The problem of the influence of progress. Arguments for the exam essay

What consequences can the scientific and technological revolution lead to? This is precisely the question that arises when reading the text of D. A. Granin.

Revealing the problem of the influence of the scientific and technological revolution on spiritual world person, the author relies on his own reasoning and gives many examples from life. The danger of the scientific and technological revolution, according to the writer, is that a person can become complacent and limited, reducing all the diversity of the world only to a subject for scientific research.

Despite the fact that more and more people come to museums every year, art becomes only a sphere of consumption: sightseers hastily walk around the halls, not having time to understand, feel and experience art. Books are read only to obtain information. A utilitarian, primitive approach to art as an object of consumption leads to a loss of aesthetic taste. And for Darwin, for example, this is tantamount to a loss of happiness; it has a detrimental effect on moral qualities, weakening the emotional side of human nature.

The development of science and the improvement of technology can lead to the spiritual degradation of a person and slow down his development.

To confirm this idea, let's turn to the dystopian genre. Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 predicted many of the technological advances of the future. Before us is a consumer society, completely unspiritual, living only by material interests. Books that make you think are prohibited here. But the walls of the houses inside are equipped with huge television screens with endless series, where the characters become almost family members, and interactive communication is possible. The main character is fireman Guy Montag, who, as part of his duty, burns books if they are found in houses.

Let's remember another dystopia. This is E.I. Zamyatin’s novel “We,” which also depicts the future. One State separated from nature by a transparent wall, people in identical uniforms are numbers, subject to a single routine. Love here is only “pleasant - useful feature» with pink coupons. This society is soulless. And when the main character, the builder of Integral D-503, “forms a soul” because of his love for I – 330, he is subjected to surgery to cut out his fantasy. Literature as the highest form of art does not exist here; it is replaced by useful works written at the request of the state.

We have come to the conclusion that scientific and technological progress really does pose the danger of creating a soulless society.

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Updated: 2018-01-29

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Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Man and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between new and old as a source of development Affirmative theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not outstrip human moral capabilities. 3. The purpose of science is to make people happy. Quotes 1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments Scientific progress and human moral qualities 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a baby dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind you of a modern man? Without having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of powerful technology that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend. 3) B ancient mythology There is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov’s story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into dire consequences: a two-legged creature with “ with a dog's heart “- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will land!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Yu. Bondarev. These words sound a warning addressed to all humanity. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something, “get on a plane,” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person? 7) There are still ongoing debates about how morally legitimate experiments related to human cloning are. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will this be? Human? Cyborg? Means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans or strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. For example, in England, during a period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who in despair broke cars. People could be understood: many of them lost their jobs after machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward. 9) One science fiction story tells how the hero, finding himself in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was preserved in alcohol. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature similar to yourself and then kill it?” And they heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? It was he who created me!” 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after much research, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist for a long time did not dare to publish data about his discovery, because he understood that such news would change people’s ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today we have not yet learned to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most pressing problems have not been solved. However, technically, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. Over the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could cause harm to humanity were destroyed deliberately. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method of transmitting shock waves from an explosion by radio over a long distance, was found dead in his laboratory. After this, by order of Nikolai P, all documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of humanity, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would have been truly disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently newspapers reported that a church under construction in Batumi was demolished. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the rubble. Many residents perceived these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion occurred, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for short-term gain leads a person to meaningless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then heaven turns into a prison. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, when creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the prescribed hours, children were supposed to be sent to schools, and they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And the man deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev’s reforms were curtailed. 2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice; they were given tractors and seeders. A year has passed - we came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. Imagine the disappointment when they saw that the tribe lived and still lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they organized a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs; no one can be made rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to the soothsayer, who came to them from distant countries. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers began. 4) The historian E. Tarle in one of his books talks about Nicholas I’s visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need smart people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards wise men and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the character of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the distant settlement of Baikonur “for seditious speeches about flying to the moon.” Of course, no one could have known that a century later a cosmodrome would be built on this very spot in the Kazakh steppe and spaceships will fly to where the prophetic eyes of the enthusiastic dreamer looked. Man and cognition 1) Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clayey soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new ways to irrigate land. Thanks to his discovery, crop yields increased sharply and people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.” 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to come up with a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations that led to a brilliant discovery. 6) The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages”. The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly wrote letters. 7) For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more insightful eyes and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, poor harvest, the loss of something - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once having a conversation with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulon worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, giving lectures on physics to students, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an annoying scientific misunderstanding” - 12) At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person. 13) In the mid-17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee stalk in a pot with soil. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. At the trial, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully nurtures in his soul the sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with the moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from everyday storms and storms of despair. .. And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and entire plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, and technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

