Where do the Ingush live? As part of the Russian Empire

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: 15,120 (2009)
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan: 568 (1999)
Ukraine Ukraine: 455 (2001)
Belarus Belarus: 88 (2009)
Latvia Latvia 36 (2010)

History of Ingushetia
Maykop and Kura-Araxes culture
Koban culture
Mythology
Middle Ages
Dzurdzuketia
Ingushetia included Russian Empire
Ingush district as part of the Terek region (1860-1918)
Ingushetia in the years Civil War
Terek Soviet Republic (1918-1919)
North Caucasian Soviet Republic (1918)
Ingushetia within the USSR
Mountain ASSR (1921-1924)
Ingush Autonomous Region (capital of the Ingush region)
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Okrug (1934-1936)
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1944)
Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (1944-1957)
Restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1957-1991)
Checheno-Ingush SSR (1991)
Ingushetia within Russia
Republic of Ingushetia (since 1992)
Magas
Portal "Ingushetia"

Etymology

The ethnonym “Ingush” comes from the name of the Ingush village Angusht, which, according to the testimony of the Georgian geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi, already in the 17th century. was a large settlement in the Tara Valley (modern Prigorodny district).

The ethnonym “Galgai”, as a rule, is associated with the term “Gala” - tower, fortress, and accordingly is translated as an inhabitant of a tower, fortress. At the same time, according to some researchers, the self-name “Galgai” was established among all southwestern Vainakhs only in the 1920s.

Anthropological type

Latest data on Ingush haplogroups:

• J2 - 87.4%
• L1с - 2.8-8.5%
• J1 - 2.8%
• G2a1 - 1.5%
• J2a - 1.5%

Analysis of the anthropological material of the catacomb burial rite of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Don basin of the 2nd-9th centuries established the presence of Y-chromosomal haplogroups: G2a (P15+), R1a1a1b2a (Z94+, Z95+, Z2124), (M267+) and J2a (M410+).

From the point of view of the authors of this study, the catacomb nature of the burial, a number of craniological indicators and other data that coincide with previously studied samples in the Caucasus make it possible to identify those buried as Alans.

According to the same analysis, only 5.8% of Ingush can consider themselves descendants of Alans.

Ethnic identity

According to data from the mid-19th century, the Ingush did not have a unified ethnic identity. In the early 1920s, linguist N. Yakovlev noted that the Ingush language did not yet have the concept of “nationality”. The Ingush identified themselves by auls of residence or family surnames. Although the self-name “Galgai” already existed then, the Ingush did not have a name for their language, which they simply called “our language.” In the 1930s, the prominent Caucasus expert A. Genko noted the lack of consciousness of ethnic unity among the Ingush.

Story

Ancient history

On the basis of the cultures of the North Caucasian cultural and historical community, the ancient culture of the North Caucasian autochthons - Koban - was formed, the chronological framework of which is usually defined as the 12th-4th centuries. BC e.; Meanwhile, some monuments are dated to an earlier period. At the same time, the development of Koban culture in the Central Caucasus continued until the early Middle Ages. It is with the tribes of the Koban culture that it is customary to link the ethnogenesis of the proto-Ingush ethnic groups. In written Georgian sources describing the events of this period, the ancestors of the Ingush (tribes of the Koban culture) are known under the ethnonym "Caucasions" And "dzurdzuki" (dudzuki), in ancient times - under the name "makhli" .

Perhaps the ethnonym is associated with the tribes of the Koban culture "gargarei", which is mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Strabo in his “Geography” (1st century AD) as a North Caucasian people living next to Amazons .

Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, the tribes ancestors of modern Ossetians, as well as partly Ingush, Chechens, Karachais and Balkars, were part of the Alans tribal union. Of all the tribes that were part of this union, only the Ossetians retained official language Alan. According to the Ingush historian N. Kodzoev, the capital of Alania, the city of Magas, was located on the territory of Ingushetia in the area of ​​the Ekazhevsko-Yandyr settlement.

In 1238-1240 The entire North Caucasus was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars, and included in the Jochi ulus. And in 1395, the Alan association was finally destroyed during Tamerlane’s campaign in the North Caucasus, and the remaining population moved to the mountains. There, one of the groups of Alans, with the participation of local tribes, gave rise to modern Ossetians. The Alans played a certain role in the ethnogenesis and formation of the culture of other peoples of the North Caucasus, in particular, in the mountains the formation of the Ingush people took place on the basis of five societies - the Shakhars. The period of formation of the Ingush people can be considered the XIV-XV centuries.

In the 15th century, the Ingush attempted to descend to the plains. However, in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk in December 1562, supported by the Nogais and the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Ingush were forced to flee to the mountains again.

In the 16th century, the penetration of Islam began - through Chechnya and Dagestan, but it was finally established only in the middle of the 19th century; Until this time, pagan customs and rituals continued to exist. Ingush societies - Khamkha, Tsorinsky, Dzheirakhovsky, Fyappinsky (Kistinsky), who lived in the mountains, and Orstkhoyevsky, who occupied the foothills, began to return to the plains in XVI-XVII centuries, mainly to the Tara Valley, where the village of Angusht was founded at the end of the 17th century, and to the Sunzha Valley. The resettlement to the plains was largely completed by the first half of the 19th century.

Russian settlers and Cossacks became closely acquainted with the Vainakh peoples only in XVI century.

As part of the Russian Empire

The Ingush were one of the first among the peoples of the Caucasus to become part of Russia in 1770, when in the town of Barta-Bos the “Treaty on the unification of the main part of Ingushetia with Russian state" Subsequently, this agreement was reaffirmed by the new “Act of Unity of Ingushetia with Russia” in 1810. In the 19th century, the Ingush type unions, shakhars, were replaced by territorial associations - Loamaroi, Galashevtsy and Nazran. In 1848, the Ingush, who mostly professed paganism, overwhelmingly converted to Islam after a visit to Ingushetia by the Sufi missionary and theologian Kunta-Khadzhi Kishiev. In mountainous Ingushetia, paganism was finally supplanted by Islam only in the second half of the 19th century.

