Little-known youth subcultures. Youth subculture and its role in modern society

Hippie, a youth subculture that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. The movement flourished in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially, hippies protested against the Puritan morality of some Protestant churches, and also promoted the desire to return to natural purity through love and pacifism. grunge, stylistic direction in rock music (a variant of “new wave grunge metal”) and youth subculture, which has become one of the most noticeable phenomena alternative rock late 1980s - mid 1990s. The birthplace of grunge was the city of Seattle (USA, Washington state), the most prominent representatives of which are four Seattle bands: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Nirvana and Soundgarden. These groups are known as the "Seattle Four". Grunge refers to heavy music along with heavy metal and hard rock. Emo, the emo subculture can be classified as the latter a new style, although it looks very similar to goth and glam rock. Inspired stripes with long names, such as "The Day My Dog Went to Town," sickly young men everywhere decided to wear their hair slicked to the side, neckerchiefs, black eyeliner, and leg-hugging jeans.
Punk, a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground group he produced. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock.
Chik, The style is revived every few years, with the latest one still in full swing, Johnny Depp and Justin Timberlake - prominent representatives, plaid trousers, sneakers and a T-shirt tucked into the trousers. Rockers, Rockers emerged in the mid-60s and reached their peak in the late 60s and early 70s, both in England and on the continent. Rockers come primarily from families of unskilled workers, without education, and often from single-parent and “problematic” families. Rocker clothes - Leather Jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket is usually decorated with badges and inscriptions. The main element of the rocker subculture is the motorcycle, which is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. The motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of obtaining strong sensations. At the same time, rockers highly value technical knowledge and driving skills. Gansta, Gangsta Rap began its development in the late 80s. This trend originates in hardcore rap. The gangsta rap style featured a hard, noisy sound. Lyrically, it was as sharp as the rappers' crude tales of urban unrest. Sometimes the texts were accurate representations of reality, and sometimes they were simply comics filled with exaggeration. This direction became the most commercially successful in the history of hip-hop from the late 80s to the early 90s. During its development, gangsta rap became the source of considerable controversy, as some conservative organizations tried to ban the distribution of albums by these musicians. New Romantic (Glam Rock), musical movement that emerged in Britain in the early 1980s and (as part of new wave) had a noticeable impact on the development English pop rock scenes. “New Romanticism” arose as an alternative to the asceticism of punk culture and not only did not carry social protest, but also (according to the Virgin Encyclopedia of 80’s Music) “celebrated glamor.” Oil can, an outgrowth of the British Teddy Boy culture - can be described as: Skinny jeans, tight T-shirts and slicked back hair. Jukeboxes, cocktail bar and travel in cars.
Dandy Flapper Dandy Flapper prevailed among the girls. Red lipstick, hair stuck to the head with hairspray and glitter, dresses were the order of the day for girls, for men only a tweed suit with a bowler hat.

Tales about goths, jokes about emo and fear of skinheads

Now these are all hipsters and angry townspeople, or at least Russian nationalists, but before, at school and in the first years, all social life determined by belonging to one or another subculture. Trancers, skaters, punks and rappers, hard and not hard goths, emo or posers. The turn of the 1990s and 2000s was a golden age for youth subcultures: they were talked about on TV, notebooks were published for them, and the newly appeared Internet helped everyone find their place in the world of youth culture. W→O→S decided to remember what it was like to live surrounded by subcultures.

In Russia, goths - people in black, adherents of dark aesthetics and professing a gloomy outlook on life - turned out to be perhaps the most integrated subculture into online life, which took shape in 1999. At the same time, based on thematic conferences, FIDO.net was portal created , whose overage creator Andrei Coroner Narkevich taught the new arrivals about life. On the site they found out who was a worker and who was not a worker and received bans for asking questions like “Are blacks goths?” (actually yes). The site still operates today and catalogs species diversity is ready.