Arguments for the essay

Problems 1. The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirmative theses 1. True art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. To bring people the light of high truths, “pure teachings of goodness and truth” - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind was consistently deposited in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is a feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is designed to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condensely convey the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet’s career, there is a poet’s destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak to the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist’s job is to create joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on nervous system, on human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such an incident. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone and did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people were smiling and they weren’t as bad as I thought all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining... I recovered, for which I thank you very much.” 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael’s painting “The Sistine Madonna,” said that the hour he spent in front of it belonged to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this painting was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. One day he missed the train and stayed overnight on the station square with street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, began to listen with bated breath to the story about the lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their fate. 6) When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city’s residents. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow for a long time operated by a gang that was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical figure exactly as he is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants trembled before this truly regal power of the artist. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medici expressed displeasure about his lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: “Don’t worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you.” 10) As children, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers”. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of treachery and cruelty. But the image of the novel's villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten during the religious wars, the words "French", "homeland". He banned duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different appearance, and Dumas's invention affects the reader much stronger and brighter than the historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told the following incident. Two intellectuals were arguing about what kind of snow there is. One says that there is blue snow, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the impressionists, decadents that snow is snow, white as...snow. Repin lived in the same house. We went to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: did not like being taken away from work. He angrily shouted: “Well, what do you want?” ? - What kind of snow is there? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in truly magical power art. Thus, some cultural figures suggested that during the First World War the French should defend Verdun, their strongest fortress, not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Place “La Gioconda” or “Madonna and Child with Saint Anne”, the great Leonardo da Vinci in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!,” they argued.

