Ostrovsky thunderstorm the fate of Katerina. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Nikolai Karamzin is a historian and writer of the 18th and 19th centuries. Born on December 12, 1866 in the Kazan province on the family estate of Znamenskoye.
His family comes from Crimean Tatars, his father was a retired officer, was an average landowner, his mother died when Kolya Karamzin was still a child. His father, tutors and nannies were involved in his upbringing. Nikolai spent his entire childhood on the estate, was educated at home, and re-read all the books in his mother’s large library.
On his work big influence showed love for progressive foreign literature. This was the future publicist, writer, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, famous critic, a reformer of Russian literature and historiographer, loved to read Rollin, Emin and other masters of the word of Europe.
In 1778 he entered a noble boarding school in Simbirsk, his father assigned him to an army regiment, which gave Nikolai Karamzin the opportunity to study at the prestigious Moscow boarding school at Moscow University. Karamzin studied humanitarian sciences and attended lectures.
The future writer found himself in active service in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. His military career did not attract him and he took leave for a year, and in 1784 he received a decree on his resignation with the rank of lieutenant.
In 1789 he commits big Adventure in Europe. During it, he met with Kant, visited Paris during the revolution, and witnessed the fall of the Bastille. Collected a large number of material about European events that served as the basis for the creation of Letters from a Russian Traveler, gained great popularity in society and was enthusiastically received by critics.
At the end of the trip, he took up literature. He founded his own Moscow magazine, in which his bright star of sentimental creativity was published - Poor Lisa.
In 1803 he became a historiographer. At this time he began work on with great difficulty in his life - History of the Russian State.
In 1810 he received the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. In 1816 he received high rank State Councilor and became a Knight of the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree.
In 1818, 8 volumes of the History of the Russian State were published for the first time. He did not finish his enormous work; volume 12 was published after his death.
Karamzin’s first wife is Elizaveta Protasova, married in 1801, the wife died after giving birth to her daughter Sophia. The second wife is Ekaterina Kolyvanova.
After the Decembrist uprising in Senate Square, Karamzin died after an aggravated cold. He rests in the Tikhvin cemetery. Karamzin was a fundamentalist of Russian sentimentalism, a reformer of the Russian language. He added many new words to the vocabulary. He was one of the first creators of a comprehensive general work on the history of Russia.
Pushkin was a frequent guest of the Karamzins.
Karamzin owns an expression that he said about Russian reality, to the question - what is happening in Russia, the answer was this - They steal.
Historians believe that Poor Liza was named after Protasova.
Sophia, Karamzin's daughter, was accepted secular society, became a maid of honor at the imperial court, and was friends with Pushkin and Lermontov.
Karamzin had 5 sons and 4 daughters from his second marriage.
Wow!.. That's it!.. Be healthy!..
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is a famous Russian writer, a representative of sentimentalism, an outstanding historian and thinker, and educator. His main service was to his native Fatherland, the pinnacle life path, is a 12-volume work “History of the Russian State”. Perhaps the only Russian historian who was treated kindly by the highest royal favor, who had the official status of a historiographer, created especially for him.
Biography of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (12/1/1776 - 22/5/1826) briefly
Nikolai Karamzin was born on December 1, 1766 in the family estate of Znamenskoye, not far from Simbirsk in a rich noble family. Elementary education, very versatile, received at home. At the age of 13 he was sent to the private boarding school Schaden in Moscow. In 1782, his father, a retired officer, insisted that his son try himself in military service, so for two years Nikolai ended up in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. Realizing that a military career is not at all interesting to him, he retires. Not feeling the need to do something he doesn't like to earn his daily bread, he begins to do what interests him - literature. First as a translator, then he tries himself as an author.
Karamzin - publisher and writer
During the same period in Moscow, he became close to a circle of Freemasons and was friends with the publisher and educator Novikov. Is interested in studying the most different directions in philosophy and for a more complete acquaintance with French and German enlighteners, he travels to Western Europe. His journey coincided with the Great french revolution, Karamzin even witnesses these events and, at first, perceives them with great enthusiasm.
