World of artistic culture table. Basic principles of European enlightenment

Renaissance (or Renaissance) is a particularly important stage in the development of world artistic culture. The cradle of the Renaissance was Rome, Florence, Naples and Venice. It was a mysterious and controversial time, when savagery, cruelty and ignorance were combined with almost heroic manifestations of humanism.

Features of the era

This time was primarily characterized by an understanding of the need to renew man, his thoughts, lifestyle and consciousness. This update began with a new space-time orientation. Space became the sphere of human self-affirmation in the world. There was an awareness that the expression of the structure of space and time is the form with the help of which man sought to master the world of phenomena.

• the predominance of pantheistic views of the world;
• attention to detail;
• demonstration of the imperfection of the world and the omnipresence of universal evil;
• emphasis on suffering;
• poeticization of the average person;
• the unity of the tragic and the comic;
• respectful attitude and spiritualization of things;
• Protestant position of everyday life;
• rejection of a closed composition;
• semantic richness;
• strong symbolism.

Prominent representatives of the Northern Renaissance were:

• Francis Bacon;
• Montaigne;
• Bosch;
• Francois Rabelais;
• Shakespeare;
• Miguel Cervantes.

What's the main point?

If we briefly imagine the world of artistic culture of the Renaissance, we can say that during the Renaissance, people's ideas about space and time changed. The spiritual and the earthly are differentiated. The most important moral values ​​are love and dignity.

During the High Renaissance, the ideal model of the world and man received artistic expression in the works of Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci:

• Da Vinci's works were focused on humans living in the natural continuum.
• Michelangelo was concerned with the history of the soul, culture, and ideas.
• Raphael tried to achieve a moral and aesthetic ideal.

Nature was not only a habitat, but also one of the sources of pleasure.

According to the concept of the Renaissance, the dominant role of man required his activity: he sought to achieve harmony in the world and in himself.

Along with the Italian, there was the Northern and Spanish Renaissance.

The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance: table

We suggest you complete the task yourself. Topic: “The world of artistic culture of the Renaissance (grade 7). The table on this topic is below.

By filling out the table, you will once again be convinced that humanity still uses the inventions and achievements of the great masters of the Renaissance.

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks: 1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the destiny of the average person, with two lines (italics) - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree. 2) Come up with and write Robinson’s answer to his father. 3) After the publication of the novel, Defoe enjoyed great popularity, especially readers liked adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

• Answer:
• 1) My father, a sedate and intelligent man, guessing about my intentions, warned me seriously and thoroughly... my destiny is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest level of modest existence, and it, as he was convinced from many years of experience, better than anyone else in the world and more than anything adapted for happiness, for a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes... One has only to observe, my father assured me, and I will understand that all the hardships of life are distributed between the higher and lower classes and that people of moderate income, who are not subject to as many vicissitudes of fate as the higher and lower circles of human society, endure them least often; even from illnesses, physical and mental, they are protected more than those whose illnesses are caused either by vices, luxury and all kinds of excesses, or by exhausting labor, poverty, meager and bad food, and all their ailments are nothing more than natural consequences lifestyle. The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life... moderation, temperance, health, peace of mind, sociability, all kinds of pleasant entertainment, all kinds of pleasures are his blessed companions. Middle income person passes his life's path quietly and serenely, without burdening himself with either physical or mental labor... He glides freely and easily through life, rationally tasting the sweets of life that do not leave a bitter aftertaste, feeling that he is happy, and every day comprehending this more clearly and deeply.
• 2) If all the people around tried to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain in ignorance, not knowing great geographical discoveries, etc.
• 3) Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of a contemporary of the era.

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift's novel "Gulliver's Travels". Determine what kind of travel they refer to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Take a close look at the first sheet of the series "Fashionable Marriage" ("Marriage according to the fashion of its time") by artist William Hogarth. Complete the tasks: 1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract? 2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work? 3) Come up with and record their dialogue. 4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title. 5) Draw your version of the last sheet in the Fashionable Marriage series. 6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books or albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

• Answer: 1) The presence of a solicitor presenting the aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document. 2) Conditions of marriage and the amount of dowry. 3) "-You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot. -And how much do you want? -Well... 10,000 pounds. -Excuse me, how can you demand so much?" 4) Marriage contract; The Count's Adventures; Boudoir of the Countess; Sad end.