Second-rate goths hung out in the open air: in St. Petersburg - at the House of Cinema, and in Moscow - at Chistye Prudy along with others. Goths in style, observing subcultural rituals and having some musical pretensions - in Red Club and Tochka, respectively. For people interested in dark aesthetics, it was a glorious time in terms of the arrival of bands like Deine Lakaien or Diary of Dreams, but the actual gothic masses still listened mainly to Lacrimosa and HIM, although they carefully hid it.

The brightest and most comical were the local cyber goths - they braided wires into their already Kanekalon dreadlocks, wore gas welder glasses, danced to electro music ranging from Wumpscut to Infected Mushroom and at the same time, as a rule, they were completely devoid of musical taste and, despite the morphological similarity with trancers, they were panicky afraid of taking substances.

Goths

Severe guys with shaved temples, tattoos, dressed in camouflage trousers and KMFDM T-shirts, loved goths - at the “gotop dances” you could pick up a “gothic sucker” and feel like a superman next to the twitching cybergoths. The refuge of industrialists on the Internet became the portal, a manual created by the late Saratov figure Dmitry Tolmatsky (DMT project). Despite the formidable ceremonial paraphernalia such as chemical protective suits and the political radicalism and craving for the occult often inherent in industrialists, they treated themselves with a fair amount of self-irony. In local folklore, there were jokes like “You move your sound equipment into the bathroom because the acoustics are great and the electrical shocks keep you from relaxing” and “So does the truck.” your musical equipment". Among the industrial industrialists, it was considered a sign of good manners to fall asleep to Throbbing Gristle or How to Destroy Angels Coil, to despise NIN and the later Ministry (the girls were given concessions), to collect the products of the Wax Trax label on cassettes and to organize sessions on abandoned construction sites with sessions of sound production using sleepers, fittings and guardrail from dad's SUV.

Industrialists

In the Russian consciousness, emos have remained incomprehensible creatures in striped tights, with soft toys pinned to pink backpacks, piercings and long bangs. Emos were supposed to walk around depressed and express their emotions as openly as possible. Their main musical idols seemed to be the disgraceful German band Tokio Hotel and Russian group Amatory. In reality, it was a fairly solid subculture, rooted in American hardcore of the 80s, with beliefs mixed from veganism, youth protest and straight age ( complex system abstaining from alcohol, drugs and other doping substances). In the ranks of emo there were constant debates about whether you were a real emo (if you listen to emotional hardcore and know the origins of the subculture) or a poser (you don’t know anything). The controversial emo culture disappeared almost completely at one point and has only recently experienced a renaissance thanks to a series of nostalgia parties with names like “Give Me Back My 2007.”

Emo

Alternative point of view

It was not easy for Russian guys who loved hip-hop. Now hip-hop is mainstream and virtually a universal language that everyone understands. At the same time, many questions arose: why the performers are black and behave like gangsters in the videos, and whether this is pop music (the situation worsened after Timati appeared), whether white guys, especially from school, can rap just like the great masters. There were even problems with self-designation: it was believed that rappers were gangstas, and those who did not want to associate themselves with them called themselves “hoppers.” Rappers supposedly fought with skinheads because they were against black music. Decl even had a song for this topic. In reality, the proximity of skinheads was not so fatal. Many skins also liked hip-hop, and they listened to Salt-n-Pepa mixed with Kolovrat. Due to poor knowledge of the language, the perception of Western hip-hop music was mainly musical and rhythmic. And the heroes of real Russian hip-hop were only Bad Balance, and then Micah. Well, finally decide for yourself: “Onyx is a sucker” or “Onyx is a god.”

Rappers or hoppers

Tolkienists and hippies

The most free people in this country. Future programmers and promising Russian scientists were often hippies and role players (not necessarily at the same time). Important attributes include the culture of hitchhiking as a universal way to travel around the country, an almost obligatory passion for fantasy literature, and color-coded baubles. The coding was complicated, so I had to look up explanations of all the colors on the Internet and print them out so as not to get confused. Is it true, different lists contradicted each other. Red and black are worn by those who are suicidal or fans of the group "Alice", red and white baubles are worn by supporters of free love, which was so important at the time of puberty. Baubles had to be woven by hand and given as a gift (you couldn’t buy them). If all the baubles disappeared somewhere (they could have been cut off by the police or at home by evil parents), then you could come to any hippie gathering, even a completely unfamiliar one, and receive a bauble from everyone who was there. The places where Moscow hippies (who did not call themselves that) gathered were the clubs “Forpost” and “Living Corner”, for quite a long time “Bilingua”, and among public spaces - Chistye Prudy.

