Solzhenitsyn's tragic fate in a totalitarian state. The theme of the tragic fate of man in a totalitarian state in the works of A
“Why is the period of existence of a totalitarian state in the 20th century the most tragic?” - any high school student can answer this question, but the best answer can be found in such works of Solzhenitsyn as “The Gulag Archipelago”, “In the First Circle”, “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. They all talk about how the life of a Soviet person could change due to false rumors, a wrong step or a desire for justice. This idea, which unites all of Solzhenitsyn’s work, is visible in the title of his main novel.
Gulag is an abbreviation for all places of detention. In other words, these are concentration camps, only not German, but Soviet, but in the USSR compatriots were sometimes treated worse than the Nazis... It is known that the writer who helped Solzhenitsyn work on the novel “The Gulag Archipelago” hanged herself after a brutal interrogation of the people who tracked her down. This is what happened to ordinary workers, educators!
The location of dozens of camps, if you look at the map, is very reminiscent of an archipelago, which is why Solzhenitsyn chose
this is the title for his main novel. To get into the Gulag, it is enough to be a dispossessed peasant, a member of a foreign party, or a person who has been in captivity. Sometimes completely innocent people ended up there, but the main goal of the head of the camps was to morally destroy a person, and not to prove guilt. The worst thing is that even a child could become a permanent resident of the “archipelago” - he was given 10 years in prison. If initially the authorities shot “traitors” without trial or investigation, then Stalin soon decided to take advantage of the free labor force and sent to the Gulag for 25 years.
In the novel, Solzhenitsyn talks about how the very first place to establish a camp was a monastery. But getting there meant that the person was relatively lucky, because the most terrible place of detention was SLON - a special purpose camp in the north.
20 years after the establishment of the totalitarian regime, the “archipelago” acquired extraordinary dimensions. The people who ended up there were not people - but “aboriginals”, but because of inhuman conditions not a day passed without death. Gulags continued to grow throughout the country, there were more and more prisoners, but even those who survived all 25 years of torment were not released.
Such a tragic fate was experienced by hundreds of thousands of people who served their state with truth and faith, but were slandered. But the Soviet people survived everything, and even despite the fact that after the death of Stalin the Gulags continued to exist, the time came when violence disappeared and people began to live calmly, not afraid to speak out. superfluous word or take a step to the left. We are the happy inhabitants of this time, and we must be infinitely indebted to those who withstood all the hardships in totalitarian state.
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Municipal educational institution
"Average comprehensive school Ekaterinogradskaya station"
______________________________________________________
Tragic fate person
in a totalitarian state.
Open lesson summary
literature
in 11A class
Teacher of Russian languageand literature
Kuzmenko ElenaVictorovna
Art. Ekaterinogradskaya 2007
I took this topic for a general lesson, so that within the framework of one lesson I could show the children the vitality of this topic, its relevance in the difficult time of the totalitarian regime for our country, the unity of writers and poets of that time around the existing problem.
in general, a sense of patriotism;
design: statements by A. Blok, A. Solzhenitsyn, portraits of A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, A. Akhmatova.
slides from presentations.
Lesson plan.
1. Organizational moment. I check the students’ readiness for the lesson, I ask
how they coped with the tasks, what difficulties there were.
2. Teacher's opening remarks:
QUESTION: What do you know from your history course about the totalitarian regime, and what did you learn in literature lessons?
(students talk about the totalitarian regime, its manifestations and consequences. This is material from a history course. Integration takes place here).
Were writers interested in the topic of totalitarianism? Which ones? how did they reflect it in their work?
(the guys compose an answer - a coherent text - to all the questions I asked and answer that many poets and writers of the 30-50s could not stay away from the fate of their homeland, its bitter pages)
3. Work on the topic of the lesson.
A) The student’s story about difficult fate A. Akhmatova.
(supported by slides)
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova ( real name Gorenko, from the word grief) is also from among the intelligentsia. The father, a retired naval mechanical engineer, having learned that his daughter wanted to publish a selection of poems in the capital's magazine, demanded that she take a pseudonym and not disgrace the glorious family name. The pseudonym became the name of the grandmother, in whom the violent blood of Tatar princesses flowed. Anna Akhmatova's youth was spent in the splendor of balls, literary salons and travels around Europe.
Fame and love came to her very early.
