Cultural monuments are works of human hands. Definition of the ancient creation of mankind

I will provide a list of monuments from the section of national history, because... a lot has been written about the monuments of Sumer and Akkad and so on, so on, so forth.

1. Rurik settlement in Novgorod

More than a thousand years ago, on a low hill, not far from the center of modern Veliky Novgorod, there stood a city - a rich administrative, trade and craft center of the entire Ilmen region - Rurik's settlement. Archaeologists have discovered many things of Scandinavian origin in its cultural layer. The settlement became the predecessor of the capital of the Novgorod principality; It was here, according to legend, that the Varangian Rurik came to reign.

2. Kostenki

One of the most famous archaeological sites of the Paleolithic era is located in Russia, in the Voronezh region. The first human settlements in Kostenki appeared 45 thousand years ago. Piles of animal bones were found in Kostenki - the ancient inhabitants of these places built houses from mammoth bones. Among the 40,000 finds are tools and works of art.

3. Gnezdovo

On both sides of the Dnieper in the Smolensk region there is the largest monument dating back to the birth of the ancient Russian state - the Gnezdovo burial mound complex. Once upon a time, 3500-4000 mounds were poured here. Both Slavs and Scandinavians in the VIII-X centuries. They buried the dead in the same way: first they placed the body in a funeral pyre, and then they built a mound. Some mounds are built on burnt burial boats; such burials turned out to be especially rich. Jewelry, broken swords and other items were found in them.

Helmets found in the Gnezdovo burial mounds

4. Phanagoria

Phanagoria is one of the few ancient Greek colonies on the territory of modern Russia. The large port city served as the second capital of the Bosporan kingdom after Panticapaeum (modern Kerch). On the territory of the modern city, administrative and residential buildings of the late 6th - first half of the 5th century were excavated. BC. The most valuable find in the history of excavations was a wooden ship. It was possible to date it thanks to a metal ram, on which a cast sign of the king of the Bosporan state Mithridates VI Eupator (star and crescent) was found. Apparently, the ship of the bireme (a rowing warship with two rows of oars on each side) was part of the royal fleet and was burned during the assault on Phanagoria in 63 BC.

5. Chersonesos

In October 2015, the Tauride Chersonese Museum-Reserve passed to Russia, and although UNESCO refused to recognize this fact, the museum-reserve is now under the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Culture. The only Greek city in the Black Sea region, Chersonesus managed to be a Roman colony, become part of the Bosporan kingdom, was independent for a short time, became part of Byzantium, survived the raids of Genghis Khan's troops, was twice destroyed and plundered by Lithuanian princes, and saw Genoese merchants. Its cultural layer preserves the memory of every period of the history of the ancient city.

6. Selitrennoye settlement (Sarai-Batu)

On the territory of the Astrakhan region there is the capital of the Golden Horde, founded by Batu Khan - the city of Sarai-Batu. It became saltpeter much later, when under Peter I, saltpeter production plants were installed here. The foundations of many buildings - public, residential and industrial - were found on the territory of the monument. The cities of Golden Orzha were built by conquered peoples, so the material culture of the village of Sarai-Batu was very eclectic.

Reconstruction of housing in the city of Saray-Batu

7. Settlement Old Ryazan

One of the richest cities of Ancient Rus', the capital of the Ryazan principality was located completely different from where modern Ryazan stands. The settlement of Old Ryazan was discovered in 1822 thanks to an accidental discovery - a treasure trove of gold jewelry. After the Great Patriotic War, excavations were taken seriously. Three temples, objects of art, houses and premises where people practiced crafts, and 16 treasures with coins and valuables were found at the site.

3 thousand years BC, a huge fortified city was built on the territory of the modern Chelyabinsk region. In special workshops, its residents smelted bronze and practiced pottery. The city was strictly planned and had storm drainage.

The circular figures formed by the remains of fortifications and dwellings in the steppe have attracted not only historians, but also adherents of occultism of all kinds: they call the archaeological monument “a place of power”, “the cradle of humanity” and “the ancestral home of the Aryans”.