At the end of the 1840s, construction began on a chain of Cossack villages on the flat part of Ingushetia. The Ingush were expelled from lowland villages to the mountains and foothills, and Cossack villages were founded in these territories. In 1845, the village of Troitskaya was founded on the site of the village of Ebarg-Yurt. In 1847, the village of Voznesenskaya was founded on the site of the village of Makhmad-Hite, in 1850 Sleptsovskaya on the site of the village of Kurai-Yurt, in 1859 Karabulakskaya on the site of the village of Ildarkhagala, in 1860 Feldmarshalskaya on the site of the village of Alkhasty, Tarskaya on the site of the village of Angusht, Sunzhenskaya on on the site of the village of Akhki-Yurt, in 1861 Nesterovskaya on the site of the village of Gazhar-Yurt, Vorontsovo-Dashkovskaya on the site of the village of Touzen-Yurt, in 1867 the Tarsky farmstead on the site of the village of Sholkhi, as well as unrenamed villages on the site of the Ingush villages - Galashevskaya, Dattykhskaya and Manly. Later, the Cossacks of the last three villages moved out due to the unsuitability of the land for cultivation, and leased them to the Ingush. In May 1888, by decision of the tsarist authorities, the Ingush who lived in the village of Gveleti on the Georgian military road were evicted. In the 60s of the 19th century, part of the Ingush, mostly residents of liquidated villages, moved to Ottoman Empire.

In 1860, the territory of Ingushetia formed the Ingush Okrug as part of the Terek Region. In 1870, the Ingush district was united with the Ossetian district into the Vladikavkaz district. In 1888, the Vladikavkaz district was disbanded, and the Ingush-Cossack Sunzhensky department was formed in place of the Ingush district. In 1909, the Sunzhensky department was divided into two districts - Sunzhensky and Nazran. According to the 1897 census in Russian Empire The number of Ingush people was 47,409 people.

IN THE USSR

In 1923, the Ingush alphabet was introduced based on the Latin alphabet, developed by Zaurbek Malsagov. On May 1, 1923, the first newspaper in the Ingush language, Serdalo, was published. New schools appeared in the villages of Gamurzievo, Bazorkino, and Yandare. Muslim schools - madrasahs - continued to function.

In 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated, and the Ingush were forcibly deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia on charges of collaboration with the Nazis. The territory of Ingushetia was divided between the newly created Grozny region and Georgia.

In the early 90s, the Ossetian side put forward the version that “instead of the Prigorodny district,” the Naursky and Shelkovsky districts of the Stavropol Territory were included in the restored Checheno-Ingushetia in 1957 (until 1957, these districts were part of the Grozny region). However, the transfer of these regions to Checheno-Ingushetia cannot be considered as "compensation" for the Prigorodny District.

According to the 1959 All-Union Census, the number of Ingush people was 105,980 people.

Since their return, the Ingush have advocated the return of seized territories, the creation own statehood. These protests reached their climax in 1973 - at a rally in Grozny organized by the Ingush demanding the return of the Prigorodny district. According to all-Union census data, the number of Ingush continued to grow: so total number Ingush in the USSR in 1979 amounted to 186,198 people, and according to the 1989 census - 237,438 people.

Since 1988, Ingushetia has created informal organizations, various movements appeared (“Niiskho”, “Dak’aste”, “People’s Council”), which aimed to create an Ingush statehood consisting of Russian Federation with the return of all territories seized during the deportation. Formally, the Ingush were rehabilitated in their rights on April 26, 1991, when at the 1st Congress of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR the law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims” was adopted political repression". This law became a kind of catalyst for the restoration of historical and social justice for other millions of citizens of the former Soviet Union.

Modern times

In 1992, the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation” was adopted (see Ingushetia). In October-November, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict around the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia escalated into armed clashes. The Ingush attack had been carefully prepared for several months. The day before the attack, not a single Ingush remained on the territory of North Ossetia. At 6:30 a.m. on October 31, armed detachments that entered the territory of the Prigorodny District from Ingushetia, near the village of Chermen, disarmed the post of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, attacked the traffic police post and the village police station. Within a few days after this, armed clashes took place in the Prigorodny district of the North Ossetian SSR, in the city of Vladikavkaz and adjacent villages, in which Ossetians (including

Ingush

INGUSHI-to her; pl. One of Caucasian peoples; persons belonging to this people.

◁ Ingush, -a; m. Ingushka, -i; pl. genus.-shek, date-shkam; and. Ingush, -aya, -oe. I. language.

(self-name - Galgai), people in Russia. They live mainly in Ingushetia (over 215 thousand people, 1992), Chechnya, and North Ossetia. Total number 237 thousand people (1995). The language is Ingush. Ingush believers are Sunni Muslims.