“I knew Anna Andreevna Akhmatova since 1912. At some literary evening The young poet Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov brought me to her. Thin and slender, she looked like a timid 15-year-old girl. 2-3 years passed, and her posture showed signs of main feature her personality is majesty..." (from the memoirs of K. Chukovsky)
From Akhmatova's letters.
I am marrying a friend of my youth, Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov. He has loved me for three years now, and I believe that it is my destiny to be his wife. Do I love him, I don't know, but it seems
me that I love...” But the poetess’s happiness was short-lived. The fate of her homeland, which was in trouble, worried her. But even more so was the fate of her son. And the poem “Requiem” appeared
B)
After expressive reading from memory and a small interpretation of Akhmatova’s poem, I continue:
- “Requiem” conveys personal and national pain, people’s worries about the fate of their loved ones. However, for prisoners, prison is only the beginning of a terrifying path; then sentences, executions, exile, and camps await them. Not
It was also easier for people who did not end up in the camps on Kolyma or Solovki. About them, whose life “in freedom” was no less terrible than life in hard labor,
A. Solzhenitsyn wrote at one time.
(Speech with a story about Solzhenitsyn. The material was taken by students from the Internet, as well as from additional source, encyclopedias).
C) Analysis of the story “Matryonin’s Dvor”.
Main question:
How does Solzhenitsyn show the totalitarian regime in the story “Matryonin’s Dvor”?
What is the fate of a person in a totalitarian state?
(Solzhenitsyn using the example of fate main character Matryona shows the indifferent attitude of the state towards its people. The guys try to find the culprits among the heroes of the story, although at the end of the dispute they come to a consensus that the state is to blame for Matryona’s fate, having squeezed everything it could out of a person and leaving him to his fate.)
I refer to the material on the board:
The story of writing the story (based on events that happened to him)
How is the image of Matryona drawn? (characteristics of the portrait - what is the portrait like
with your conscience)
his fate Matryona?)
(actions)
discuss and condemn?)
Conclusion: How did the totalitarian state ruin Matryona’s life?
(students summarize what has been said and write down conclusions in a notebook.)
About the nightmare life in Stalin's camps we learn from the so-called
camp prose and primarily thanks to the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. But Varlam Shalamov made a significant contribution to the literature on this topic.
A) Reading of A. Zhigulin’s poem “Wine”.
I ask: Whose fate is the poem talking about?
Children: A poem about the fate of people who innocently ended up in concentration camps. Varlam Shalamov is one of these people.
B) A story about the fate of the writer himself. (The message was prepared independently based on materials from newspapers and magazine articles).
Conclusion: Shalamov portrays the life of a prisoner much more horribly than Solzhenitsyn, proving that a person, once in a camp, hungry and unhappy, simply loses his human feelings.
B) Reading by heart and analyzing episodes
"Kolyma Tales":
the state of the heroes?
I ask:
(wish
D) Reading by heart and analysis of passages from the poem.
(excerpts selected by the children at their discretion)
4. CONCLUSION: To summarize all of the above, I end the conversation with a question:
Does today's reader need to know about the events of the 30-50s?
Which of the statements (A. Blok or A. Tvardovsky) is more suitable for the topic of our lesson? Justify your answer.
(The guys unanimously say that we should under no circumstances forget history, especially something like this. These are, indeed, as Shalamov once said, crimes. We must remember the bitter lessons of history in order to prevent a repetition of the tragedy associated with the cult of personality ).
5.Home task:
6. Lesson summary:The guys who read excerpts from works by heart and analyzed them, and also took Active participation in the lesson, they get a “5”. Those who answered correctly, but did not select enough arguments for their answer, received “4”. I don’t give C’s and D’s, since the work of these students can be assessed by homework for the next lesson.
Subject : The tragic fate of man
in a totalitarian state.
Goal: To help students trace the influence of political
regime on the fate of an individual person;
develop attention, ability to independently get acquainted
With additional literature, draw conclusions;
develop oral monologue speech, the ability to compose
coherent text on a given topic;
to cultivate a caring attitude towards the life of the country in
in general, a sense of patriotism;
design: statements by A. Blok, A. Solzhenitsyn, portraits of Solzhenitsyn, Shalamov, Akhmatova.
Lesson plan.
- Organizational moment.
- Teacher's opening remarks:
The 1930s-50s were extremely difficult and contradictory for our country. This is a time of steady growth in the military power of the USSR, a time of rapid industrialization, a time sports holidays and air parades. Restoration of the state after terrible events Great Patriotic War. And at the same time, it was the 30-50s that were the bloodiest and most terrible of all the years in history.