Tolkienism was a separate phenomenon, which has now almost completely degenerated or turned into a more serious and aggressive re-enactor movement. The key places to wave wooden (and then duralumin) swords were Tsaritsyno and Filevsky Park. Belonging to the subculture presupposed knowledge of the Elvish language, which led to the fact that in Russia there are still tens of thousands of people who can sing excerpts of songs from The Silmarillion from memory. Important events were the Hobbit Games, where for several days in a row you could remain an orc or an elven princess (but always in ankle boots). Tolkienists called musicians “minstrels.” The most popular of them are Tam Greenhill, Chancellor Guy, Illet and the Temple rock order. During the time of the Tolkienists, the order became famous for the epic opera “Finrod-zong” based on Tolkien’s “The Silmarillion”.

A subculture that did not have any special prerequisites for development in Russia. But there was his own Christ. First-grade boys in the mid-1990s chose their friends from those who could correctly answer the question “Who killed Kurt Cobain?” The grungers did not profess a specific ideology, and the only clothing that stood out was their hoodies with the cover of Nevermind. There was no place left in their hearts for other grunge bands (maybe with the rare exception of Pearl Jam), but they had one important advantage: the Onyx logo on the fence could very easily and effectively be converted into the Nirvana logo.

Grangers

Now, teenage electronic engineers of the turn of the 1990s and 2000s seem to be the most intelligent, creative and at the same time hermetic subculture. Tech students, computer scientists and just slightly autistic music nerds didn’t really hang out, but gathered in Internet threads a la “How to solder a pocket theremin?” and carefully attended deliveries from promoters like “Light Music” and related parties. Russian center electronic movement there was the city of Izhevsk - not only were progressive local IDM projects born there, but all world fashion first came there, and only then reached the capitals: it turned out to be a journey from Bristol through Izhevsk. Guys in glasses and hoods sat closely on the products of Warp Records, the indisputable authorities were Amon Tobin, Aphex Twin and Autechre. The movement gave birth to its own labels like Lagunamuch or Zvezda, where almost teenage enthusiasts learned to plow the unfertile garden of the domestic music business.

Electronics engineers

Subculture with difficult fate, which actually repeated the situation with emo. The shaven-headed guys in grinders themselves could profess a wide range of beliefs: the original English subculture did not necessarily imply racism and nationalism (and the music of skins for a long time was reggae), but the stereotype of dangerous street subculture racists who are ready to start a fight for any reason. And since there were still few people to fight with (the influx of migrants began much later), they looked for enemies among the white brothers who were fans of rap and other black music. In the early 2000s, the subculture began to develop: a Russian analogue of the Mods, another British subculture that combined aggression with a love of good clothes, appeared, as well as antifa as fighters against racism and any manifestations of skinheads, and simply a large number of skinheads who had nothing to do with national hatred . Then all these games ended and the pogroms of vegetable warehouses and the film “Okolofutbola” began. But that's a completely different story.

The world is colorful, diverse and unpredictable. In every era, there were those who were opposed, who went perpendicular to the majority and challenged. In the last century, communities of such individuals were called subcultures.

Youth subcultures were initially hermetic communities that opposed themselves to the majority and were reluctant to assimilate into mass culture and were equally reluctant to accept people from the outside into their ranks.
However, nothing stands still. Once marginalized groups that the Soviets official language informal youth associations were called, and gradually ceased to be something alien. Such processes are easiest to track at the level of accessories and elements of external style. Mohawks, bangs, wristbands and tunnels, which once caused consternation, sidelong glances, scandals and fights, now in one form or another happily exist on the streets, in offices, on catwalks and are no longer a cause for noise. And even questions.

