as a whole and goals human existence. This gives rise to a tendency towards conservation of values and cultural traditions, which can lead to social stabilization, but at the expense of curbing secular values. Secular values are more conventional; they are more easily subject to transformation and interpretation in the spirit of the times. The general trend It manifests itself here in the fact that in the development of culture the processes of secularization are gradually intensifying, that is, the liberation of culture from the influence of religion. These processes are primarily associated with the increasing need of people to create their own picture of the world, through its comprehension and understanding. So another one appears structural element culture is a philosophy that seeks to express wisdom in forms of thought (hence its name, which literally translates as “love of wisdom”).
Philosophy arose as a spiritual overcoming of myth and religion, including where wisdom was expressed in forms that did not allow its critical understanding and rational proof. As thinking, philosophy strives for a rational explanation of all existence. But, being at the same time an expression of wisdom, philosophy turns to the ultimate semantic foundations of existence, sees things and the whole world in their human (value-semantic) dimension. Thus, philosophy acts as a theoretical worldview and expresses human values, human attitude towards the world. Since the world, taken in the semantic dimension, is the world of culture, philosophy acts as comprehension, or, in Hegel’s words, the theoretical soul of culture. The diversity of cultures and the possibility of different semantic positions within each culture lead to a variety of philosophical teachings that argue with each other.
Spiritual evolution through myth, religion and philosophy led humanity to science, where the reliability and truth of the acquired knowledge is verified by specially developed means and methods. This is one of the new institutions in the structure of culture. However, its importance is growing rapidly, and modern culture is undergoing profound changes under the influence of science. Science exists as special way production of objective knowledge. Objectivity does not include an evaluative attitude towards the object of knowledge; thus, science deprives the object of any value value for the observer. The most important result of scientific progress is the emergence of civilization as a system of rationalized and technitized forms of human existence. Science expands the space for technocratic attributes, enriches human consciousness with technocratic meanings and meanings - these are all elements of civilization. It can be argued that in the history of mankind, science acts as a civilizing force, and culture as a spiritualizing force. Science creates, according to V. Vernadsky's definition, the noosphere - the sphere of reason, rational living. Rationality does not always fit into the requirements of morality. For this reason, modern culture is not harmonious and balanced. The contradiction between rationality and morality has not been resolved to this day, therefore, in in a certain sense, civilization and culture are incompatible. Technified forms of human existence oppose the internal principles (values and ideals) of the spiritual essence of man. However, science, giving rise to civilization, is associated with culture in holistic education and already modern history Humanity without science is unimaginable. Science has become a fundamental factor in the survival of humanity, it experiments with its capabilities, creates new opportunities, reconstructs the means of human life, and through this changes the person himself. Creative possibilities sciences are enormous, and they are increasingly transforming culture. It can be argued that science has a certain cultural role; it gives culture rationalistic forms and attributes. The ideals of objectivity and rationality in such a culture become increasingly important role. Therefore, we can say that the value scientific knowledge proportional to its utility. Science, giving knowledge to man, equips him and gives him strength. "Knowledge is power!" - stated F. Bacon. But for what purposes and with what meaning is this power used? Culture must answer this question. The highest value for science is truth, while highest value for culture - a person.
Thus, only with the synthesis of culture and science is it possible to build a humanistic civilization.
To summarize, we can say that culture is a complex multi-level system that absorbs and reflects the contradictions of the whole world, which manifest themselves:
1. in the contradiction between socialization and individualization of the individual: on the one hand, a person inevitably becomes socialized, assimilating the norms of society, and on the other, he strives to preserve the individuality of his personality.
2. in the contradiction between the normativity of culture and the freedom that it represents to a person. Norm and freedom are two poles, two fighting principles.
3. in the contradiction between the traditional nature of culture and the renewal that occurs in it.
These and other contradictions constitute not only essential characteristic culture, but also are the source of its development.
The formation and development of the culture of a particular society or its individual groups is influenced by a variety of factors. Thus, each culture absorbs social or demographic features of life, depends on natural and climatic conditions, as well as on the level of development of society as a whole. Inside various community groups specific ones are born cultural phenomena. They are fixed in the special features of people’s behavior, consciousness, language, and a worldview and mentality are formed that are characteristic only of specific carriers of culture.
The expression “uncultured person,” which we often encounter in everyday life, is absolutely incorrect from a philosophical point of view. As a rule, when we say this, we mean poor upbringing or lack of education. A person is always cultured, because he is a social being, and any society has its own culture. Another thing is that the degree of its development is not always at high level, but this already depends on many related factors: the specific historical period, development conditions and opportunities available to society. Culture is an integral part of the life of all humanity and each individual. There cannot be a society without culture, just as there can be no culture - without society, it creates a person, and a person creates it. Any new generation begins its existence in the world of spiritual and material assets, already established among their ancestors.