Appearance works of art about the tragic fate of a person in a totalitarian state debunked the myth about a supposedly happy communist future. It is impossible for a person to be happy in a society that is built on violence, repression, reprisals against dissidents, among people who do not care about you. The policy of a totalitarian state killed everything human in a person, forced him to live in the interests of the state and at the same time not care about the fate of an individual person living nearby.
QUESTION: What do you know from your history course about the totalitarian regime, and what did you learn in literature lessons?
- A student's story about the difficult fate of A. Akhmatova.
- Students reading excerpts from the poem “Requiem” which expresses the boundless grief of the people.
- teacher:
- “Requiem” conveys personal and national pain, people’s worries about the fate of their loved ones. However, for prisoners, prison is only the beginning of a terrifying path; then sentences, executions, exile, and camps await them. It was no easier for the people who did not end up in the camps on Kolyma or Solovki. A. Solzhenitsyn wrote about them, whose life “in freedom” was no less terrible than life in hard labor.
- Speech with a story about Solzhenitsyn.
- 7. Analysis of the story “Matryonin’s Dvor”.
Main question: How Solzhenitsyn shows the totalitarian regime in the story
"Matryonin's Dvor"?
What is the destiny of man?
A) The story of writing the story (based on events that happened to him)
B) How is the image of Matryona drawn? (characteristics of the portrait - what is the portrait like
an ordinary person living in harmony
with your conscience)
(self-characteristic – what tells about
his fate Matryona?)
(actions)
(people’s attitude towards Matryona - why
discuss and condemn?)
CONCLUSION: How did the totalitarian state ruin Matryona’s life?
- Teacher: - We learn about the nightmarish life in Stalin’s camps from the so-called camp prose and, first of all, thanks to the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. But Varlam Shalamov made a significant contribution to the literature on this topic.
- Reading of A. Zhigulin’s poem “Wine”.
- A story about the fate of the writer himself.
Shalamov portrays the life of a prisoner much more horribly than Solzhenitsyn, proving that a person, once in a camp, hungry and unhappy, simply loses his human feelings.
- Recitation and analysis of episodes from different stories from the collection
"Kolyma Tales":
Each paragraph contains the fate of a person, the past compressed in an instant,
present and future. What words and phrases speak of the humiliated
the state of the heroes?
What makes the heroes of stories fight for life? (wish
convey to posterity the horrors of camp life)
What did Shalamov want to tell humanity and why?
12.Teacher:
The brutality of the Kolyma camps, the tragedy that has become everyday life - this is the main subject of the image in “ Kolyma stories" The camps disfigure people both physically and mentally.
The camps are the creation of a totalitarian state. A totalitarian regime means a lack of freedom, surveillance, an inflated military system, suppression of living thought, trials, camps, lies, arrests, executions and, as a rule, a person’s complete indifference to the fate of those living nearby.
It’s over, but is it really possible to remove this from people’s memory? How can we forget armies of prisoners, mass arrests, hunger, cruelty caused by fear? This cannot be forgotten, erased from memory. And A. Tvardovsky reminds us of this in his poem “By Right of Memory”
- Reading by heart and analyzing passages from the poem.
CONCLUSION: Does today's reader need to know about the events of the 30-50s?
Which of the statements (A. Blok or A. Tvardovsky) is more suitable for the topic of our lesson? Justify your answer.
- 14. Home task:“There is nothing lower in the world than the intention to forget these crimes,” wrote Shalamov. Do you agree? Express your point of view in the form of an essay.
Individual task: collect material about concentration camps in the USSR
(can be in the form of an essay or project)
- Lesson summary.
At a literature lesson in grade 11A
“The tragic fate of man in a totalitarian state”
In a literature lesson in grade 11B, “A village is not worthwhile without a righteous man”
(based on the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”)
Plan:
1. A concentration camp is a totalitarian state in miniature.
2. “People live here too” is the basic principle of Ivan Denisovich’s life.