INGUSHI (self-name - Galgai), people in the Russian Federation (413 thousand people, 2002), indigenous people Ingushetia (361 thousand people), they also live in North Ossetia (21 thousand people). They speak Ingush. Ingush believers are Sunni Muslims. The Ingush are close in language and culture to the Chechens (the common self-name is Vainakhs). Since ancient times, Ingush settlements were located in the mountains, where the Ingush lived in separate tribal societies. The Dzherakhovsky, Fenninsky (Kistinsky), Galgaevsky (hence the self-name), Tsorinsky and Metskal societies are known. The migration of Ingush from the mountains to the plain began in the 16th-17th centuries and was especially intense in the 1830-60s. One of the first Ingush settlements on the plain was the village of Angush, or Ingush (on the site of the modern village of Tarskoye in the Tarskaya Valley). The name of the people comes from the name of the village Angush (Ingush).
At the end of 1943 - beginning of 1944, the Ingush were evicted to various regions of Central Kazakhstan. In 1957, the national autonomy of the Ingush people was restored, and the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was re-formed. Almost all Ingush returned to their native places. In 1992, a separate Ingush Republic was formed within the Russian Federation. As a result of the armed conflict in North Ossetia and the war in Chechnya, about one hundred thousand Ingush came to Ingushetia.
Traditional occupations of the Ingush: agriculture (mainly on the plains), cattle breeding (mainly in the mountains), gardening. In the economy of the population of mountainous Ingushetia, the leading place was occupied by alpine cattle breeding, combined with agriculture. In the mountains, the Ingush built castle complexes and defensive walls. On the plain, the Ingush lived in villages along rivers and roads.
Traditional Ingush clothing of the general Caucasian type. Men's shirt untucked with a collar vertically cut in front with buttons, tied with a belt, a beshmet adjacent to the waist with a belt and a dagger. Later, the Circassian style with gazyrs became widespread. Winter outerwear- sheepskin coat and burka. The main headdress is a cone-shaped papakha and felt hats. In the 1920s, caps became widespread.
Casual women's clothing- long shirt dress with a cut collar with a button, wide pants, beshmet. Long to the ground Wedding Dress(chokhi) was sewn to fit the figure from silk, velvet and brocade. The sleeves, narrow to the elbow, were continued in the form of hanging blades. The dress was decorated with metal fasteners in two rows. On the head is a cap in the shape of a truncated cone with gold and silver embroidery.
In the Middle Ages, noble women wore a “kur-khars” headdress in the form of a curved horn made of felt or leather. It was covered with expensive fabrics and decorated with an ornamented silver plaque of a round shape. In the second half of the 20th century, urban-cut clothing became established, many men wore hats, and women preferred wide-cut dresses. Traditional Ingush dishes: churek with sauce, dumplings made from corn flour, donuts made from wheat flour, pies with cheese, meat with dumplings, dairy products. The diet included hunting and fishing products.
For a long time, the Ingush preserved the family-patronymic organization, blood feud, kunachestvo, customs of hospitality, and honoring elders. While small families predominated, large families were not uncommon, especially in the mountains. Marriages are exogamous on both sides; marriage dowry was practiced. Close solidarity of relatives and strict exogamy are characteristic of modern Ingush.
Preserved traditional beliefs: totemism, animism, family-tribal cult of shrines and patrons, economic and funeral cults. The Ingush had a developed pantheon (the supreme deity was Diela). Great importance had traditional medicine and calendar rituals. Islam among the Ingush spread in the foothill zone from the 16th to the 18th centuries, in the mountains from the 19th century, and established itself only in the first half of the 19th century.
Nart occupies a significant place in Ingush folklore. heroic epic. Oral folk art includes heroic historical and lyrical songs, fairy tales, tales and legends, proverbs and sayings. The favorite dance of the Ingush is the paired Lezginka. IN applied arts Stone carving and the production of felt carpets in red and orange tones with original patterns (antlers, mountain plants, astral figures) stand out.

encyclopedic Dictionary . 2009 .

See what “Ingush” are in other dictionaries:

Ingush. GIalgIai... Wikipedia

INGUSHI, Ingush, units. Ingush, Ingush, husband. One of the Caucasian nationalities, related to the Chechens. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

INGUSHI, her, unit. Ingush, a, husband. The people who make up the main indigenous population of Ingushetia. | wives Ingushka, I. | adj. Ingush, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Ingush- INGUSHI, her, plural (ed Ingush, a, m). The people who make up the indigenous population of Ingushetia, a republic within Russia located in the central part of the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus; people belonging to this nation; language Ingush, one of... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

- (self-name Galgai) people total number 237 thousand people Main countries of settlement: Russian Federation 215 thousand people, Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia 197 thousand people. Other countries of settlement: Kazakhstan 20 thousand people. Ingush language... ... Modern encyclopedia

Mn. 1. Nakh people ethno-linguistic group. 2. Representatives of this people. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

- (self-name Galgai), people in the Russian Federation (215.1 thousand people). They live mainly in Ingushetia, Chechnya (163.8 thousand) and North Ossetia. The Ingush language of the Nakh group of Caucasian-Iberian languages. Sunni Muslim believers. Source:... ...Russian history

- (from the now defunct large aul of Angusht or Ingusht). The people of the Chechen tribe inhabiting part of the Sunzha department of the Terek region. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

INGUSHI- North Caucasian people from the banks of the Terek; OK. 150 thousand people by religion are Mohammedans; a hundred years ago they submitted to Russia after a long and bloody struggle; during the revolutionary outbreaks of 1905 7 detachments of And shei were freely hired on... ... Cossack dictionary-reference book

Ingush- representatives of the Vainakh people, related to the Chechens (see). They are characterized by slowness in actions and deeds; insight and intelligence; greater self-control and ability to control one’s behavior and communication than the Chechens.… … Ethnopsychological Dictionary

At all kinds of historical forums in which I have taken part, I am often asked: why did the Ingush convert to Islam 150 years ago? Overnight, the entire Ingush people completely, as a single organism, moved from one religion to another. What contributed to this? I thought about this question, and I must say, the answer did not come to me right away.

The Ingush practiced Christianity with elements of paganism for at least 1,000 years. The earliest Christian temple in the area modern Russia stands in the mountains of Ingushetia - this is the Thaba-Erda temple, one of the translations of which is “this is our faith”, another is “two thousand saints”. Dated 830. In addition to it, there are several other temples that are well preserved.
Also, very noteworthy in this context is the fact that the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil three times at the peak of the power of his Imamat state. Shamil tried to forcefully impose the Muslim religion on the Ingush. Long before this, the Arabs were defeated and went to war against Ingushetia, including for missionary purposes. Even earlier, there were fierce battles with the Muslim Mongol-Tatar hordes, as a result of which the ancestors of the Ingush suffered a crushing defeat. But in their attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam, the Mongols suffered a crushing defeat - the Ingush fought to the death. The cities were destroyed, and the remnants of the people took refuge in the mountains.