Interrelation of cultures
Any human activity and all his achievements are
are part of culture, either material or spiritual. Moreover, it is impossible to draw a clear boundary between them. Material and spiritual culture, one way or another, are inextricably linked with each other. For example, the wardrobe that appeared in our house is a completely physical object, but in its creation the intellectual abilities of people were involved, imagination and logical thinking. In the same time greatest works arts that are of undeniable spiritual value would hardly have been born if the artist had not had a brush, and the philosopher had not had paper and pen. Even in ancient Rome, the most talented orator Cicero noted that along with cultivation, which in those days meant the cultivation and cultivation of the land, there is another culture - “cultivation of the soul.”
Basic Concepts
Material culture includes all the variety of objects produced by humanity: clothing, housing, mechanisms, weapons, cars, household items, musical instruments etc. The basis of spiritual culture is the products of human intellectual activity, everything that was achieved by the power of thought and talent. For example, these are new ideas and discoveries, religion, philosophy, works of art and psychology. If spiritual culture is the totality of the results of human intellectual activity, then material culture is the objective world created by human hands.
Which culture is more important?
Material culture, like spiritual culture, lives according to its own laws; there is no direct connection between the levels of their development. The improvement in people's material well-being was not always accompanied by an increase in their spiritual development, and many of the greatest works of art were created in complete poverty. However, it is also undeniable that a person in need of housing, food and clothing will not think about high matters. Only “well-fed” people who have satisfied their physical needs can be drawn to philosophy and art. Material culture will clearly show how well a person has adapted to life, whether he is in harmony with nature, while spiritual culture sets the basic standards of behavior, forms a sense of the high and beautiful, and creates ideals. Spiritual and material culture include everything that is not given to us by nature, that is created by human labor, that significantly distinguishes us from animals. Only the harmony of these two cultures will help achieve a high level of existence for both one person and an entire state.
IN in a broad sense Culture often refers to everything created by man. However, in the name of what did he create the “second nature”? Apparently, man created it to satisfy his, primarily organic, needs - for food, clothing, housing, etc. Then he developed more complex needs - spiritual ones. It is human needs, material and spiritual, that underlie culture and are the source of its emergence, functioning and development.
Based on human needs, culture can be divided into material and spiritual. Material culture, like spiritual culture, is the result of conscious human activity, which already emphasizes it spirituality. Both cultures have a complex structure.
Spiritual culture includes the sphere of spiritual production and its results: religion, science, art, literature, etc. In turn, each component of spiritual culture can be structured. For example, religion - Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, etc.; science - humanitarian and technical, which in turn can also be structured in more detail; art - decorative, plastic, easel, etc.
Spiritual culture is a reflection of the specifics of each social organism. It reveals differences between seemingly similar material cultures. There are areas where spiritual culture merges with material culture. This is typical for works such as architecture and decorative arts. The aesthetic features of an ordinary house, place of worship or palace do not negate their material nature or their function to satisfy certain specific material needs of people. Both the house and the palace serve as housing, and the temple at various historical periods was not only a place for religious ceremonies, but also a meeting place, a repository of valuables, and even a classroom.
Material culture covers, first of all, the sphere of material production and its products - material elements: buildings, equipment, means of communication, household items, products (results) of spiritual production (manuscripts, printed matter, paintings, sculpture, etc.). Material culture can be considered as the result, means and condition of human activity.
The function of material culture is not limited to satisfying human needs. It acts as a means of reproducing the material foundations of spiritual culture, creating conditions for its development and transmission of social experience. Material culture contains and preserves national elements and can act as a social sign and as a cultural monument.
Sources for studying material culture can be:
archaeological and ethnographic monuments, preserved elements or completely preserved monuments of architecture, painting, sculpture, mosaics, functioning and non-functioning equipment;
written sources, carrying information about objects of material culture (manuscripts, books, drawings, diagrams, etc.);
graphic images, layouts and models, photo, film, phono, television documents, recordings on various other media.
All of them appear in the form of original or reproduced items as a result of reconstruction.
By lined up in chronological order elements of material culture can judge its development. Symbols of the era can be buildings, types of ships, vehicles, and various types of weapons. Since the 19th century, there has been a process of industrialization and technicalization of material culture (improvement of printing equipment, invention of the telegraph, radio, television, means of recording, reproducing and storing sound information, the emergence of computers, etc.).