5. Here are works created by artists of the 18th century. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete the tasks: 1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment. 2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

• Answer: People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences.

6. Before you are two still lifes. 1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted. 2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

• Answer: 1) In Klas's painting we see a set table, laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting simple food and unpretentious household items are depicted. 2) Two features of the era are reflected: the sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes.

7. In Beaumarchais's comedy "The Barber of Seville" there is the following dialogue:

Rosina. You are always scolding our poor age.

Bartolo. Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing.

• Answer: The comedy ridiculed the unsightly aspects of French aristocratic society and government, which slowed down the modern development of the country and served as the cause of social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the "Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts" with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

• Answer: The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of that time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order.

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments for your logo.

Slide 2

Let's get acquainted with prominent representatives of literature, music, painting of the Enlightenment; Let's find out what they sang in their works; Today in class:

Slide 3

We are working according to plan:

1. Literature of the Enlightenment. 2. Painting and sculpture. 3. Music.

Slide 4

Literature of the Enlightenment.

What do you think the representatives of the Enlightenment sang? Faith in human strength Ability to make responsible decisions Achieve goals

Slide 5

The beloved childhood hero Robinson Crusoe appeared during the Enlightenment. The amazing adventures of a sailor from York were created by Daniel Defoe. Literature.

Slide 6

Born into the family of Presbyterian meat merchant James Faux (1630-1712), he trained to become a pastor, but was forced to abandon his church career. After graduating from Newington Academy, where he studied Greek and Latin and classical literature, he became a clerk at a wholesale hosiery merchant. On trade matters he often visited Spain, Portugal and France, where he became acquainted with the life of Europe and improved his languages. Literature. D. Defoe

Slide 7

The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is written as a fictional autobiography of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York who spent 28 years on a desert island after a shipwreck. During his life on the island, he faced various difficulties and dangers, both natural and emanating from savages, cannibals and pirates. All events are recorded in the form of memories and create a realistic picture of a pseudo-documentary work. Literature.

Slide 8

Most likely, the novel was written under the influence of a real story that happened to Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on an uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean (today this island, part of the Juan Fernandez archipelago, is named after the literary hero Defoe). Literature.

Slide 9

He was critical of many of the ideals of the Enlightenment, saw that their noble ideas did not change people, did not eradicate vices, and bourgeois society was far from perfect. Literature. J. Swift

Slide 10

Slide 11

Literature. Gulliver and the Houyhnhnms Gulliver and the Lilliputians The giant examines Gulliver

Slide 12

Born in Paris. The son of watchmaker André Charles Caron (1698-1775), he initially followed in his father's footsteps, but at the same time zealously studied music. Famous French playwright and publicist. Literature. Pierre Auguste Caron de Beaumarchais

Slide 13

The hero of the comedy is a clever, charming servant, “makes fun of fools, does not shy away from the evil, he laughs at his poverty.” The theater audience carried Figaro's sharp words throughout the city. "The Marriage of Figaro" Title page of the first edition of 1785

Slide 14

Almost together with The Marriage of Figaro, Friedrich Schiller's plays were born, which were successfully staged in the theater. Working according to plan: Friedrich Schiller

Slide 15

Literature: Princely tomb Schiller House in Weimar

Slide 16

In search of a hero capable of expressing his age, the German Johann Wolfgang Goethe will rewrite the ancient legend of Doctor Faustus, a physician and alchemist who lived in the 16th century. Literature. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Slide 17

The plot is based on the life story of a man who left the care of God and entered into a dispute with the devil. The author devoted 60 years of his life to the philosophical drama, ending the Age of Enlightenment. Literature. Faust and Wagner on a walk.

Slide 18

Painters of the nobility. "Autumn Pastoral" by Francois Boucher "The Capricious" Francois Boucher - "the first painter of the king", reflected the tastes and moods of the era of Louis XV, who lived by the principle - "after us, even a flood"

Slide 19

Painters of the nobility.