Returning to Russia, he publishes “Letters of a Russian Traveler.” This work is a reflection thinking man about destinies European culture. The medieval dogma of man as subordinate to someone's supreme reason has been toppled from its pedestal. It is being replaced by the thesis about personal freedom as such, and Karamzin welcomes this theory with all his heart. In 1792, he published in his own literary magazine “Moscow Journal” the story “Poor Liza”, in which he develops the theory of personal equality, regardless of social status. In addition to the literary merits of the story, it is valuable for Russian literature because it was written and published in Russian.
The beginning of the emperor’s reign coincided with the beginning of Karamzin’s publication of the journal “Bulletin of Europe,” whose motto was “Russia is Europe.” The materials published in the magazine appealed to the views of Alexander I, so he responded favorably to Karamzin’s desire to write the history of Russia. He not only gave permission, but by personal decree appointed Karamzin as a historiographer with a decent pension of 2000 rubles, so that he could work with all dedication on a grandiose historical work. Since 1804, Nikolai Mikhailovich has been engaged only in compiling the “History of the Russian State”. The Emperor gives him permission to work to collect materials in the archives. He was always ready to provide an audience and be sure to report the slightest difficulties if they arose.
The first 8 volumes of “History” were published in 1818 and were sold out in just a month. called this event “absolutely exceptional.” The interest in Karamzin’s historical work was enormous, and although he managed to describe historical events from the first mention of Slavic tribes only until the Time of Troubles, which amounted to 12 volumes, the significance of this historical work cannot be overestimated. This grandiose work formed the basis of almost all subsequent fundamental works on the history of Russia. Unfortunately, Karamzin himself did not see his work published in full. He died from a cold, which he received after spending the whole day on Senate Square in St. Petersburg during. This happened on May 22, 1826.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - famous Russian writer, historian, largest representative era of sentimentalism, reformer of the Russian language, publisher. With his input, the vocabulary was enriched with a large number of new crippled words.
The famous writer was born on December 12 (December 1, O.S.) 1766 in an estate located in Simbirsk district. The noble father took care of home education son, after which Nikolai continued to study, first at the Simbirsk noble boarding house, then from 1778 at the boarding school of Professor Schaden (Moscow). Throughout 1781-1782. Karamzin attended university lectures.
His father wanted Nikolai to enter military service after boarding school; his son fulfilled his wish, ending up in the St. Petersburg Guards Regiment in 1781. It was during these years that Karamzin first tried himself in the literary field, in 1783 making a translation from German. In 1784, after the death of his father, having retired with the rank of lieutenant, he finally parted with military service. While living in Simbirsk, he joined the Masonic lodge.
Since 1785, Karamzin’s biography has been connected with Moscow. In this city he meets N.I. Novikov and other writers, joins the “Friendly learned society", settled in a house that belonged to him, and subsequently collaborated with members of the circle in various publications, in particular, took part in the publication of the magazine " Children's reading for the heart and mind,” which became the first Russian magazine for children.
Throughout the year (1789-1790) Karamzin traveled around the countries Western Europe, where he met not only with prominent figures of the Masonic movement, but also with great thinkers, in particular with Kant , I.G. Herder, J.F. Marmontel. Impressions from the trips formed the basis for the future famous “Letters of a Russian Traveler.” This story (1791-1792) appeared in the Moscow Journal, which N.M. Karamzin began publishing upon his arrival in his homeland, and brought the author enormous fame. A number of philologists believe that modern Russian literature dates back to the Letters.
The story “Poor Liza” (1792) strengthened Karamzin’s literary authority. The subsequently published collections and almanacs “Aglaya”, “Aonids”, “My Trinkets”, “Pantheon of Foreign Literature” ushered in the era of sentimentalism in Russian literature, and it was N.M. Karamzin was at the head of the current; under the influence of his works, V.A. wrote. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, and also A.S. Pushkin at the beginning of a creative journey.