And so, after such an uncompromising, glorious, warlike centuries-old history, having been in Christianity for 1000 years, having such traditions of faith and defending their faith from invaders, the Ingush in the 1850s massively converted to Islam voluntarily. From the outside it looks like a paradox. But only from the outside.

From time immemorial, the Ingush people have been a free, freedom-loving people, a society of free people; the only people in the Caucasus that did not have princes. There were no slaves. Although the concepts of princes (alliy) and slaves (ley) exist in the Ingush language. But they meant more spiritual state person. Were famous families, but they all stood out from the crowd by civic merit or military valor. No other rights were enjoyed than the respect acquired solely by the intelligence and personal merits of each member.
In the West, Ingushetia is called one of the most ancient democracies in the world; it would be more accurate to say a military democracy. This form of socio-political structure persisted until the 20s. XX century. Some elements of this device have survived to this day.

And they wanted to force such people to accept new religion. Even with the best intentions. Free people are organically incapable of accepting anything by force. Any attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam were doomed to fiasco. This is the first result of my thoughts.

The second point, and no less important, is missionary activity and the personality of the preacher Kunta-Hadzhi Kishieva, who would later become the spiritual mentor of the Ingush (Ustaz) and revered by the Ingush as a saint. In the 1850s he and his murids launched missionary activities in Ingushetia. It started like this. Rumors spread among the people that after three defeats in a row, Imam Shamil did not calm down and was going to campaign against Ingushetia for the fourth time. At the meeting of Dovtbiy (all armed forces of the people), it was decided to send selected soldiers (“Black Regiment”) to the border so that they could meet uninvited guests worthy. This regiment was known for being particularly savage against Shamil's troops in previous campaigns.
Having gone to the border territory, where today is the village of GIazhar-Yurt (Nesterovskoye), the soldiers took up positions. Their amazement was enormous when an old man appeared on the horizon with a staff in his hands, surrounded by several people. It was Ustaz Kunta-Hadji. He made a huge impression on people. He was accepted and listened to. Thus, Islam was established in Ingushetia by the power of the word.

And the third, very important point. Islam is a religion that is largely based on Christianity. The youngest religion of all the world. Islam, having absorbed all the best from Christianity and adding something new, was seen by people as purified Christianity. This predetermined success.

Traditional tower settlements in the mountains were located on slopes or deep in gorges. Residential, semi-combat (height 8-10 m) and combat (12-16 m) tower buildings were common. There are known battle towers with five and less often six floors (average height 25-27 m). Castle complexes and defensive walls were erected. On the plain, the Ingush lived in large settlements stretched along rivers and roads. The ancient dwelling was a mud hut, later a long adobe or turluch house, in which the premises of each marital unit had a separate exit to the terrace. Next to the room of the head of the family and his wife is the kunatskaya (guest room). Modern houses are predominantly brick with tiled or iron roofs.

The basis of the culture of the Ingush people is Ezdel - a set of unwritten moral and ethical rules of behavior for the Ingush, which covers all spheres of life of any member of society, starting from childhood. Ezdel is a Code of Honor and Conduct passed down from generation to generation by parents and society.

Traditional clothing of the Ingush of the general Caucasian type. An untucked men's shirt with a collar on the front buttons, tied with a belt, a beshmet close to the waist with a belt and a dagger. Later, the pan-Caucasian Circassian coat with gazyrs became widespread. Warm clothes- sheepskin coat and burka. The main headdress is a cone-shaped papakha and felt hats. In the 20s In the 20th century, caps appeared, and a little later - tall hats that flared upward. Casual women's clothing: long shirt dress with a cut collar with a button, wide pants, beshmet. Everyday headwear - scarves and shawls.

The Nart heroic epic occupies a prominent place in Ingush folklore. Oral folk art: heroic, historical and lyrical songs, fairy tales, tales and traditions, proverbs and sayings. Favorite dance is the pair lezginka. In applied art, stone carving and the production of felt carpets in red and orange tones with original patterns (deer antlers, mountain plants, astral figures) stand out.

Ingush blondes photos, Ingush people dancing
Jump to: navigation, search

Total: 700 thousand people (2012)
Russia Russia: 444,833 (2010)

• Ingushetia Ingushetia: 385,537 (2010)
• North Ossetia North Ossetia: 28,336 (2010)
• Moscow Moscow: 4,354 (2010)
• Chechnya Chechnya: 1,296 (2010)

Turkey Turkey: 85 thousand (2012)
Syria Syria: 35 thousand (2012)
Jordan Jordan: 25 thousand (2012)
Lebanon Lebanon: 20 thousand (2012)
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: 15,120 (2009)
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan: 568 (1999)
Ukraine Ukraine: 455 (2001)
Belarus Belarus: 88 (2009)
Latvia Latvia: 36 (2010 est.)

Ingush

Caucasians

Batsbians, Chechens

five shahars: Khamkha (Galgaevsky), Tsorinsky, Orsthoevsky, Dzheirakhsky and Metskhalsky (Fyappinsky).

(self-name - Ingush. GIalgIai - plural, GIalgIa - singular) - Vainakh people in the North Caucasus. They speak the Ingush language of the Nakh group of the North Caucasian family, written on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.

• 1 Number
• 2 Number of Ingush in Russia according to censuses
• 3 History
• 4 Anthropological type
  • 4.1 Genetics
• 5 Language
• 6 Religion
  • 6.1 Christianity
  • 6.2 Islam
• 7 Culture
  • 7.1 Architecture
• 8 See also
• 9 Notes
• 10 Links

Number

The total number worldwide is 700 thousand people. According to the latest census of 2010, Russia is home to 444 thousand Ingush, most of whom are settled in Ingushetia - 385.5 thousand people, and also in North Ossetia - 28.3 thousand people (2010 census).