Moscow monuments. They depict the history of the capital, important milestones in its development, and sometimes it’s just urban sculpture: serious and cheerful, classical and modern, large and very small, making you cry and laugh. The diversity is unimaginable!

Monuments of the city of Moscow by category:

Since the Middle Ages, in Rus' it was customary to immortalize historical events not with monuments, but with the construction of various religious buildings: cathedrals, churches, small chapels, as well as the founding of monasteries.

Thus, for example, the Novodevichy Convent (in honor of the capture of Smolensk in 1514), the monument-chapel “Grenadier Heroes of Plevna” (in memory of the Russian-Turkish military campaign of 1877-1888), the church in the name of St. George the Victorious on Poklonnaya Hill appeared (in memory of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War) and many others.

Starting from the reign of Peter the Great, triumphal gates and arches received priority in monumental art (the first triumphal gates built of wood were erected in Moscow back in 1696 to commemorate the capture of the city of Azov).

The first sculptural monuments in Moscow

The first sculptural monument in Moscow was erected in honor of the liberators of the city during the Time of Troubles and the events of 1612 - Minin and Pozharsky. This happened in 1818.

The second monument appeared many years later - in 1877. It was a bust of Mikhail Lomonosov, installed in front of the university Auditorium building on Mokhovaya Street.

The third in Moscow was the monument to the poet Alexander Pushkin, which today stands on Pushkin Square.

In addition to monuments dedicated to individuals, monuments began to be erected in Moscow in memory of historical and military events.

The last obelisk erected before the 1917 revolution was a monument to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.

Post-revolutionary and modern Moscow monuments

The first post-revolutionary monument in the city of Moscow was the memorial sign “To those who fell in the struggle for peace and brotherhood of peoples,” installed on the Senate Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Participants in the battles on the city streets in 1917 were buried under it (later the place will become a government necropolis with Lenin’s mausoleum standing in front of it).

During the years of Soviet power, many monuments to heroes of war and labor, events of war and revolution, and international figures of the communist and liberation movement appeared in the city.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, at the initial stage, a trend emerged identical to the first period of Bolshevik rule, which destroyed monuments to royalty and their associates. In the early 90s, communist cultural heritage was already destroyed.

In recent years, many monuments, monuments and sculptural compositions have appeared in Moscow. Some have become an adornment of the capital, others, such as Tseretelev’s Peter the Great, raise many questions.

A feature of recent years has been the appearance of small sculptural forms in the city, which were warmly received by Muscovites and guests of the capital.

The most famous monuments of Moscow

In the list below we will describe only part of the Moscow monuments that are most famous and located on the main streets of the city. You can find out about all the rest by going to the appropriate sections indicated at the beginning of this page.

Monument to Emperor Alexander II
The monument to Alexander the Second was unveiled in Moscow in June 2005 in close proximity to the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The sculptural composition was made by sculptor A. Rukavishnikov in collaboration with architects I. Voskresensky and S. Sharov. This Moscow monument has become a tribute to the past of the current generation of Russians...

Monument to Vladimir Vysotsky
The monument to Vladimir Vysotsky, a poet, musician and great actor, was erected on Strastnoy Boulevard in Moscow in 1995 and soon became one of the landmarks of the city of Moscow. The monument to Vysotsky was made by sculptor G. Raspopov...

Monument to pianist Elena Gnessina
A monument in Moscow in honor of the great pianist and teacher Elena Gnessina was opened on Povarskaya Street in September 2004. It was installed on the territory of the world-famous music school...

Monument to the Grenadiers - Heroes of Plevna
This is one of the oldest monuments in Moscow, which was installed on Ilyinka Street back in 1887 - in the days of honoring the victorious soldiers who liberated the Bulgarians from the Turkish yoke 10 years ago...

Moscow monument “Children - victims of adult vices”
This unusual monument was opened in September 2001 on Bolotnaya Square. It is not a separate sculpture, but a whole ensemble of 13 sculptures of vices and 2 children's figures. The work was performed by the famous sculptor Mikhail Shemyakin...

Monument to the writer Fyodor Dostoevsky
The monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was erected in the central part of the capital on Vozdvizhenka Street, not far from the main entrance to the Main Russian Library...