Arguments for the essay

Problems 1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of the individual in history 3. The moral choice of a person 4. The conflict between man and society 5. Man and nature Affirmative theses 1. A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better. 2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil. 3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences. 4. Remember your High human responsibility! Quotes 1. There is one undoubted sign that divides people's actions into good and evil: love and unity of people increases the action - it is good; he produces enmity and disunity - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer). 2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a container of both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher). 3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill won't touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker) 4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, ancient Chinese thinker). 5. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker). 6. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer). 7. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). Arguments Everyone holds the fate of the world in their hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not listen to an unknown voice and scared away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly away royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly will crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will get scared and die, and power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people. 2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Virgin Plague. One day a peasant went to mow the grass. Suddenly the terrible Plague Maiden jumped onto his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he would carry her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all the people died: small children, gray-haired old men, beautiful girls, and handsome guys. This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death? 4) A. Kuprin wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor”, based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in a very happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people. 5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, fighters repelling an attack by militants rushed to a box of grenades. But when they opened it, they discovered that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. Soldiers, suffering heavy losses, you were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. Error nameless person turned into a terrible disaster. 6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by passing through a gate that someone forgot to close. 7) A terrible disaster in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator operator caught a gas pipeline with a bucket. In this place, many years later, a rupture formed, gas escaped, and then real trouble came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire. 8) The American spacecraft crashed due to the fact that the assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel compartment. 9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were off their feet searching for the killer. All the archives were brought up, but the one on whom suspicion fell was constantly in the hospital at that time. And then it turned out that he had been discharged a long time ago, the nurse simply forgot to fill out the documents, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody work. 10) Moral irresponsibility results in monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason and had convulsions. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had cast a spell on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were strictly interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked to be the center of attention from adults. What about the innocently convicted? But the girls didn’t think about this. 11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. An incredible situation is emerging: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: “Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated.” To prevent this and many other mistakes from being repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character. 12) Sown evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was overrun by rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat catcher played the pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay what they had promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he played the pipe again, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river. The role of personality in history 1) “Notes of a Hunter” by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country. 2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation. 3) American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” which told about the fate of a meek black man beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel shook up the entire society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war. 4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. This means that these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after this, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future would help stop possible aggression against our country. 5) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his insolence would lead to: he depicted delicate lilies on the state emblem. Thus, the English king showed that from now on neighboring France was also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years' War, which brought countless disasters to people. 6) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his rightness, on his commitment to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to everyone. By taking control of the factory, he created favorable living conditions for the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean the area, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, and a nursery, and reduced the working day from 2 to 10 hours. Over the course of several years, the residents of the town were literally reborn: they mastered literacy, drunkenness disappeared, and hostility ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen had many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great transformer. Human and nature 1) Why did it happen that in Ancient Rome there were too many disadvantaged, poverty-stricken “proletarians”? After all, wealth flocked to Rome from all over the ecumene, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went crazy with excesses. Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, rivers became shallow, groundwater levels dropped, land erosion developed, and crop yields decreased. And this is with more or less constant population growth. The environmental crisis, as we now say, has become more severe. 2) Beavers build amazing homes for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the destruction of that biomass, without which they would be finished. Man, before our eyes, continues the fatal work that he began thousands of years ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kuma are obvious evidence of human criminal activity that continues to this day. Isn’t the pollution of the World Ocean evidence of this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary nutritional resources. 3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that they were the ones who protected people from evil spirits and bestowed good luck in the hunt. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; killing this sacred animal was punishable by death. And in India even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a vegetable shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper will never drive away this sacred guest. To many, such reverence for animals will seem like an absurd superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood kinship with nature. A feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, it has been lost by many today. 4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that was etched in his memory for a long time. One day, while walking with his wife through the forest, he saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage was darting anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put the chick there. After this, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled above their heads. Reading this touching story, you wonder if we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times. 5) In Russians folk tales The selflessness of man is often glorified. Emelya had no intention of catching the pike - it ended up in his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick, he will put it in the nest; a bird will fall into a snare - he will free it; a wave will throw a fish ashore - he will release it back into the water. Do not seek profit, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is what folk wisdom teaches. 6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of thoughtless human activity, who often ignores the laws of nature and believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumerist attitude a person will face a cruel retribution. 7) Human intervention in difficult life nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals were unable to adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer took hold, flooded the forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the other inhabitants. 8) Global warming, which has been increasingly talked about lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of human life, who, in the pursuit of profit, upsets the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are increasingly talking about reasonable self-restraint of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should become the main goal of human activity. 9) Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his “Star Diaries” described the story of space vagabonds who ruined their planet, dug up all the subsoil with mines, and sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. Retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a threatening warning to all of humanity, which is rapaciously robbing nature. 10) One after another, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear on earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas have been spoiled. In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts off its udder instead of feeding, grooming and receiving a bucket of the same milk every day. 11) Recently, some Western experts proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there it would be preserved forever. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, contaminate the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples. 12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, where foreign companies mine phosphates. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. When the tractors have scraped away the last kilogram of soil saturated with fertilizer. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the vast ocean of space? Maybe people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new refuge? 13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant with fish. But not only people catch fish - cormorants also hunt for fish. This is why cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. Destroyed... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the population of “harmful” birds of prey in Scandinavia and “harmful” cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because in these areas mass epizootics began (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which destroyed great amount both birds and fish. After this, with considerable delay, it was found that “pests” feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent widespread infectious diseases... This example once again demonstrates how complexly everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach solving natural problems . 14) Seeing a worm washed by the rain onto the sidewalk, Dr. Schweitzer put it back in the grass, and took the insect floundering in the puddle out of the water. “When I help an insect out of trouble, I am trying to atone for some of humanity’s guilt for the crimes it has committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer advocated for the protection of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

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The role of literature in human life. How literature and spirituality are connected. Courage. Self-sacrifice. Target.