"Landscape in the vicinity of Beauvais" "Madame Pompadour"

Slide 20

Painters of the nobility. Antoine Watteau “Predicament” Antoine Watteau was fascinated by the theme of “gallant festivities”, the world of poetic dreams, balls and masquerades.

Slide 21

Singers of the third estate. William Hogarth "A Fashionable Marriage. Conclusion of a marriage contract” The artist told the audience a moralizing story about the mores of his contemporary society.

The world of artistic culture of the Enlightenment

A person’s faith in his own strength, ability to make responsible decisions, and achieve his goals is also reflected in secular literature.

• Defoe was born in Cripplegate around 1600. Education in the biography of Daniel Defoe was received at Newington Academy. Since then, Defoe became interested in studying foreign languages ​​(he studied Latin and Greek at the academy), and later improved his knowledge during trade trips to Europe. The biography of Daniel Defoe is also known as a politician (although he did not have an official position), and also as an entrepreneur. Defoe's adventurous character traits became the reason for his frequent ruin, as well as repeated acquisitions of wealth.
• Defoe wrote his first works in the form of pamphlets of the satirical and journalistic genre. His pamphlet “The True Englishman,” defending the king, brought him popularity within London. Undoubtedly, such an act brought Defoe and King William III closer together. After trying various professions, Defoe finally settled on writing. For one of his scandalous pamphlets, Defoe was sentenced to 7 years in prison.
• However, the biography of D. Defoe is most famous thanks to his novel “Robinson Crusoe”. All descriptions of this work are very accurate. The novel's motifs, suggesting simplicity against a backdrop of ingenuity, later became characteristic of many writers.

The amazing adventures of Robinson and Gulliver.

The life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe.

The life, extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years completely alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship except him died, with an account of his unexpected liberation by pirates; written by himself.

• Swift was born in the Irish city of Dublin in the family of a pastor. Following in his father's footsteps, he received a theological education. He served as a priest for several years and was appointed rector of Dublin Cathedral. He was involved in political activities.
• As a writer, he began with pamphlets written on the most important issues of socio-political and literary life in England. The pamphlet “The Tale of a Barrel” is a satire on the church, where the principle of religious tolerance is defended. The novel Gulliver's Travels was published in 1726. The author created it for ten years. This work has become an adapted (simplified version) reading for children. The full version is a satirical philosophical and political novel-pamphlet. The writer often traveled to England and became friends with many writers and philosophers of his time. In Ireland his authority was extremely great. So much so that England's viceroy in Ireland wrote that he ruled this island "by the permission of Dean Swift." In the last years of his life, the writer suffered from a mental disorder. And his mental illness progressed. He came up with the epitaph (gravestone inscription) for himself: “Here lies the body of Jonathan Swift, dean of this cathedral church, and severe indignation no longer tears his heart.”

Jonathan Swift Gulliver's travels.

• Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (January 24, 1732, Paris - May 18, 1799, Paris) - famous French playwright and publicist.
• The largest French playwright of the second half of the 18th century. Born on January 24, 1732 in Paris, in the family of a wealthy watchmaker. He learned the family trade, but his father removed him from business for his extravagant antics. Having become a music teacher to the daughters of Louis XV, he later acquired the position of secretary to the monarch and, thanks to his court connections, took an active part in various financial transactions that brought him an enormous fortune and at the same time involved him in a number of high-profile lawsuits. Beaumarchais had to spend several days in prison; to justify himself, he published his brilliant Memoirs (Mémoires, 1774), where he sarcastically ridiculed judicial arbitrariness.

Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais.

• The action of the play that he wrote Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, takes place over the course of one single crazy day in the count's castle. In a short time, Count Almaviva's numerous servants manage to conceive and implement a complex, multifaceted intrigue involving a wedding, a trial, adoption, blind jealousy and unprincipled reconciliation. The heart of the intrigue is Suzanne, the countess’s maid and at the same time the count’s favorite, an incredibly charming girl. The brain of the intrigue in the play is Figaro, the count's housekeeper, a fabulously witty and incredibly intelligent young man from Seville.

Marriage of Figaro

• Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller is an outstanding German playwright, poet, a prominent representative of romanticism, one of the creators of national literature of the New Age and the most significant persons of the German Enlightenment, art theorist, philosopher, historian, military doctor. Schiller was popular throughout the continent; many of his plays were rightfully included in the golden fund of world drama.