Monument to Marshal Zhukov
The monument to Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was opened in Moscow in 1995 on the eve of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Great Victory of 1945. It was installed on Manezhnaya Square in front of the Historical Museum...

Monument to Cyril and Methodius
The monument to the great educators and creators of Slavic writing, Cyril and Methodius, was erected in Moscow on Slavyanskaya Square. Every year, holidays of the Russian language and literature are celebrated at its foot...

Monument to actor Yevgeny Leonov
The opening of this unusual monument in Moscow took place in 2001. It stands on Mosfilmovskaya Street. The sculptural composition by Evgeny Leonov is presented in the image of an Associate Professor from the popular film “Gentlemen of Fortune” in the Soviet Union...

Monument to artist Yuri Nikulin
The monument to Yuri Nikulin in Moscow was opened in September 2000 next to his former place of work - the Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard. The actor is depicted in the image of the Goonie from the film “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, standing next to the car famous from this film...

Kilometer Zero sign
A unique monument to Moscow, the “Zero Kilometer” sign is located in front of the entrance to Red Square from the Manezhnaya side. Since its installation, it has become a place of pilgrimage for numerous tourists who make their wishes near it by throwing a coin over their shoulder...

Monument to Bulat Okudzhava
The monument to the bard Bulat Okudzhava was erected on his beloved and glorified Arbat. The grand opening of the monument, lined with maples, took place in 2002...

Monument to Peter I
This huge monument stands on the spit of the Moscow River and the Vodootvodny Canal. The monument was made by the famous Moscow sculptor Zurab Tsereteli. The installation of such a large-scale monument was accompanied by big scandals...

Monument to surgeon Nikolai Pirogov
The monument to Nikolai Pirogov is one of the oldest in Moscow. It was installed on what is now Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street back in 1897...

Fountain-monument “Princess Turandot”
This monument to Moscow, unusual in format, stands near the walls of the Yevgeny Vakhtangov Theater on Old Arbat. This capricious royal person eventually became the mascot of the local theater...

Monument to Pushkin and Goncharova on Arbat
This is not the only monument to Natalya Goncharova and Alexander Pushkin in Moscow (a rotunda fountain in honor of the famous couple is also located on Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street). It was located opposite the house-museum of the great poet. Not only couples in love, but also numerous tourists like to take pictures against its background...

Monument to Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov
The monument to the greatest commander Alexander Suvorov was erected on the square named in his honor back in 1982, next to the current Academic Theater of the Russian Army. The sculptural composition was created by sculptor O. Komov...

Monument to book printer Ivan Fedorov
The monument to the first printer Ivan Fedorov has stood on Teatralny Proezd since 1909. This place was not chosen by chance, because not far from here there was a printing house, where the first book in Russian was published in the 16th century...

Monument to composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky
A monument to composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky stands in the courtyard of the Moscow Conservatory. It was installed on the occasion of the celebration in Russia of the 100th anniversary of his birth. The author of the composition is sculptor Vera Mukhina...

Russia has always honored its heroes. And the monuments of Moscow are a clear confirmation of this.

The film “Gentlemen of Fortune” broke box office records in the country, expressions from the film were included in all idiomatic dictionaries of the Russian language, and the role of the kindergarten director/recidivist thief immortalized actor Evgeny Leonov. Sculptor Elena Chernyshova had a difficult task - to portray a good man in the image of a bandit. The result exceeded expectations - the monument on the Mosfilm Avenue of Stars is one of the favorite exhibits; People's rumors even attributed to him a folk superstition: whoever rubs the fingers and nose of a hero will be avoided by thieves.

Monument “Resting Pushkin”

“Who will imprison him, he’s a monument” - these words from the famous film are completely rejected by the sculptor Rukavishnikov. His Alexander Sergeevich simply lay down on the couch - he threw his hands behind his head, threw his legs over the back of the chair and looked dreamily into the distance. The expressive writer in life was very far from formalism and secular conventions - the role of an official statue with an outstretched hand was the least consistent with his inner “I”.