A new period in the biography of Karamzin as a person and a writer is associated with the accession to the throne of Alexander I. In October 1803, the emperor appointed the writer as an official historiographer, and Karamzin was given the task of capturing history Russian state. His genuine interest in history, the priority of this topic over all others, was evidenced by the nature of the publications of “Bulletin of Europe” (Karamzin published this first socio-political, literary and artistic magazine in the country in 1802-1803).
In 1804, literary and artistic work was completely curtailed, and the writer began to work on “The History of the Russian State” (1816-1824), which became the main work in his life and a whole phenomenon in Russian history and literature. The first eight volumes were published in February 1818. Three thousand copies were sold in a month - such active sales had no precedent. The next three volumes published in next years, were quickly translated into several European languages, and the 12th, final, volume was published after the death of the author.
Nikolai Mikhailovich was an adherent of conservative views and an absolute monarchy. The death of Alexander I and the Decembrist uprising, which he witnessed, became a heavy blow for him, depriving the writer-historian of his last vitality. On June 3 (May 22, O.S.), 1826, Karamzin died while in St. Petersburg; He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, at the Tikhvin cemetery.
2 Varvara, daughter of Kabanikha.
3 Katerina, Kabanikha’s daughter-in-law.
Women's destinies and characters in the play “The Thunderstorm” by A. N. Ostrovsky. A. N. Ostrovsky wrote several dozen plays during his life, and in all these works, as in a mirror, certain aspects of life contemporary to the author were reflected. But did Ostrovsky write only about his time? Undoubtedly, the flavor of his plays belongs to a certain time, but the characters of the people fundamentally remain unchanged.
Is this why the playwright’s plays sound so modern today? The formidable figure of the tyrant owner (or mistress), towering over the trembling household members, calculation, equally reigning both in the business sphere and in the field of feelings, human relationships, the suffering of an exalted soul and the torment of milky egoism... Behind all this eternal flickering human life observes the gaze of the master, who sometimes managed to convey the features of a particular character with a few strokes.
Many of Ostrovsky’s works are dedicated to the life of the merchant class, whose life the playwright recreated with amazing accuracy and brightness. In other plays Ostrovsky showed life noble estate, the vicissitudes of an actor's existence.
The playwright’s attention was also attracted by the description women's destinies- in his plays he showed many memorable, original female characters. As an example of a bright female image in Ostrovsky’s work, the image of Katerina from the play “The Thunderstorm” is often cited. However, in this play there are other bright female images- this is Katerina’s mother-in-law, Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, the formidable Kabanikha, and Kabanikha’s daughter, Varvara.
When analyzing these images, one must remember that they are all products of the same environment. To better understand the essence of each character, it is advisable to compare them. From the text of the play it is clear that life in Kabanova’s house and in parental home Katerina was practically no different. When Katerina talks about her childhood, Varvara remarks: “But it’s the same with us.” It is easy to imagine that the stern Kabanikha herself in her youth, just like Katerina, endured her mother-in-law’s barbs. The tyrannical rule that Kabanikha established in her house, remaining a widow and becoming a full-fledged mistress, is the embodiment of her desire for freedom. Kabanikha herself most likely does not even suspect this - she is sincerely convinced that she cares about the happiness of her son and daughter-in-law, that everything goes according to routine for them, as it should be. good people. Kabanikha is not deprived positive traits, when it comes to communicating with people outside her family. She cordially welcomes wanderers and pilgrims into her home, and talks judiciously with the tyrant Dikiy, whom almost all of his household are afraid of. Kabanikha can rightfully be called an integral nature - she is devoid of painful internal contradictions, on the contrary, is convinced that her way of behavior is the only correct one. It would seem that the life of Kabanikha, who does not encounter open resistance to her power, enjoys the advantages of wealth and external manifestations of respect and obedience of others, can be called an enviable fate. But the indestructible power of Kabanikha is overshadowed by the shadows of the future - the apocalyptic ghosts of an inevitable catastrophe.