Literature makes a person spiritually developed. In the dystopian story M. Gelprin draws to the reader scary picture a reality in which literature could not get along with progress and completely faded away. Literature was what shaped minds, it determined inner world man, his spirituality. “Children are growing up soulless, that’s what’s scary,” exclaimed one of the few remaining literature teachers, Andrei Petrovich. Most people were not aware of the problem. The exception was the robot tutor, who realized that children were growing up soulless, and secretly from his masters, he came to one of the few literature teachers to learn the basics. His goal was to educate children. A robot named Maxim, who came into contact with the world of literature, “at first deaf to the word, not perceiving, not feeling the harmony embedded in the language, every day he comprehended it and knew it better, deeper than the previous one.” As a result, his owners disposed of him, but his sacrifice was not in vain; he taught Anya and Pavlik, the owners’ children, to love literature. This means that all is not lost yet.
The courage of the robot Maxim is amazing; he heroically sacrificed his life to change the world. The fight against lack of spirituality is a goal that deserves respect. Fortunately, his great goal was achieved.

The influence of scientific and technological progress on literature. Technical progress. Can technology replace everything? Is there a place for culture and art in the world of science and technology? Negative consequences NTR.
The world does not stand still. Everything changes, scientific and technological progress establishes new laws. The story "" by M. Gelprin shows a world in which progress has supplanted literature. Everything happened gradually: at the end of the twentieth century, people acutely felt the lack of time, new pleasures appeared, such as virtual games, tests, quests. Technical disciplines began to supplant humanities, “they stopped printing books, paper was replaced by electronics. But also in electronic version The demand for literature fell rapidly, several times in each new generation compared to the previous one. The result was the lack of spirituality of the younger generation, because nothing replaced literature. The only tool for personality formation was forgotten by everyone. Scientific and technological progress can influence the humanities, but everything depends on people, namely on their willingness to act in such a way as to prevent the disappearance of literature.

Loyalty to the profession/ The role of a teacher in a person’s life/ Altruism/ The meaning of life/ What is the meaning of life? / Caring attitude towards the profession.

The role of a teacher in a person’s life is difficult to overestimate. A teacher is one who is able to open amazing world, to reveal a person’s potential, to help determine the choice of life path. A teacher is not only someone who imparts knowledge, it is, first of all, a moral guide. Thus, the main character of M. Gelprin’s story “Andrei Petrovich” is a teacher with capital letters. This is a man who remained faithful to his profession even in the most difficult times. In a world where spirituality has faded into the background, Andrei Petrovich continued to defend eternal values. He did not agree to betray his ideals despite the bad financial situation. The reason for this behavior lies in the fact that for him the meaning of life is to transmit and share knowledge. Andrei Petrovich was ready to teach anyone who knocked on his door. A caring attitude towards the profession is the key to happiness. Only such people can make the world a better place.

Real literature/ classic literature/ What is literature? / What is language?

The main character of the story "" by M. Gelprina, teaching the robot Maxim, talks about what literature is. “Literature is not only what is written about... It is also how it is written. Language... the very tool that great writers and poets used.” In other words, in literary works it is not only the intricate plot that is important, but also the richness of the language, which becomes a tool that awakens life in the reader. Language is harmony. The purpose of literature is to educate minds, and the beauty of literary language helps to achieve this main goal

ABOUT scientific and technological progress

The question of the influence of scientific and technological progress on the destinies of mankind is very important. The development of technical thought throughout the world is very at a fast pace; one might say, through the combined efforts of scientists from different countries.

The main problem of the text can be indicated as follows. Currently, new branches have emerged in already established sciences, and completely new sciences have emerged, based on control using automation, cybernetics, and systems of programmed artificial intelligence. A doubt arises: won’t these extremely complex mechanisms harm humanity?