Monument "Tree of Love"

A girl who blooms like trees in spring... or maybe she turns into a marvelous firebird? - the work of sculptor Georgy Pototsky leaves room for the imagination of passers-by. Some people see angels among the branches, others see palm prints - take a closer look, maybe it’s love hidden in the leaves?

Monument to Baron Munchausen

The odious baron from the German town of Bodenwerder has committed many “heroic” deeds in his 76 years. Near the Molodezhnaya metro station you can catch him performing yet another feat - trying to pull himself and his horse out of the quagmire, Karl Friedrich Hieronymus pulls his hair. In this way, claimed “the most truthful man in the world,” he, once again, saved himself from imminent death.

Monument to Khoja Nasreddin

A wise hero from Central Asian folklore leads a donkey on a leash, which is exactly like the cartoon character about Shrek. Eclecticism does not spoil the sculptural group at all, on the contrary - people love to be photographed on the back of an animal - it is believed that after this Lady Luck will become more favorable.

Sculptural group “Make way for ducklings”

Since 1991, the sculptural group “Make Way for Ducklings” has been “walking” in the park opposite the Novodevichy Convent. The heroes of the touching American fairy tale were presented to Raisa Gorbacheva by Barbara Bush. The Cheerful Family is an exact copy of the monument, which is located in Boston. The cutest character is the last duckling; They say that if you pet him, he will bring happiness to the house.

Monument to All Lovers

The prototype of the monument was the heart painted on Juliet’s house in Verona, Italy. The people fell in love with the symbolic figure made of curved steel pipes and came up with a beautiful belief - if you make a wish and go through your heart, it will definitely come true. Take note - on Valentine's Day, an annual competition for the longest kiss is held near the monument.

Monument to the bee Kuza

“Sweet lovers” flock to the bronze bee in Kuzminki Park. Nearby is the Honey Museum and the place where the apiary of the former Moscow mayor Luzhkov was located - they claim that the monument appeared at his initiative. Both children and adults strive to rub the insect “for good luck.”

Monument to Uncle Styopa

The heroic character “Uncle Styopa” turns 80 years old in 2015. A friend of children and a savior of old women decorates the entrance to the regional traffic police department, not far from the Rizhskaya metro station. The symbol of honesty and order protected the bird - he pulled it out of the traffic light, thereby saving state property from damage, and the bird from certain death.

Monument "Student"

The bench near the entrance to the University of Communications is never empty - a bronze graduate sits on it with a book, whose real prototype graduated from the Imperial School of Engineering back in the 19th century. The monument, erected in 2005, was quickly made by savvy students into the central character of ritual manipulations on the eve of the session. What can you do to pass the exam - they polish his shoes, jump over his outstretched legs, touch his notes... the bronze guy looks at them tiredly.

Monument to the Mobius strip

The three-dimensional psychedelic model of the tape inspires not only physicists and mathematicians, but also artists - its image can be found in paintings and lithographs, mosaics and engravings. People of art have no shortage of imagination - the famous Moscow sculptor Andrei Nalich saw the features of a naked woman in the tape

Fountain "The Rape of Europa"

In 2002, the Belgian government presented the capital with a work by one of the brightest European avant-garde artists. The work of Olivier Strembel was placed in the center of the fountain - the structure adorns the capital square of Europe. The intertwining steel pipes symbolize a fragment from ancient Greek mythology, which is one of the most popular subjects in world art.

Monument to the first stool of the Russian land

What a “round pincushion” (French tabouret) is for a Frenchman, for a Russian it is a piece of furniture for sitting. In 2000, a three-meter stool decorated the entrance to the Furniture Museum. Everything ingenious is simple, the marketers’ work was not in vain - the monument attracts attention both day and night - the spectacular lighting does not allow passers-by to forget about it.

Monument "Student Signs"
Dedicated to all students

Old shoes with a nickel under the heel - and an A is guaranteed. The sculptural composition depicting the main attributes of students was installed in 2008 - for the 850th anniversary of Moscow. Over 500 architects took part in the competition to determine the best project. The area is polished to a shine - students do not pass by during the session.