Fantastic stories of wanderers about the machinations of evil spirits are intertwined in the imagination of a rich merchant's wife with obvious signs of weakening domostroevsky traditions. A departure from antiquity, according to Kabanikha, is the first step towards the abyss. “But they, too, are stupid, want to do their own thing,” Kabanikha laments, thinking about her son and daughter-in-law. In essence, Kabanikha’s idea is not without meaning - living with your own mind is also not so easy, and Tikhon, Kabanikha’s son, does not have the necessary skills for this. But daughter Varvara turns out to be able to independently accept significant decisions and implement your plans. Varvara, despite her youth, had a good understanding of how to behave in her parents’ home in order to avoid unnecessary troubles: “...Do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered.” Varvara’s prudence and practicality are constantly evident. She, like her mother, is an integral nature, and her reaction to events is manifested primarily in action, and not in reflection. Varvara is able to sensibly evaluate the people around her, primarily her loved ones and their relationships. The girl understands how hard life is for Katerina and tries to support her in her own way. sympathizes with her. Varvara understood without words that Katerina did not love Tikhon, “... and there’s no reason to,” the girl impartially notes, knowing what her brother is like. Varvara is very observant - by subtle signs she guessed who Katerina loved.
So, the lively participation that Varvara shows towards Katerina manifests itself in an active way. It is interesting to note: Katerina is trying to tell the girl about her doubts, but the interlocutor does not take them too seriously: “What a desire to dry up! Even if you die of melancholy, they will feel sorry for you! Well, just wait. So what is the point of torturing yourself!” Active nature The barbarians quickly seek< возможность без помех устраивать свидания - и свои с Кудряшом, и Катерины и Борисом. В практических делах Варвара - незаменимый помощник. Но что касается внутренних противоречий, раздирающих душу Катерины, здесь Варвара ничем не может помочь просто потому, что сама она подобных колебаний лишена. Определив свою линию поведения, Варвара уверенно следует избранному пути. Ее побег с Кудряшом лишь один из шагов. Погуляв на «своей воле», они скорее всего поженятся и будут себе жить ладком да мирком. Вполне возможно, что со временем Варвара воспроизведет некоторые формы поведения своей матери. Властный дух Кабанихи уже угадывается в ее дочери. Но Варвара действует иначе: не грубо принуждает, а ловко пользуется human weaknesses those around her - this is how she forced Katerina to take the key to the garden gate, this is how she lured the weak-willed Boris to the meeting place.
Varvara’s character combines various qualities; she has many truly good traits. However, it should be noted that the false atmosphere of her parents’ home forever left its mark on her soul. “...Do whatever you want, as long as it’s well done and covered” - this is Varvara’s hypocritical worldly wisdom, unconsciously borrowed from her mother, who “out of the appearance of piety” tyrannizes her family.
The tragedy of Katerina, which, following Dobrolyubov, is often called “a ray of light in dark kingdom“, is by no means only that. that she fell under the power of her mother-in-law. Katerina’s main problem is that, unlike Kabanikha and Varvara, she is not able to choose for herself a line of behavior that she herself would consider correct. Katerina believes that she must remain faithful to her husband, and does not have enough fortitude for this, she longs for a meeting with Boris, but instead of joy, these meetings bring her new torment. Oddly enough, upon closer examination one can detect some similarities between Katerina and Kabanikha, primarily in their premonitions, full of drama. But if Kabanikha’s gloomy forebodings concern the fate of the world and are directed outward, then Katerina’s forebodings concern her own destiny, directed inward. The thought is material: Kabanikha’s premonitions are embodied by the collapse of the values of “Domostroy” and the “shame” that Katerina brought upon the family. Katerina's premonitions also come true - after all, she herself actively contributed to this.