In Turkey and the countries of the Middle East, there lives a community of Ingush - Karabulaks (Orsthoevsky Shahar), numbering about 350 thousand people, sometimes they are identified as a separate ethnic group. Until the middle of the 19th century, militant Karabulaks occupied the lands of the Terek-Sunzha Plain. After graduation Caucasian War 2/3 of the Karabulaks moved to the Ottoman Empire. The remaining part was assimilated by the Ingush and Chechens. The native language of the Karabulaks is Ingush. Thus, together with the Karabulaks, the number of Ingush around the world is about 1 million people.

Number of Ingush in Russia according to censuses

Story

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo in his “Geography” (1st century AD) mentions the North Caucasian people “Gargareans”, who lived next to the Amazons. The ethnonym “Gargareans” has Hurrian roots and is reminiscent of the self-name of the Ingush - “Galgai”.

Anania Shirakatsi, an Armenian geographer and cartographer of the 7th century, mentions the “Nakhchamatyan” people, whose settlement boundaries approximately corresponded to present-day Checheno-Ingushetia.

According to other sources, the legendary ancestors of the Ingush and Chechens are the Dzurdzuks, Dvals, and Tsanars. According to historian Umalat Laudaev, in the legends of the Chechens and Ingush their ancestors are called “Kerestans,” that is, Christians. Christianity spread among nations North Caucasus starting from the 7th century AD e., when Bishop Israel from Caucasian Albania forcibly baptized the North Caucasian “Huns,” that is, the Savirs. The largest monuments of Christianity on the territory of Ingushetia are the temples of Tkhaba-Erdy dating back to the 8th century, Albi-Erdy and Targimsky in the mountainous Assinsk basin. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the Vainakhs maintained paganism.

In the Middle Ages, the ancestors of the Ingush, along with the ancestors of the Chechens, Karachais, Balkars and Ossetians, were part of the Alan tribal union. According to one version, on the territory of Ingushetia, in the area of ​​the Ekazhevsko-Yandyr settlement, the capital of Alania was Magas. According to other versions - in the Verkhnearkhyz settlement of Karachay-Cherkessia or in the Alkhankala settlement of Chechnya. In particular, the tribal leaders of the Alans of Ingush origin are known - Respendial and Goar, who participated in the great migration of peoples. The famous German and Russian scientist-encyclopedist, naturalist, geographer and traveler of the 18th-19th centuries P.S. Pallas, who visited late XVIII century in the Caucasus he wrote that the Ingush are the remnants of the Alans themselves. Another 19th century explorer, Edmund Spencer, in his scientific work“Description of trips to the Western Caucasus in 1836” notes that, according to many scientists, the Ingush are the real, currently existing Alan tribe. 1238-1240 Alania and the entire North Caucasus were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and included in the Jochi ulus. And in 1395, the Alan union was finally destroyed during Tamerlane’s campaign in the North Caucasus, and the remaining population moved to the mountains. In the mountains, the formation of the Ingush people took place on the basis of five societies - the Shakhars.

In the 15th century, the Ingush attempted to return to the plains. However, in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk in December 1562, supported by the Nogais and the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Ingush were forced to retreat to the mountains again.

In the 16th century, the penetration of Islam began - through Chechnya and Dagestan, but it was finally established only in the middle of the 19th century; Until this time, pagan customs and rituals continued to exist. The Ingush societies - Khamkha, Tsorinsky, Dzheirakhovsky, Fyappinsky (Kistinsky), who lived in the mountains, and Orsthoevsky, which occupied the foothills, began to return to the plains in the 16th-17th centuries, mainly to the Tara Valley, where the village of Angusht was founded at the end of the 17th century and to the Sunzha Valley. The resettlement to the plains was largely completed by the first half of the 19th century.

Although Kyiv prince Svyatoslav, having defeated the Khazars, made a campaign in the North Caucasus back in 965; Russian settlers and Cossacks became closely acquainted with the Vainakh peoples only in the 16th century. documents of the Russian state of the XVI-XVII centuries. they are called “michikiz” - after the Michik River or from the Kabardian “michigish”.

The Ingush were one of the first among the peoples of the Caucasus to become part of Russia in 1770, when in the town of Barta-Bos the “Treaty on the unification of the main part of Ingushetia with the Russian state” was signed by famous elders from the most influential tribes. Subsequently, this agreement was reaffirmed by the new “Act of Unity of Ingushetia with Russia” in 1810. After the Ingush entered Russia, the Georgian Military Road ran through their lands, and in 1784, the Vladikavkaz fortress was founded on the banks of the Terek near the Ingush village of Zaur. The Ingush practically did not take part in the uprisings against the Russian administration; their contribution to the war with Russia of 1817-1864 was also nominal. In the 19th century, the Ingush type unions - shakhars - were replaced by territorial associations - Loamaroy, Galashevtsy and Nazran. In 1848, the Ingush, who mostly professed paganism, voluntarily converted to Islam after a visit to Ingushetia by the Sufi missionary and theologian Kunta-Khadzhi Kishiev. In mountainous Ingushetia, paganism was finally supplanted by Islam only in the second half of the 19th century.

At the end of the 40s of the 19th century, the construction of a chain of Cossack villages began on the flat part of Ingushetia. The Ingush were expelled from their lowland villages to the mountains and foothills, and in the place of their villages Cossack villages were established. In 1845, the village of Troitskaya (Ingushetia) was founded on the site of the Ingush village of Ebarg-Yurt. Subsequently, Cossack villages were founded on the site of Ingush villages: in 1847 Voznesenskaya on the site of the village of Makhmad-Hite, in 1850 Sleptsovskaya on the site of the village of Kurai-Yurt, in 1859 Karabulakskaya on the site of the village of Ildarkhagala, in 1860 Field Marshalskaya on the site of the village of Alkhasty, Tarskaya on the site of the village of Angusht, Sunzhenskaya on the site of the village of Akhki-Yurt, in 1861 Nesterovskaya on the site of the village of Gazhar-Yurt, Vorontsovo-Dashkovskaya on the site of the village of Touzen-Yurt, in 1867 the Tarsky farm on the site of the village of Sholkhi, as well as unrenamed villages on place of the Ingush villages - Galashevskaya, Dattykhskaya and Muzhichiy. Later, the Cossacks of the last three villages moved out due to the unsuitability of the land for cultivation, and leased these lands to the Ingush. In May 1888, by decision of the tsarist authorities, the Ingush who lived in the village of Gveleti on the Georgian military road were evicted. In the 60s of the 19th century, part of the Ingush, mostly residents of liquidated villages, moved to the Ottoman Empire. In 1860, the territory of Ingushetia formed the Ingush Okrug as part of the Terek Region. In 1870, the Ingush district was united with the Ossetian district into the Vladikavkaz district. In 1888, the Vladikavkaz district was disbanded, and the Ingush-Cossack Sunzha department was formed in place of the Ingush district. In 1909, the Sunzhensky department was divided into two districts - Sunzhensky and Nazran. According to the 1897 census in the Russian Empire, the number of Ingush people was 47,409 people.