Monument to the Russian intelligentsia

The winged horse, which symbolizes eloquence and freedom, is pierced with fragments of metal - this is what the Russian intelligentsia looks like, suffering from a totalitarian regime. The monument is a reminder of the years of prohibition on freedom and courage in expressing thoughts. Akhmatova, Pasternak, Brodsky, Gumilev, Mandelstam - there will always be thinking people.

Monument “Drank - don’t start!”

A huge twelve-meter bottle-shaped structure is filled with the mangled remains of cars that did not survive the accident. Fighting traffic offenders on a psychological level is an effective way to restore order on the roads. To save human lives, all means are good - this is what the creators of this social installation decided.

Monument “Hang Gliding” or “Shawarma for a Cannibal”

The sculptor was inspired to create the monument by hang gliding. The desire to ride in rising air currents is the last thing that comes to mind when looking at this composition. At the top of the metal structure, a man and a child stretched out their arms, impaled on a huge metal rod. This is how architect G. Frantsev sees the “family unit” striving for heaven.

Monument to "Kopeyka"

The monument to a mass product of the Soviet automobile industry was erected in June 2004. The first model of the car rolled off the assembly line in April 1970, the car was produced for 14 years - during this period 2,703 thousand “kopecks” were collected in the Land of the Soviets. To preserve the rarity, it was painted with bronze paint, installed on a pedestal lined with marble, and a message to future generations was laid at the base. Will they be able to appreciate the prestige of the artifact?

Monument to Malchish-Kibalchish

So what if there are no boots, a torn shirt and frayed pants, the main thing is the fire in the eyes and the desire to defend your homeland from the damned bourgeois. Arkady Gaidar understood his hero perfectly - in the hands of Malchish there is a saber and a forge, in his soul there is faith in a bright future. The monument to the ideal of the Soviet era was erected on Sparrow Hills, not far from the former Palace of Pioneers.

Mechanical Lenin

Faith in the immortal Leninist behests, devotion to the ideas of Vladimir Ilyich and respect for the leader work wonders. In 1925, architects in the studio of architect Merkulov erected the monument on a pedestal built on a railway wheelset. “Mechanical Lenin” is included in reference books and anthologies of architectural buildings of the avant-garde style. The monument is in excellent condition and delights the modern sophisticated viewer.

Monument "Moscow-Petushki"

The square on Struggle Square is decorated with two figures - Venichka Erofeev and his girlfriend “with a braid up to her butt.” Sculptors S. Mantserev and V. Kuznetsov worked on the images of the writer and his girlfriend for over two years. The opening of the monuments was timed to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the death of the postmodernist writer.

Alley of Alisa Selezneva

A metal plaque with a portrait of the heroine of “The Secrets of the Third Planet” is fixed on a rough block of granite near the River Station. In the early 2000s, enthusiasts laid out a rowan alley in the park and installed a memorial sign. A girl from a fantastic future has a talking bird sitting on her shoulder - many would like to have such a magical friend.

Monument to Luzhkov the janitor

The former mayor of the capital in the role of a janitor - this is how Zurab Tsereteli saw Yuri Luzhkov. Made in the 2000s, the monument is located in the art gallery of the famous sculptor. For reference, this is the second monument to Luzhkov - on the first one the hero was depicted as an athlete.

Seasonal or Monument to Guest Workers

In the shade of the trees of Lermontovsky Square, in 1929, a monument to I. Shadr, the sculptor who created the composition “Cobblestone - the weapon of the proletariat,” was erected. A man who looked like a Greek philosopher sat down on a large stone - an intelligent face, a concentrated look - this is how the master of socialist realism saw a seasonal worker in the 20s of the last century.

Worker-inventor or Monument to a man with a mobile phone

The sculpture of a working man of the era of early socialism differs little from similar monuments installed in parks and squares of Soviet cities. For 90 years now, the guy has been looking at the part clutched in his hand. Contemporaries believe that his pose is characteristic of a person holding a mobile phone.

Monument to a plumber

An unusual compositional solution and original theme make the structure stand out from the general mass of monuments. The worker was caught in the process of work - he squeezes through a sewer hatch with difficulty. The realism and recognition of the figure, which is half sticking out of the ground, amazes those around. The author of the unusual composition is Moscow architect Alexey Roslyakov.