List of youth subcultures

Punks are the most well-known and odious of subcultures. Over the history of its existence, an innumerable number of varieties have grown within punk culture, which differ strikingly: both in the sense of external surroundings and in terms of ideological content. Nowadays, many attributes of the punk subculture have become popular and are no longer considered something out of the ordinary, even when exploited by representatives of pop culture. However, punk culture is alive - thanks to ideological adherents, for whom punk is not a fashion of the day, but a way of thinking.

Modern youth subcultures

Visual Kei - “Our answer” to the glam rock culture that originated in Japan. If KISS had not performed at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan Stadium in 1977, visual kei would probably not exist at all. However, this event caused a surge in the popularity of glam rock and related genres, and then the formation of a local subculture.
In visual-kei, the image component seems to have become even more important than in its Western predecessor...

The history, features and list of modern youth subcultures around the world are in our “Subcultures” section!
Don’t forget to check in regularly - and our experts will tell you not only about goths and role-players, but also about many exotic trends in culture. You will be surprised!

Subculture- This special area dominant culture, which is distinguished by its internal organization, customs, and norms.

youth subculture - this is culture younger generation, which is distinguished special language, lifestyle, behavioral traits, group norms, values, means of self-expression .

Youth subculture is a phenomenon characteristic of the industrial and post-industrial stage of development of any type of culture. It performs the functions of socialization of young people, solves problems of generational conflict and obeys the uniform laws of development. Being a subculture woven into the structural fabric of a specific type of culture, it has the properties and characteristics of the latter.

The youth subculture of any society at all stages of development is characterized by the so-called contradiction of “fathers” and “children”. It can safely be attributed to the eternal problems: “Today’s youth are accustomed to luxury, they have bad manners, despise authority, and do not respect their elders. Children argue with their parents, greedily swallow food and harass teachers,” Socrates complained back in 470 BC. e.

However, as it unfolds over time, culture not only renews itself, but also preserves itself thanks to the action of succession mechanisms that transmit to each new generation the cultural heritage of previous eras (family, traditions, general system education, media, cultural institutions).

By stages life cycle distinguish between official (traditional) and innovative-avant-garde youth cultures. An example of official youth subcultures in the Soviet Union were the pioneer organization and the Komsomol, in modern Russia- “Walking Together” movement.

Based on areas of interest, youth subcultures are also divided into musical, intellectual, religious-philosophical, sports, computer, countercultural, etc.

The emergence of youth subcultures is caused by several reasons.

Firstly, it is the rapid and constant acceleration of modern life in industrial societies. The phenomenon of youth culture is a sign of predominantly dynamic societies (technogenic civilization). If previously culture was not divided into “adult” and “youth”, now “fathers” and “children” have serious differences in value orientations, fashion, methods of communication, and even lifestyle in general.

Modern culture is full of innovations that are constantly being hacked and rebuilt. cultural tradition, sometimes thereby complicating the processes of socialization and adaptation of a person to the constantly changing conditions and demands of life. Fragility and novelty form a “dangerous mixture”, since a person striving for self-identification, establishing social connections, searches in a changing environment, i.e. all objects with which it comes into contact and with which it could join are in constant accelerating movement.

Secondly , the period of socialization of the younger generation is lengthening. This is due to the need to increase time for education and professional training that meets the requirements of the modern era. Today, a young man (or girl) early ceases to be a child (in terms of his psychophysiological development), but in terms of social status, he (she) does not belong to the world of adults for a long time. Adolescence is a time when economic activity and independence have not yet been fully achieved. “Youth” as a phenomenon and sociological category, born of industrial society, is characterized by psychological maturity in the absence of significant participation in adult institutions.

Third, On an individual psychological level, young people are characterized by a not always conscious desire to free themselves from external control, increased emotionality, excitability, idealization of certain life ideas, maximalism, as well as instability of moral positions, often based on the perception of negative social phenomena.

Socialization occurs under the influence of various conditions and circumstances, including uncontrollable factors, such as the informal environment of communication with peers, views and moods existing in society.