In the First World War, the Ingush participated as part of the Ingush Cavalry Regiment of the Wild Division. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the majority of the Ingush population supported the Bolsheviks. The Ingush self-defense units put up desperate resistance to the White Guard units of Denikin's Volunteer Army, which were many times larger than them. In February 1919, stubborn battles took place in the area of ​​the Alkhanchurt Valley and the villages of Kantyshevo and Dalakovo, which ended with the burning of these villages. Mountain and Foothill Ingushetia continued to be a stronghold Soviet power in the central part of the North Caucasus. After the victory of the Bolsheviks, the Ingush District was formed as part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 7, 1924, after the dissolution of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ingush Autonomous Region was formed with its capital in Vladikavkaz. Idris Zyazikov became the first secretary of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. The total area of ​​Ingushetia increased by 58%. The establishment of Soviet power in the North Caucasus had a beneficial effect on the position of the Ingush, who returned part of their lands from the Terek Cossacks, taken away in the 19th century, in Civil War mostly supported by whites. However, most of the selected Ingush lands still remained in the hands of the Sunzha Cossacks. On these lands the Sunzhensky Cossack district was formed. In 1923, the Ingush alphabet was introduced based on the Latin alphabet developed by Zaurbek Malsagov. Previously, the Ingush used the Arabic alphabet. On May 1, 1923, the first newspaper in the Ingush language, Serdalo, was published in Vladikavkaz. New schools have appeared in the villages of Gamurzievo, Bazorkino, and Yandare. Muslim schools - madrasahs - continued to function.

In 1929, Idris Zyazikov was removed from the post of secretary of the Ingush regional party committee under the pretext of sending him to study courses in Marxism-Leninism. Joseph (Isidor) Moiseevich Chernoglaz became the new head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. Chernoglaz, who pursued a reactionary policy against the Ingush, their culture and religion, was soon killed near Galashki by Khadzhimurid abreks in February 1930. After the death of Joseph Chernoglaz in February 1930, Andrei Evseev, who resigned from his post in August 1930, briefly became the new First Secretary of the Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug. The fourth head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was Y. Kirillov, who headed the autonomy for one year - until August 1931. Kirillov sharply opposed the transfer of the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz) to North Ossetia and the unification of Ingushetia with Chechnya. Under him, plans were developed to search for minerals in the mountainous zone, to build railway to Georgia through the Assin Gorge. However, Kirillov’s policy aimed at the development of Ingushetia was displeasing to the ruling forces, and in August 1931, instead of him, the more accommodating, uninitiative Heinrich Maurer, who was not very interested in the problems of the Ingush, was appointed head of the Ingush Autonomous Okrug.

In July 1933, the city of Ordzhonikidze was unilaterally transferred to North Ossetia, and at the beginning of 1934, without taking into account the opinion of the people, Ingushetia was united with Chechnya into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (since 1936 - the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ).

According to the 1926 census, 74,097 Ingush lived in the USSR, and according to the 1939 census, their number was 92,120 people.

With the beginning of the Second World War, the Ingush fought heroically on the war fronts, defending the USSR. Several dozen Ingush were nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. protection Brest Fortress Several dozen Ingush took part, the last defender of which was Umatgirey Barkhanoev. The Ingush fought near Moscow and Leningrad, near Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge, liberated European countries from the Nazis, and took Berlin. Y. Kodzoev took part in the heroic defense of Odessa. Many Ingush received high government awards - military engineer A. Sultygov, tank crews G. Malsagov, M. Malsagov, pilots M. Yandiev, Kh. Archakov, Kh. Albogachiev, etc. Lieutenant Colonel D. Kartoev was nominated for the title of Hero of the USSR.

German troops occupied most North Caucasus, however, under the very first Ingush settlements– They were stopped by Vladikavkaz and Malgobek, and at the cost of the heroic resistance of the Ingush people together with the Red Army, the Germans were thrown back from the Ingush land, after which their general widespread retreat began. The Ingush did not allow the Nazis to take possession of the much-needed Malgobek oil and did not give way to the also oil-bearing Grozny and Baku.

In 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated, and the Ingush, along with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia on false charges of collaboration with the Germans, although the fascists not only did not enter the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, but were stopped at its very borders and thrown back. In exile in Kazakhstan, up to 1/3 of the Ingush died. The territory of Ingushetia was divided between Ossetia, the newly created Grozny region and Georgia.

In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was partially restored. The Ingush Prigorodny district, a significant part of which was subsequently included in the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz), was left as part of North Ossetia. Instead of the lands lost in this way, as compensation for the Prigorodny district, three districts of the Stavropol Territory were given to Checheno-Ingushetia - Naursky, Shelkovsky and Kargalinsky. However, the Ingush did not populate these Cossack areas that were alien to them, and during the division of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, they left them completely within Chechnya. According to the All-Union Census of 1959, the number of Ingush people was 105,980 people

From the moment they returned to their homeland, the Ingush advocated the return of seized territories and the creation of their own statehood. These protests reached their climax in 1973, at a rally in Grozny organized by the Ingush demanding the return of their homeland, the Prigorodny region. According to all-Union censuses, the number of Ingush continued to grow: the total number of Ingush in the USSR in 1979 was 186,198 people, and according to the 1989 census - 237,438 people.