Friedrich Schiller.

• Johann Wolfgang Goethe- German writer, founder of German literature of the New Age, thinker and naturalist, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Was born August 28 1749, Frankfurt am Main. Died March 22 1832, Weimar.
• J. Goethe began with the rebelliousness of Sturm und Drang, the sentimental novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). Through the period of Weimar classicism, imbued with the elemental materialism of antiquity (Roman Elegies, 1790), marked by anti-feudal and tyrannical tendencies (the drama Egmont, 1788), Johann Goethe moved towards a realistic understanding of the problems of artistic creativity, the relationship between man and society (autobiographical book " Poetry and Truth", published 1811-1833; novels "The Years of Wilhelm Meister's Study", 1795-1796, and "The Years of Wilhelm Meister's Wanderings", 1821-1829), pantheistic pleasure in the fullness of life experiences (collection of lyrical poems "West-Eastern Divan" , 1814-1819).
• Goethe's work reflected the most important trends and contradictions of the era. In the final philosophical work - tragedy " Faust"(1808-1832), saturated with the scientific thought of his time, Johann Goethe embodied the search for the meaning of life, finding it in action. Author of the works “An Experience on the Metamorphosis of Plants” (1790), “The Doctrine of Color” (1810). Like Goethe the artist, Goethe the naturalist embraced nature and all living things (including humans) as a whole. Music was written on the themes of Goethe's works L. Beethoven, C. Gounod.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Francois Boucher

Painters of the nobility.

In the first half of the 18th century. Exquisite court art still flourishes in European painting.

Painters of the nobility.

Antoine Watteau

Singers of the third estate.

In the middle of the 18th century. You could buy engravings cheaply in almost any English shop or bookstore.

• Johann Sebastian Bach 1685–1750)- German composer, organist. During his lifetime he was famous as an organist and harpsichordist; his composing work was perceived by his contemporaries in connection with the practical activities that took place in the typical manner of a musician of the 17th–18th centuries. the setting of the church, courtyard and city. He spent his childhood in Eisenach and studied in Ohrdruf and Lineburg from 1695–1702. At the age of 17, he played the organ, clavier, violin, viola, sang in the choir, and was an assistant cantor. In 1703–07 organist of the Neukirche in Arnstadt, in 1707–08 organist of the Blasiuskirche in Mühlhausen, in 1708–17 court organist, chamber musician, from 1714 court accompanist in Weimar, in 1717–23 court conductor in Köthen, in 1723–50 Kan torus Thomaskirche and city music director in Leipzig.
• Bach is one of the greatest representatives of world humanistic culture. The work of Bach, a universal musician, distinguished by its inclusiveness of genres (except opera), summarized the achievements of musical art of several centuries on the verge of Baroque and Classicism.

Musical crossroads of Europe.

• Born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg. The boy's first music teacher was his father, Leopold Mozart. From early childhood, Wolfgang Amadeus was a “miracle child”: already at the age of four he tried to write a harpsichord concerto, and from the age of six he brilliantly performed in concerts throughout Europe. Mozart had an extraordinary musical memory: he only needed to hear any piece of music once in order to write it down absolutely accurately.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827) - German composer and pianist, representative of the “Viennese classical school”.
• Born into the family of an ordinary musician in Bonn. The drunken father, having discovered his son's talent, began teaching him to play the piano. Cruelly dealing with him at the slightest failure, he almost took away the boy’s taste for music. Fortunately, other Bonn musicians soon became interested in the unusually gifted child. In 1792, after the death of his father, he was sent to Vienna, where he studied composition with Haydn and Salieri. During this period, he received significant help from Viennese aristocrats and patrons of the arts - Waldstein, Lichnovsky, Lobkowitz, Esterhazy, to whom he subsequently dedicated his works. In 1795, Beethoven triumphantly entered musical life as a virtuoso pianist and composer. A year later he travels to Prague, Dresden, Budapest and Berlin. This was the farthest journey of Beethoven, who until the end of his life never left Vienna again.

Ludwig van Beethoven