There are some specific features that distinguish the youth subculture from the dominant culture in society. In other words, youth subcultures are a kind of socio-cultural formation.

youth subculture does not have a clearly defined social status A. The norms and symbols adopted in it are different from those prescribed by society. However, there are remnants of former myths, legends, and sprouts of new phenomena in it. Information coming from foreign cultures that does not fit into the main culture settles in youth subcultures.

Domestic the values ​​of youth subcultures are opposed to the so-called “generally accepted” values. Youth cultures are characterized by a rebellious spirit, non-acceptance or even complete rejection of official ideology, and apoliticality. Members of various youth subcultures insist on their independence from society. Independence is one of the main features of self-awareness.

The youth environment often shapes countercultural value orientation, the highest principle of which is the principle of pleasure, enjoyment, which acts as an incentive and goal of behavior. Hence, the morality of permissiveness can become an integral and organic element of the counterculture.

Most youth subcultures have its symbolism. For example, hippies and punks have shaggy hair, shabby clothes, and homemade bags. There are graphic symbols on clothes and bags: embroidered flowers, anti-war slogans. Skinheads are characterized by the absence of hair on their heads, leather clothing, heavy, rough shoes, etc. These symbols are the first to catch the eye, so the presence of special symbols is a sign of the existence of a communication field in which you are recognized as “one of our own.”

Every youth subculture tries to stand out with your tongue(slang), which makes it difficult to communicate with “strangers”. By the language one already subconsciously recognizes “one’s own”. There is special folklore, its own sayings, anecdotes, ditties, legends and traditions.

The current situation in Russia can be defined as a stage between the old system of values, which is causing significant disruptions, and the new one, which is still being born.

For a long time in our country, the only youth organization was the Komsomol, officially permitted and supported. However, already in the 70s. Informal youth groups began to emerge, which, due to the general socio-political situation in the country, were in the “underground”, producing in some cases their own counterculture. Glasnost and perestroika allowed these groups to legalize their activities, loudly declare themselves, thereby significantly increasing their numbers.

A certain place among them was occupied by groups formed around various musical tastes and styles (metallists, Rolling Stones, breakers, Beatlemaniacs, etc.).

Informal youth organizations also emerged, the value orientations of which had some political and ideological connotations (nostalgists, anarchists, pacifists, deviationists, greens).

There were groups of apolitical, escapist character (hippies, punks, people of the system).

Among intellectual youth, the aesthetic group “Mitki” was popular, distinguished by self-irony and a grotesquely emphasized style “a la Rus'”.

Groups were formed that professed the “cult of muscles” and physical strength of “jocks.” Criminogenic groups also appeared, united on the basis of aggressiveness, rigid organization and illegal activities (hipsters, gopniks, lyubers, etc.). Some of them were inspired by slogans of restoring socialist justice or the fight against “badness” in the form of hippies, punks and others.

Nonconformism of this youth environment manifested itself in everything: in manners, in clothing, in hobbies, in slang, sometimes reaching openly extremist forms. Currents of the Western youth subculture on our soil often transformed into rather absurd forms, acquiring only an external character: they were “copied” from their Western peers by inept “artists”, so the result was not copies, but caricatures.

After the defeat of the August 1991 “putsch,” a wave of democratic euphoria sharply increased socio-political activity, including among young people. Having reached its maximum, this activity began to subside, which was accompanied by the disappearance of many informal youth groups and a significant decrease in the number of those remaining.

Currently, several negative trends can be identified in the development of the youth subculture.

Subculture entertainment and recreational orientation. Along with communicative (communication with friends), youth leisure mainly performs a recreational function, most often in the form of passive relaxation (“doing nothing”). Young people are developing attitudes not toward creative self-realization, but toward passive consumption of education, culture, and labor. This trend is even more present in the cultural self-realization of student youth, which is indirectly determined by the very flow of prevailing values popular culture, promoting background perception and superficial consolidation in consciousness.

“Westernization” (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests displaces values national culture, both classical and folk, examples of mass culture, focused on the introduction of values, the “American way of life” in its primitive and lightweight version. Favorite heroes and, to a certain extent, role models are the idols of show business or sports, for girls - heroines of soap operas and pulp novels about love, and for boys - invincible superheroes of thrillers.