An integral part of material culture are buildings - residential, household, religious, fortification, industrial, etc. Historically, the first of them were residential buildings - from a primitive hut to more complex structures. Over the past millennia, homes have been improved, but many of their functions have remained unchanged - to shelter the owners from adverse weather conditions, to retain heat generated by artificial sources (fire, hearth, steam or other heating methods), to protect from attacks on the life and property of its inhabitants, create social space for household and industrial activities.
The functions of human clothing are no less diverse, among which the main one remains unchanged - protecting the body from the adverse effects of the external environment. Of course, it can serve as a social, public, national-religious sign of distinction. By clothing one can judge the social status of its owner or nationality. Such functions were performed, for example, by headdresses (“throated” hat in Rus',” papakha, skullcap), belts, and embroidery. These examples can already be attributed to another function of clothing - decoration. human body. If we trace the evolution of clothing, we can come to the conclusion that it is characterized, on the one hand, by unification, on the other, by complication and diversity.
Weapons have the same social diversity, which, apparently, were initially used to ensure successful hunting, and only at a certain stage of human development began to be used as military weapons. Hunting gradually fades into the background, and weapons turn into a means of warfare. History knows tribes and peoples for whom war was a means of life support, and weapons turned into a kind of “tool of labor” that generated income that allowed them to live to this people. Examples include military policy Romans, ancient Germans, Scandinavians in the 11th-11th centuries, the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus', the colonial policy of some European states. The development of material culture has not only multiplied the strength and capabilities of man in the spiritual sphere, but has also simultaneously given rise to acute contradictions. The process of its functioning raised many problems and became the cause of crisis phenomena: ecological problems, use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, accumulation various types weapons of mass destruction (atomic, hydrogen, chemical, bacteriological).
Since the 19th century. and especially in the twentieth century, the development of material culture led to the unification and erasure national characteristics spiritual culture that has been created over centuries. At the same time, widespread Mass culture. It was the result of the development of production, including consumer goods, which ultimately leads to a significant reduction and sometimes to the death of individual national, including unique national craft production.
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Cultural studies
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Morality and ethical theory
Ethics (from the Greek ethos - a place of common residence, the customs of a particular community) is a theoretical discipline primarily philosophical nature, the object of study of which is
Art and aesthetic exploration of reality
Art is a practical-spiritual activity for the development and embodiment of aesthetic values. Beautiful, sublime, tragic - the main ones aesthetic values- become the basis
Topics of reports and speeches
1. Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge. 2. Basic cultural schools and concepts. 3. The concept of “mass” in various philosophical and cultural concepts
What is culture? Structure and functions of culture
Scientists have hundreds of definitions of “culture” that designate it different understanding, comprehension and learning. According to their calculations, from 1871 to 1919, seven definitions of culture were given, from 1920 to 1950
Typology of cultures. Basis of cultural typology
The typology of cultures is based on several criteria. There can be many of them, for example: connection with religion (religious and secular cultures); regional affiliation of culture (cultures of the East
Culture and civilization
The concept of civilization includes scientific circulation With 18th century when the formation process began various theories civilizations that continues to this day.
N.Ya. Danilevsky on the laws of development of civilizations
Total N.Ya. Danilevsky identifies 10 cultural and historical types (or distinctive civilizations): 1) Egyptian, 2) Chinese, 3) Assyrian-Babylonian-Phoenician, Chaldean,
Evolution of modern civilizations
Schematic representation 2.3. BASIC TERMS ON THE TOPIC Gu
Evolution of primitive society
The diversity of historical development is associated with the characteristics and differences in the emergence public life in different regions of the Earth. Its occurrence was influenced by climatic and geographical conditions
The emergence of early forms of culture
The emergence of culture was not a one-time act, but a long evolutionary process that had no exact date origin. About and
Main features and signs of civilization
From the first millennia of existence, Homo sapiens begins to explore the world and achieves considerable success. These include four achievements that had a huge impact on the destinies of people
Mythology of Mesopotamia
Problems covered in the myth Contents of myths Period of formation Pictographic texts date back to the end of the 4th century - the beginning
Buddhism is one of the three world religions
The founder of Buddhism is Prince Gautama, the son of the king of the Shakya tribe. According to legend, the prince, who once left the palace, was shocked by four meetings
Taoism
The founder of Taoism was the chief custodian state archive at the Zhou court of Lao Tzu, author ancient treatise"Lao Tzu" The original idea of Taoism
Confucianism
The Chinese sage and preacher Kun Tzu, known in European transcription as Confucius, lived in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. After his name, the doctrine is called Confucianism.