Monument to the Beskudnikovskaya railway line

In the place where rails were laid and trains ran back in the 80s, modern high-rise buildings now stand, and children run around in the courtyards. A reminder of the railway transportation industry - a contact support with a lantern, a children's train and a set of wheels on rails. It looks like an ordinary children's playground, but in fact it is a monument to transport infrastructure.

The blog “Get to know your native land” is a virtual journey for children around the Pskov region and is the embodiment in the Internet space of the main materials of the project of the Centralized Library System of Pskov “Know your native land!”

This project was developed and implemented in the libraries of the Centralized Library System of Pskov in 2012-2013. - Library - Center for Communication and Information, Children's Ecological Library "Rainbow", Library "Rodnik" named after. S.A. Zolottsev and in the innovation and methodological department of the Central City Library.

The project united library workers, participants in the educational process and parents with a common goal.

“Cultivating love for the native land, for the native culture, for the native village or city, for the native speech is a task of paramount importance and there is no need to prove it. But how to cultivate this love? It starts small - with love for your family, for your home, for your school. Gradually expanding, this love for one’s native land turns into love for one’s country - its history, its past and present” (D. S. Likhachev).

City schools:
· Secondary school No. 24 named after. L.I. Malyakova (primary school teacher Valentina Ivanovna Grigorieva)
· Secondary school No. 12 named after. Hero of Russia A. Shiryaeva (primary school teacher Tatyana Pavlovna Ovchinnikova)
· Border - customs - legal lyceum (primary school teacher Ivanova Zinaida Mikhailovna)

Pskov Regional Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers:
Pasman Tatyana Borisovna – methodologist in history, social studies and law POIPKRO

Pskov State University
Bredikhina Valentina Nikolaevna, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Methodology of Humanitarian Education of Pskov State University.

Blog Editor:
Burova N.G. - manager Department of Information and Communication Technologies of the Central City Hospital of Pskov

Currently, despite the fact that the project that originally formed the basis for the creation of this resource has been completed, our local history blog continues to successfully exist and develop. Being at its core an information and educational resource and a good help for those who want to get to know Pskov and the amazing Pskov region (especially for children), - be it the opening of a monument in Pskov or on the territory of the Pskov region, impressions of trips to one of the corners of the Pskov region, the creation of a new local history toy library or photo gallery and, of course, we always inform our readers about the publication of new books about Pskov, designed for young local historians.

The materials on this blog can be used in school classes and at library events, or they can be read just like that - for self-education!

We are waiting on the pages of our blog for all the guys who are not indifferent to the history of Pskov and the Pskov region, and, in turn, we promise to delight our visitors with new materials. By the way, blog updates can be tracked in the section

This ancient Inca city, built in the 15th century, sits atop a mountain range above the sacred Valley of the Incas. Archaeologists believe that it was intended as the residence of the Inca emperor Pachacutec.

2. Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

It is the largest mosque in the United Arab Emirates and the eighth largest in the world. It was built between 1996 and 2007.

3. Taj Mahal, Agra, India

The majestic marble mausoleum was built by order of the padishah of the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1632.

4. Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

The Mosque-Cathedral in Cordoba is an ancient Roman temple that became a church, then a mosque, and in the present it is a Cathedral and a grandiose monument of medieval Moorish architecture.

5. St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican

St. Peter's Basilica is the largest church in the world and a recognized work of Renaissance architecture.

6. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia

This Buddhist temple is the largest religious monument in the world. The Khmer king Suryavarman II built it in the early twelfth century.

7. Bayon Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia

This Khmer temple is called the Temple of a Thousand Faces, built in the late twelfth century and is famous throughout the world for its massive stone faces on many of the towers.

8. Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, St. Petersburg, Russia

The temple was built between 1883 and 1907 in the place where Tsar Alexander II was mortally wounded. The cathedral is dedicated to his memory.

9. Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania

The city of Gettysburg is closely associated with the history of the American Civil War. The park's green fields were covered in blood during the decisive battle that led to Allied victory and claimed the lives of more than 50,000 American soldiers.