After the start of perestroika in the USSR, the Ingush began to hope for the restoration of justice for their people. Since 1988, informal organizations have been created in Ingushetia, various movements have appeared (“Niiskho”, “Da’kaste”, “People’s Council”), which set as their goal the creation of Ingush statehood within the Russian Federation with the administrative center in the city of Vladikavkaz, with the return of all those rejected territories during Stalin's repressions. Formally, the Ingush were fully rehabilitated in their rights only on April 26, 1991, when at the 1st Congress of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR the law “On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression” was adopted. Also, the above-mentioned law became a kind of catalyst for the restoration of historical and social justice for other millions of citizens of the former Soviet Union.

In 1992, the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation” was adopted (see Ingushetia). October-November old Ossetian-Ingush conflict around the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia escalated into armed clashes. According to the Russian prosecutor's office, during the military clashes as a result of the conflict, 583 people were killed (350 Ingush and 192 Ossetians), 939 people were injured (457 Ingush and 379 Ossetians), another 261 people went missing (208 Ingush and 37 Ossetians), from 30 up to 60 thousand Ingush were forced to flee from Vladikavkaz and the Prigorodny region to Ingushetia. In 1995, the new capital of Ingushetia, the city of Magas, was founded.

Anthropological type

Caucasian type(lat. Varietas Caucasia) - North Caucasian version Caucasian. The terms “Varietas Caucasia” and “Caucasian race” are also used to refer to the white race, introduced by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who included the inhabitants of Europe. The name arose from the fact that Blumenbach considered the Caucasus to be the first location white man, and because he recognized the tribes currently living in the Caucasus as the purest and unmixed type of this race. Until now the term Caucasian English language is the standard designation for the white race. Anthropologist V.V. Bunak wrote that “among the Ingush, this own Caucasian type was preserved more than any of the other North Caucasian peoples.” Blumenbach wrote:

Caucasian type - for study I took this particular type, the mountain type of the Caucasus, because its southern slope produces the most beautiful race of people; By this race I, first of all, mean Georgians. All physiological signs come down to this. Thus, we can say with greater confidence that the Caucasus is the birthplace of the white man.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, gives the following description of the Ingush:

In appearance, the Ingush is lean, slender, of average height, with sharp features and quick eyes on a pale, dark face; The hair color is mostly black, the nose is aquiline, the movements are hasty and impetuous.

Genetics

The Ingush are carriers of six genera (haplogroups), four of which are dominant:

• J2 - 88%
• R1a - 3.5%
• J1 - 2.5%
• G - 2%

Haplogroups J2, G, R1a are dominant in the Mediterranean region.

The latest more accurate data on the haplogroups of the Ingush according to Kutuev: J2-81.9% J1- 1.9% L3-8.53% G- 2.48%

Language

Religion

Christianity

The first Christian missionaries, according to the works of historian Bashir Dalgat, appeared in Ingushetia around the 10th century, simultaneously with the rise of Georgia, and were Georgians. Christianity spread quite widely in Ingushetia and Chechnya, currently on the territory of modern Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia there are many archaeological, historical and architectural monuments, confirming centuries-old Christianity among the Ingush in particular, and the Vainakhs in general. The scientist’s research describes numerous testimonies from historians and travelers of the early and middle Middle Ages, according to which churches or even, possibly, a monastery were built on the territory of the Ingush lands. in particular, according to the testimonies of Russian German scientists Johann Güldenstedt and Peter-Simon Pallas, who visited Ingushetia in the 18th century, ancient documents were kept in the Thaba-Erda church (an example of architecture of the 9th-10th centuries), written, according to the words of the monk interlocutor , “in gold, blue and black letters,” that above the doors of the temple there is an inscription “in Gothic letters.” The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, indicated the presence of Christians and pagans among the Ingush:

The Ingush are mostly Sunni Muslims, but there are also Christians and complete pagans among them. Islam settled among them no earlier than half of the last century, but in ancient times the Ingush were Christians, as evidenced by many chapels and the remains of ancient churches, which are highly respected by the Ingush and in which they make sacrifices and celebrate various festivals, which are a mixture of Christian traditions and pagan views. Among the Ingush, human skeletons located in a stone booth near the town are especially revered. Nazran; According to legend, these skeletons belong to the Nart people, who once lived near Nazran, and remained incorrupt for 200 years, but with the arrival of the Russians they began to deteriorate.

Islam

Islam was adopted just over 200 years ago. Despite all the efforts of the nobility, the spread of Islam proceeded with great difficulty. But after the visit of Ingushetia by the sheikh of the Kadyri tariqa Kunta-Hadzhi Kishiev, the spread of Islam became widespread. Moderate Sunni Islam is professed by the madhhab of Imam Al-Shafi'i, which has become one of the elements of national identity and cultural tradition.

The Ingush are Muslims of the traditional Sufi tariqa ( spiritual path), based on the tariqa of Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani and Sheikh Bahauddin Naqshbandi.

Culture

The basis of the culture of the Ingush people is Ezdel- a set of unwritten moral and ethical rules of behavior for the Ingush, which covers all spheres of life of any member of society, starting from childhood. Ezdel is a Code of Honor and Conduct passed down from generation to generation by parents and society.

Ingush culture is very diverse and has many legends, epics, stories, proverbs and sayings. Rich musical, dancing and singing traditions. Popular musical instruments are the dakhchan-pandar (a type of balalaika), the kakhat-pandar (an accordion used primarily to accompany girls), the ch1ondarg (a three-string violin), the yabakh-zurma (bagpipe), the zurna (a type of clarinet), tambourine and drums.

Architecture

The Ingush as an ethnic group are mentally inextricably linked with their tower culture. This fact, is best emphasized by the self-name of the Ingush - GIalgIay, which is translated as people of the towers.