Great Wall of China 3rd century. BC
The Great Wall of China, built to protect the country from Koch raids
Culture of Ancient Greece
Culture ancient Greece and ancient Rome is commonly called ancient culture. The culture of ancient Greece is divided into 5 periods: the Aegean or Cretan-Mycenaean period, the Homeric period, the archaic
Culture of Ancient Rome
From the end of the 1st century. BC. Roman art acquired leading importance in the ancient world. The artistic culture of Rome was distinguished by its great diversity and diversity of forms. Roman art turned out to be about
Theater of Dionysus in Athens
The central part of the Greek theater, originally built to perform
Cameo Gonzago
4.3. BASIC TERMS ON THE TOPIC Agora (agoga) - folk
Byzantine culture
The culture of Byzantium is a unique phenomenon in the history of European culture. This culture arose in a state that officially existed since the 4th century. to the middle of the fifteenth century. with its capital Constantinople
Culture of medieval Europe
The cultural life of European society of this period is determined by Christianity. It developed a new ethics of conduct, defined a new view of the world, of man’s place in it. God is the creator of all things
Renaissance culture
Culture Italian Renaissance divided into four periods: 1) XIII century. - proto-Renaissance, pre-renaissance; 2) XIV century. - early Renaissance; 3) XV century. - high Renaissance;
European culture of the Enlightenment
Chronological framework eras were defined by the German scientist W. Windelband as the century between the Glorious Revolution in England (1639) and the Great French Revolution (1789). European Enlightened
Mid-12th century - XV-XVI centuries
The Gothic style replaced the Romanesque, was predominantly cultic and developed within the framework of feudal-religious philosophy. A new style dominated Western Europe between the middle of the 12th and 10th
Titans of Renaissance culture
The Renaissance gave the world outstanding talents with comprehensive education, will, determination, energy, and extraordinary humanitarian breadth. They created the laws of linear and air
18th century - century of music
Austrian and German composers- Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and others. In many ways b
Realism
The realistic trend in the art of the 17th century is represented primarily by Dutch artist Rembrandt (1606 - 1669). The origins of this trend are in the works of Italian
Periodization of Russian culture
The development of national culture can be divided into two major phases, within which independent, sometimes very different in nature, periods and stages are distinguished. First phase
Pre-Christian culture of the Slavs
According to most historians, the ancestral home of the Slavs in their heyday Bronze Age(mid-2nd millennium BC) was Central and Eastern Europe. The history of the Eastern Slavs and the Russian ethnic group as
Culture of Ancient Rus'
Most important stage in the development of the culture of Ancient Rus' is the Novgorod period, dating back to the middle of the 8th century. The beginning of the reign in Novgorod of Rurik, the founder of the Ryuri dynasty, dates back to 862
Russian culture of the 18th century
The radical reforms of Peter 1 affected primarily culture. Signs of Peter's time: 1) approval of a new look at human life; 2) "compressedness"
The Tale of Bygone Years
Russian-Orthodox civilization (IX-XVII centuries) Historical period Characteristics of the historical period Prev
Zbruchevsky idol
Dating back to the 10th century. Zbruchevsky idol - sculptural
Development of literacy in Rus'
Slavic alphabet Cyrillic is one of two Slavic alphabet, named after the Slavic enlightener of the mid-9th century. Kirill, who in 863 created the first Slavic alphabet and with the help of his brother M
Topics of reports and speeches
1. Ethnocultural and spiritual aspects Russian civilization in the works of Russian thinkers of the 19th century. 2. The concept of unity and the religious and poetic teaching about Sophia V.S. Solovyova.
Artistic culture of Russia in the 19th century
The artistic culture of Russia in the 19th century experienced an unprecedented rise and flourishing and became classical. The main directions of Russian art were: sentimentalism; romanticism; realism.
The Wanderers
In the second half of the 19th century. In Russia, an organization of artists was formed - the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, which united the most creative forces Russian art
M.V. Nesterov Vision to the Youth Bartholomew. 1889-1890
THEM. Pryanishnikov General sacrificial cauldron on the patronal feast of 1888 &nb
Culture of the 20th century and the future of humanity
At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, quantitative changes occurred, which inevitably had to develop into fundamental qualitative ones and have a profound impact on the development process
M. Chagall. "Russia, donkeys and others." 1911
The drawing reproduced is a version of an early large-format painting located in the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. The artist’s hidden attachment to Russian life is felt in the drawing.