Commenting this problem, it should be said that scientists essentially test the fate of the discoveries they make on themselves, on their health, on their own nerves and the nerves of their loved ones. And this path is inevitable.

The author's position is as follows. A return to the previous, albeit proven, fundamental principles in science is no longer possible. And scientific and technological progress, despite the most complex paths of its development, is always open in time and space. In other words, new scientific discoveries will always follow those that have already been made. The most seemingly perfect machines and mechanisms will become obsolete the next day. Moreover, they wear out not only in physical sense, but also morally they represent yesterday in the opinion of innovative-minded people.

However, the new cannot be accepted by everyone unconditionally: it must pass the test of time and prove its right to exist. At the same time, the mind must control new developments. People must understand the usefulness and necessity of each discovery. Reason is an image that expresses the activities of governments, ministries, and organizations related to future discoveries. Reasonable is necessary.

I confirm the correctness of the author’s position with the following first example. A number of talented works tell about people who are ready to go to great lengths in the name of science. The young scientist Sergei Krylov in Daniil Granin’s novel “I’m Going into a Thunderstorm” is looking for ways to identify the nature of atmospheric electricity. The work is dangerous, but the result is given only to strong and purposeful people. A young doctor-virologist in Veniamin Kaverin’s novel “Open Book” Tatyana Vlasenkova, studying the destructive effect of the plague on living organisms, travels to “hot spots”, to places of outbreak of this disease, to fight it, suppressing it at the very beginning.

The second example confirming the correctness of the author’s position can be cited from real life. In the middle of the last century in agriculture, quite conservative in nature, crop rotation technologies, the square-nest method, and crossing different individuals within the same species were used. These techniques have been replaced by others: the introduction of foreign genes into an established organism, increasing yields through fertilizers, and even the use of stem cells.

This is understandable: the world's population is increasing, but the comfort of its life should not decrease. Science serves this purpose.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them .
Problem careful attitude To cultural heritage always remained the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change political system accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the whole Earth. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he has become plump, flabby... - just behold, he will grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “Mr. from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, exposer human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take all “human movements” with him, not to lose them in life's path.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official reasons,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened by this road, running to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought him a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It talks about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves,” accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in the Case”. Let us remember how plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there is plenty of that. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was discussed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Country life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in his poems and poems drew the reader’s attention not only to poverty peasant huts, but also on how friendly peasant families how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the residents.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in lyrical digression The poem “Dead Souls” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time they dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use foreign words V native language justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word – condensation.”
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And longer than a century lasts a day" ("Stormy Station"), "The Block", "Cassandra's Brand".
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films And literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. IN early XIX century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace.” Guerrilla warfare, battle of Borodino- all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) commit heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. The whole city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigning himself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L.N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in the city, full of blood and pain, he set himself a specific goal- tell your reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy around the bed, on which, with their eyes open and talking as if in delirium, senseless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to capture native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear inside themselves and did such heroic deeds, which seemed completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. Y. Bondarev’s novel “Hot Snow” reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
Problem moral strength simple soldier
The bearer of folk morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev’s orderly from V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful life peasant life there was no honey. In between fights, he doesn’t sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode from V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”): a killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in short hours relaxation they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves motherland, but cannot explain for what and why.
You can't help but start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, like “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the territory Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our destiny” reflects on the relationship between man and environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is raised by modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in the work "The Scaffold". He showed how a man destroys with his own hands colorful world nature.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her mother's love on human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and good people.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone knows it well healing power nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. Favorite leisurely river, Birch Grove, restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. Sharp deterioration The quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat every living thing on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of brutal government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded Nobel Prize for the novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting a worthy title Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend either your conscience, your thoughts, or your neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”) became decisive in the choice creative path true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most his life, but wrote only about Russia.
An emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top lay a double-breasted suit, under it - poplin shirt, then in turn - winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to Academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” Not single intelligent person only from your conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrowski (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it Civil War or Stalin's repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov’s story “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not work out in the best possible way. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces “ golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”