3. Only through labor can freedom of spirit and personal freedom be achieved.
4. Preservation of dignity and humanity in any conditions, at any time - all this is the main thing for a person.
5. The human soul is something that cannot be deprived of freedom, cannot be captured or destroyed - this is the meaning of the story.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn's story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was conceived in the camp in 1950-51, and written in 1959. The image of Ivan Denisovich was formed from the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in the Soviet-German war. The author outlined all his personal experience of life in the camp, all his impressions in his story. Main character works - simple Russian man, unremarkable. There were very, very many people like Shukhov in the camp. Before us appear people whom fate brought to a concentration camp, innocent people who did nothing reprehensible. Among them: Gonchik, who carried milk into the forest, Baptists suffering for their faith, Estonians, prisoners. They all live and work in the camp, trying to support own existence. There is everything on the camp territory: a bathhouse, a medical unit, and a dining room. All this resembles a small town. But the matter cannot be done without guards, of whom there are a huge number, they are everywhere, they make sure that all the rules are followed, otherwise a punishment cell awaits the disobedient.
And for eight years now, Ivan Denisovich has been wandering around the camps, enduring, suffering, tormenting, but at the same time maintaining his inner dignity. Shukhov does not change peasant habits and “doesn’t let himself down”, doesn’t humiliate himself because of a cigarette, because of rations, and certainly doesn’t lick the bowls, doesn’t denounce his comrades to improve his own fate.
Conscientiousness, unwillingness to live at someone else’s expense, or to cause inconvenience to someone, forces him to forbid his wife from collecting parcels for him in the camp, to justify the greedy Caesar and “not to stretch your belly on other people’s goods.” He also never feigns illness, and when he is seriously ill, he behaves guiltily in the medical unit: “What... Nikolai Semenych... I seem to be... sick...” Solzhenitsyn writes that he speaks at the same time “conscientiously, as if he was coveting something that belongs to someone else.” . And while he sat in this clean medical unit and did nothing for five whole minutes, he was very surprised by this: “it was wonderful for Shukhov to sit in such a clean room, in such silence...”
Work, according to Shukhov, is salvation from illness, from loneliness, from suffering. It is at work that a Russian person forgets himself, work gives satisfaction and positive emotions, of which prisoners have so few.
That's why it's so bright folk character The character emerges in the work scenes. Ivan Denisovich is a mason, a carpenter, a stove maker, and a poplar carver. “He who knows two things will also pick up ten,” says Solzhenitsyn. Even in captivity, he is overwhelmed by the excitement of the work, conveyed by the author in such a way that Ivan Denisovich’s feelings turn out to be inseparable from the author’s own. We understand that A.I. Solzhenitsyn is a good mason. He transfers all his skills to his character. And human dignity, equality, freedom of spirit, according to Solzhenitsyn, is established in work; it is in the process of work that prisoners joke, even laugh. Everything can be taken away from a person, but the satisfaction of a job well done cannot be taken away.
The phrase where Shukhov says that “he himself doesn’t know whether he wanted it or not” has a very significant meaning for the writer. Prison, according to Solzhenitsyn, is a huge evil, violence, but suffering contributes to moral purification. With all their behavior in the camp, the heroes of A.I. Solzhenitsyn confirm the main idea of this work. Namely, that the soul cannot be taken captive, it cannot be deprived of its freedom. The formal release of Ivan Denisovich will not change his worldview, his value system, his view of many things, his essence.
The concentration camp, the totalitarian system could not enslave strong in spirit there were a lot of people in our long-suffering country, who stood their ground and did not let the country perish.
Lesson on the works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn.
The tragic fate of a person in a totalitarian state (based on the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”) 11th grade
Lesson design: slides - portrait of the writer, reviews of the writer, exhibition of books, newspaper publications.
Lesson Objectives: to arouse interest in the personality and work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who became a symbol of openness, will and Russian directness; show the “unusual life material” taken as the basis for the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, and entice students to read the story; lead students to understand the tragic fate of man in a totalitarian state.
Solzhenitsyn became the oxygen of our non-
breathable time. And if society
ours, literature, first of all, still yes -
shat, then this is because lies work
Tsin furs pump air into the suffocating
Yusya, godless, almost losing herself,
Shuya Russia.
V.P.Astafiev
During the classes
Teacher's word.
None of the three “roles” suits him.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is an outstanding Russian writer, publicist and public figure. His name became known in literature in the 60s of the 20th century, during the “ Khrushchev's thaw", then disappeared for many years.
He, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, dared to tell the truth about the terrible Stalinist time, to create works about camp life, works that made the author wildly popular.
Stories « Matrenin Dvor", "An Incident at Krechetovka Station", the novel "In the First Circle", the story "Cancer Ward" aroused the anger of "domestic officials" and ... brought the author world fame. And in 1970, A.I. Solzhenitsyn was awarded Nobel Prize on literature. It seemed that justice had prevailed.