Ingush towers were built between the 10th and 17th centuries AD. They are located mainly in the Dzheirakhsky district of Ingushetia, and are also found in small numbers in the Sunzhensky district of Ingushetia.

There are three main types of towers: residential, semi-combat (in some sources - semi-residential) and combat. Also, objects of ancient Ingush stone architecture include religious buildings and burial grounds (necropolises), located within the perimeter of the tower complexes.

Among the tower buildings, the stones on which petroglyphs are carved attract the eye. They are located along the walls of the building without any visible system or symmetry. Among the petroglyphs are signs resembling letters, drawings in the form of crosses, spirals, swastikas, salt circles, images of household items and weapons, tamga-shaped signs. Sometimes there are figures of people and animals. At the same time, the signs of gender are emphasized in people; they are accompanied by not entirely clear signs (circles, zigzags, spirals), suggesting that these are images of deities, mythological characters or heroes. Perhaps among them is the “mother of people” - the fertility goddess Tusholi, especially revered by the Ingush, as well as the god Del. Usually at the entrance to the tower there is a palm print - the hand of the master who erected the building. It was a kind of guarantee of the strength of the architect’s creation, which has been confirmed by time - many towers outlived their creators for many centuries.

There are significant tower complexes in the villages of Erzi, Lyalakh, Targim, Puy, Pyaling, Khyani, Egikal, Upper and Lower Leymi, Khamkhi, Lyazhgi, Dzheirakh. Tower construction of Ingushetia, a bright heritage of the ancient material culture, unique both in the Caucasus and throughout the world.

The famous archaeologist and Caucasus expert E.I. Krupnov expressed himself this way about the Ingush towers: “The Ingush military towers “vouv” are in the true sense the pinnacle of architectural and construction skills ancient population the edges. They amaze with their simplicity of form, monumentality and strict elegance. For their time, the Ingush towers were a true miracle for human genius, just as for our century, man’s new steps into the sky.”

It is believed that for many centuries the tower complexes developed among the mountaineers an aesthetic sense of beauty, a sense careful attitude to the home as a family sanctuary.

Aul Targim

Battle towers - Erzi village

Vovnushki - general plan

Vovnushki towers in the mountains of Ingushetia

Eastern towers of Vovnushki

see also

• List of Ingush

Notes

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 All-Russian population census 2010 National composition regions of Russia
2. All-Russian Population Census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation 2010
3. Rosstat on the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 - “This is what we are - Russians” - Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Rosstat on the results of the All-Russian Population Census ...
4. Mosstat: Appendixes to the results of the 2010 VPN in the city of Moscow: Appendix 5. National composition of the population in Moscow
5. 1 2 3 4 Magas 2013, p. 84
6. Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics. Census 2009. (National composition of the population.rar)
7. V. Haug. Demographic trends, nation formation and interethnic relations in Kyrgyzstan. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
8. &n_page=2 All-Ukrainian population census of 2001. Population distribution by nationality and native language. State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine.
9. Population census of the Republic of Belarus 2009. POPULATION BY NATIONALITY AND NATIVE LANGUAGE. belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
10. Distribution of the population of Latvia by national composition and state affiliation as of 07/01/2010 (Latvian)
11. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, p.84
12. Tankiev A. Kh. Ingushi. Saratov 1998
13. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, p. 84
14. 1 2 M. A. Yalkhoroeva Ingush diaspora in Turkey. Nazran 2008
15. Tankiev A. Kh. Ingushi. Saratov 1998.
16. Dolgieva M.B. Modern settlement of the Ingush./Questions of history/vol. 10., Magas 2013, pp. 86-87
17. All-Russian Population Census 2002
18. History of Ingushetia. Scientific publication. Edited by N.D. Kodzoev. Magas-Nalchik 2011, p. 89.
19. Kodzoev N.D. Location and meaning of the name of the Alanian capital city of Magas
20. Muzhukhoeva E.D. Alania and Magas. M., 2012. P.56.
21. Pallas P. S. Observations made during a trip to the southern governorships of the Russian state / Transl. with German; Rep. ed. B.V. Levshin; Comp. N.K. Tkacheva. - M.: Nauka, 1999, C128.
22. Edmund Spesnser. Description of trips to the Western Caucasus in 1836. Nalchik, 2008, p.247.
23. P.G.Butkov.Materials for new history Caucasus from 1722 to 1803. Part I, St. Petersburg, 1869, pp. 122-123.
24. History of Ingushetia. Scientific publication. Edited by N.D. Kodzoev. Magas-Nalchik 2011, p. 215.
25. Demoscope Weekly - Application. Directory of statistical indicators
26. All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
27. All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR. "Demoscope". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
28. 1 2 Zenkovich N. A. Secrets of the bygone century. Boundaries. Controversy. Grievances. - Olma-Press, 2004. - pp. 610-612. - 766 s. - ISBN 5-224-04403-0.
Human Rights Center "Memorial"
29. Biographical details are in Charles Coulston Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970:203f s.v. "Johann Friederich Blumenbach".
30. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006.
31. 1 2 Ingush. Brockhaus-Efron. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011.
32. Eupedia: Geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups
33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dalgat, Bashir Kerimovich. Christianity and Mohammedanism in Chechnya. The spread of Christianity and Mohammedanism among the Ingush. // Primitive religion of the Chechens and Ingush / S. A. Arutyunov. - 1st ed. - M.: Nauka, 2004. - P. 38-52. - 240 s. - 550 copies. - ISBN 5020098353.
34. Temple of Thaba-Erda in Ingushetia
35. Johanna Nichols. The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information. University of California at Berkeley (February 1997). Retrieved February 10, 2007.

Links

• Ingushetia.info
• News and History of Ingushetia
• The Ingush people (inaccessible link - history)
• Official website of Ingushetia

Ingush Almaty, Ingush blondes photo, Ingush in Syria, Ingush Wikipedia, Ingush fight, Ingush zikr, Ingush history, Ingush customs traditions, Ingush dance, Ingush this

Ingush Information About