...But on one February day in 1974, in connection with the release of the 1st volume of the book “GULAK Archipelago”), the writer was forcibly expelled from Russia. A plane carrying a single passenger landed in the German city of Frankfurt am Main.
Solzhenitsyn was 55 years old.
What is known about him?
Individual messages from students.
Solzhenitsyn was born in 1918 in Kiselevsk.
Mother Taisiya Zakharovna Shcherbak, the daughter of a wealthy farmer in the Kuban, received an excellent upbringing and education: she studied in Moscow at the agricultural courses of the book. Golitsyna.
In 1924, Taisiya Zakharovna and her six-year-old son moved to Rostov-on-Don.
At school young Alexander Solzhenitsyn is the head of the class, a desperate football player, a theater fan and a member of the school drama club.
2. A.I. Solzhenitsyn is a most educated person. He graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University. He studied in absentia at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature, taught astronomy and mathematics in one of the schools in the city of Morozovsk (not far from Rostov).
In 1041, A.I. Solzhenitsyn became a soldier, then a cadet at an officer school in the city of Kostroma.
He traveled along front-line roads from Orel to East Prussia.
This is the combat description General Travkin gave to the commander of the “sound battery” Solzhenitsyn: “... Solzhenitsyn was personally disciplined, demanding... Carrying out combat missions, he repeatedly showed personal heroism, carrying the personnel along with him, and always emerged victorious from mortal dangers.”
For his courage (after the capture of Orel), Solzhenitsyn received the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree. The Order of the Red Star (after the capture of Bobruisk) is the second front-line award.
And suddenly... arrest, eight years in the camps of the ominous “GULAK archipelago” cordoned off with barbed wire. (Solzhenitsyn came under the supervision of military counterintelligence for corresponding with his youth friend Nikolai Vitkevich). Fate decreed that future writer went through all the “circles of prison hell”, witnessed the uprising of prisoners in Ekibastuz. Exiled to Kazakhstan “forever”, having composed several works (in his head), and planning a huge novel about Russia, Solzhenitsyn suddenly learned that he was terminally ill.
In 1952, a camp doctor operated on Solzhenitsyn for a malignant tumor in the groin. But the struggle for life is not over. Soon a cancerous tumor was discovered in the stomach. “That winter I arrived in Tashkent already dead. That's why I came here - to die. And they brought me back to live some more,” Solzhenitsyn wrote in his story “The Right Hand.” And the disease subsided.
Subsequently, Solzhenitsyn admitted that up to today I’m sure: “While I’m writing, I’m on a reprieve.”
3. Literary debut of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. When the writer was well over forty, in the magazine " New world”(1962) the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” was published, which immediately became a classic of “camp prose”. Initial publication of the story “Shch-854 (One Day of One Prisoner).”
A.T. Tvardovsky (at that time Chief Editor magazine “New World”) wrote: “The life material underlying A. Solzhenitsyn’s story is unusual... It carries an echo of those painful phenomena in our development associated with the period of the debunked cult... cult of personality...”
Tvardovsky highly appreciated the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”: “This is not a document in the memoir sense, not notes or memories of the author’s personal experiences... This is a work of art, and due to the artistic illumination of this life material, it is evidence of “special value, a document of art "
This “document of art” was written in just over a month.
“The image of Ivan Denisovich was formed from the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in the Soviet-German war (and never went to prison), the general experience of prisoners and personal experience author in the Special Camp. The rest of the people are all from camp life, with their authentic biographies.” (P. Palamarchuk).
3. A brief retelling of the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.”
January. 1951
4. We think and reflect on the pages we read.
1. Who is Ivan Denisovich Shukhov? What's his problem? What is the fault?
Shukhov worked and lived in the village of Temgenevo, was married and had two children. But the Great began Patriotic War, and he became a soldier. “And it was like this: in February of the forty-second year Northwestern surrounded their entire army... And so little by little the Germans caught them in the forests and took them... Shukhov remained in captivity for a couple of days.” Miraculously, he got to his people, but he was accused of treason and put behind bars. Shukhov carried out a task for German intelligence. “What kind of task this was, neither Shukhov himself nor the investigator could come up with. So they just left it as a task.”
What awaited the hero of the story if he had not signed the “deed”?
Shukhov chose life by signing documents against himself. Even if it’s a camp life, painful and difficult, it’s still life.
3.What is life like in the camp? How does Ivan Denisovich behave? Let's observe the camp reality.
Shukhov was sentenced to eight years in the camps. At five o'clock in the morning the camp wakes up. A cold barracks, in which “not every light was on, where two hundred people slept on fifty bedbug-lined carriages.”
Kitchen. The prisoners eat their meager gruel with their hats on. “The most well-fed time for campers is June: every vegetable runs out and is replaced with cereals. The worst time is July: nettles are whipped into a cauldron.” Sometimes they give you porridge from magara. “Magara is not only cold, but even hot it leaves neither taste nor satiety: grass and grass, only yellow, looking like millet... Porridge is not porridge, but goes for porridge.”
It's freezing outside, taking your breath away. And Tyurin’s brigade, which includes Shukhov, is getting ready to go to work... Endless checks and inspections.
Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is a jack of all trades. He is a mason, a carver, and a stove maker. Works with passion without feeling the cold. This is how the author describes the prisoner: “Shukhov masterfully grabs the smoking solution... He throws exactly as much solution as under one cinder block. And he grabs a cinder block from the pile (but grabs it carefully - don’t worry about tearing your mitten, tearing cinder blocks hurts). And having masterfully leveled the mortar, he plopped a cinder block in there... And it was already grabbed, frozen...
But they (the prisoners) did not stop for a moment and drove the masonry further and further..."
Shukhov not only lives (just to survive), but in order to maintain self-respect. He doesn’t inform on his fellow prisoners, he doesn’t humiliate himself because of tobacco, he doesn’t lick other people’s plates... He takes care of his bread and carries it in a special pocket.
4. What character traits does the author value in Ivan Denisovich? And you?
The main character of the story, having gone through trials, managed to preserve the traits inherent in his character, characteristic of a Russian peasant: conscientiousness, hard work, human dignity.
Senka Klevshin. He was captured and escaped three times, but was “caught.” Even in Buchenwald, “he miraculously deceived death, now he is serving his sentence quietly.”
Baptist Alyoshka and captain and captain Buinovsky have been in prison for 25 years;
Brigadier Tyurin is in the camp because his father was registered as a kulak.
There is an Estonian who was taken to Sweden as a child and returned to his homeland as an adult.
Film director Caesar Markovich... Sixteen-year-old boy Gopchik... Kolya Vdovushkin, former student Faculty of Literature And many, many others!
6. A. Solzhenitsyn wrote the camp world one day. And what?
The hero of the story considered the day successful, almost happy.
“That day he (Shukhov) had a lot of successes: he wasn’t put in a punishment cell, the brigade wasn’t sent to Sotsgorodok... the foreman closed the interest well, Shukhov laid the wall cheerfully, he didn’t get caught with a hacksaw on a search... And he didn’t get sick, he overcame it. The day passed, unclouded, almost happy.”
Days like these make it scary.
7. Who is to blame for the Shukhov tragedy? And other thousands of people?
5. Generalization
No, it is impossible for prisoners to achieve justice and truth. It is useless and pointless in the “upgrade your rights” camp. People are beginning to realize that what happened to them is not just mistakes, it is a well-thought-out system of repression - the tragedy of an entire generation.
6. Homework
Write your thoughts about the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.”
With her hopeless patience,... With her hut without a canopy, And with an empty workday, And with her work night - not full... With all the trouble - Yesterday's war And the grave present misfortune.
A. T. Tvardovsky
Almost all of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s work is about the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state, about a prison state. And now we will analyze the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” ( original title- “A village is not worthwhile without a righteous person” autobiographical work, dedicated to a certain Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova, from whom the writer rented a room in the 1950s)
This story shows a picture of the difficult lot of peasants under the Stalinist regime. But against the backdrop of the traditional Solzhenitsyn theme stands classic look a Russian woman who will support and understand, humble herself, accept and survive all adversity (in this, Solzhenitsyn’s image of a woman is similar to Nekrasov’s).
A. T. Tvardovsky at a session of the Governing Council of the European Writers Association spoke about this story like this: “Why does the fate of an old peasant woman, told on a few pages, represent such a thing for us? big interest? This woman is an unread, illiterate, simple worker. And yet, her spiritual world is endowed with such a quality that we talk to her as if we were talking to Anna Karenina.” A.I. Solzhenitsyn responded to this: “Needless to say, the paragraph of your speech relating to Matryona means a lot to me. You pointed to the very essence - to a woman who loves and suffers, while all the criticism was always scouring the surface, comparing the Talnovsky collective farm and the neighboring ones.”
At the center of the story is the life of a peasant woman who worked her whole life on a collective farm not for the day, but “for the sticks of workdays in the accountant’s dirty book”; she did not receive a pension, did not accumulate property before her death. A dirty white goat, a lanky cat, ficus trees - that's all she had. In his declining years; Seriously ill, Matryona has no peace and is forced to literally earn a piece of bread by the sweat of her brow.
But Solzhenitsyn showed Matryona not only as a lonely and destitute woman in a totalitarian state, but a rare person immeasurable kindness, generosity, with a selfless soul. It shows how individuals live in this society. Having buried six children, lost her husband at the front, and was sick, Matryona did not lose the desire to respond to others’ needs and grief, and was an optimist. “Not a single plowing of the garden was complete without Matryona. The Talnovsky women established precisely that it is harder and longer to dig up your garden with a shovel than, taking a plow and harnessing six of them, to plow six gardens on your own. That's why they called Matryona to help.
- Well, did you pay her? - I had to ask later.
- She doesn't take money. You can’t help but hide it for her.”
Her hard work was enough for seven. On her own yurba she carried bags of peat, which ordinary peasants had to steal from the state (at that time peat was only allowed to bosses).
She could not refuse help to anyone, be it a relative or the state:
“Tomorrow, Matryona, will you come to help me? We'll dig up the potatoes.
And Matryona could not refuse. She left her line of work and went to help her neighbor...”;
“So-so,” the chairman’s wife said separately. - Comrade Grigoriev? We will need help! collective farm! Tomorrow I’ll have to go and take out the manure! Matryona’s face formed an apologetic half-smile - as if she was ashamed of the chairman’s wife, because she couldn’t pay her for her work.
“Well,” she said. - I'm sick, of course. And now she’s not involved in your case.” And then she hastily corrected herself:
“What time should I come?”
She sincerely rejoices at someone else’s good harvest, although this never happens on the sand herself: “Oh, Ignatich, and she has big potatoes! I dug in a hurry, I didn’t want to leave the site, by God I really do!” Having essentially nothing, Matryona knows how to give. She is embarrassed and worried, trying to please her guest: she cooks larger potatoes for him in a separate pot - the best she has.
Unlike the others, Matryona “...didn’t chase outfits. Behind clothes that embellish freaks and villains.”
This woman is capable of a selfless act: “Once, out of fear, I carried the sleigh into the lake, the men jumped back, but I, however, grabbed the bridle and stopped it. The horse was oatmeal. Our men loved to feed the horses. Which horses are oatmeal, they don’t even recognize them.” She literally repeated the words “... will stop a galloping horse...”.
But not everyone in Talnovo is like that. The sisters don’t understand Matryona, “stupidly working for others!” for free". Thaddeus, who returned from Hungarian captivity, did not understand her sacrifice. When Matryona, after the death of his mother, married him younger brother, because “they didn’t have enough hands,” he said a terrible phrase, which Matryona remembers with a shudder for the rest of her life: “He stood on the threshold. I'll scream! I would throw myself at his knees!.. It’s impossible... Well, he says, if it weren’t for my dear brother, I would have chopped you both up!”
Matryona was a stranger among her own people, misunderstood, condemned, absurd, strange, the whole village considered her “not of this world.” But these shortcomings of Matryona, on the other hand, are her own advantages.
Running through the entire story is the question of why people are so different and why, out of a crowd of hypocritical and calculating people, there is only one such spiritual, moral, unique, extraordinary person - such as this good-natured working old woman? Probably because he is “the righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village is not worthwhile. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours" (this last words, and they again return us to the first version of the story's title).
And all these neighbors and “relatives” are just a background for greater contrast.
Matryona's death is as tragic as her life. Her house was taken away, and she herself absurdly died under the wheels of a train, giving it away: the house was inextricably linked with its owner (that’s why the story is called that), the house was gone - Matryona also died. Who is to blame for the death of Solzhenitsyn’s heroine? She was killed by someone else's self-interest, greed, greed - these eternal destroyers of life, humanity, who do not choose victims and make them all who are in the field of their influence.
Probably everyone wants a different fate for themselves, not the same as Matryona’s. Dreams may not come true, happiness may not happen, success may not come, but a person must go his own way without losing his humanity and nobility. And this does not depend on what state this person lives in: totalitarian or capitalist.