Pragmatism, cruelty, immoderate desire for material well-being. Thus, among students, mutual payment for educational services - writing essays, term papers, assistance in preparing for exams, etc. - is becoming a “normal” phenomenon. The most important value for many young people is the “equivalence of mutual retribution” (the need for reward for good and retribution for evil).

These trends are also present in the cultural self-realization of young people: there is a reckless contempt for such “outdated” values ​​as politeness, meekness and respect for others for the sake of fashion. Young people differ significantly from older generations in that they are practically devoid of illusions that someone can solve their own problems for them.

Weak individualization and selectivity of culture. The choice of certain values ​​is most often associated with group stereotypes (“the principle of herring in a barrel”) of a rather rigid nature - those who disagree run a high risk of joining the ranks of “suckers” - “outcasts,” “uninteresting,” “non-prestigious” people from the point of view of the “crowd.” ”, usually equaling a certain ideal - “cool” (sometimes in the person of the leader of this group).

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values ​​are determined by gender, level of education, and, to a certain extent, residence and nationality of the recipient. The extreme direction of this trend in the youth subculture are the so-called “teams” with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members.

Cultural self-realization outside cultural institutions. Leisure self-realization of young people is carried out, as a rule, outside cultural institutions and is relatively noticeably determined by the influence of mainly screen art (cinema and television) - the most influential institutional source of not only aesthetic, but also generally socializing influence.

In these types of art (as, indeed, in the content of art in general) there is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization, which manifests itself, first of all, in the belittlement, deformation and destruction of the image of a person. In particular, this is recorded in the escalation of scenes and episodes of violence and sex, in the intensification of their cruelty and naturalism, which contradicts the laws of human morality and has an impact on negative impact to a youth audience.

Lack of ethnocultural self-identification. In modern Russia, there is a severe crisis of identity in many groups of society, especially with regard to self-identification with cultural, political and social values. Some groups of youth accept new values ​​and norms to a greater or lesser extent, while others try to preserve and strengthen traditional values.

Attempts to introduce ethnocultural content into the process of socialization in most cases are limited to the propaganda of ancient Russian customs and Orthodoxy. And ethnocultural self-identification consists, first of all, in the formation of positive feelings towards the history and traditions of one’s people, i.e., what is commonly called “love for the Fatherland.”

Belonging to youth culture, being a phase of development, a transitional stage in the formation of a personality that loses its significance as the boy (girl) adapts to the world of adults, Youth itself does not produce any culture without first having assimilated traditional culture. In the course of this assimilation, she can reproduce the ready-made forms offered to her, which, in turn, will be replenished in accordance with her consumer abilities.

· Hipsters

Hipsters, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature, etc.”

Ideology:

Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for the external and internal freedom of a person, and therefore support movements for women's and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination; most often they are agnostics or atheists.

Origin:

Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.

Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”

It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.

A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.

Attributes:

Skinny jeans.

T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, moleskins, lomographs and London.

Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.

Lomograph.

iPod/iPhone/MacBook.

Blog on the Internet.

Football hooligans

Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposing oneself to “opponents,” etc.

Origin:

Football hooliganism as it exists today began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.

In Russia the process of emergence new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of the fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kiev and Zenit Leningrad.

Currently:

Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called mature social phenomenon with bright pronounced features English style of supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.

It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands, organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.

Signs:

· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).

· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.

· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.

· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo-type handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.

Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own feature films.

Some hooligan slang words:

Action is an operation carried out by a group of fans against another

Argument - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.

Bamner is a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match

Departure - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team

To endure - to win a fight with fans of another team

Glumam - active support of the team in the stands

Demrby (English Derby) -- 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings

Zaryamd - chant

Lefty - fans who are not related to official fan associations

Myamchik - football match

Promvody - attack during departure of one fan group to another

Romza - scarf with club attributes

Scamut - scout

Trophy - a removed scarf, a taken away yarn or flag

Rastafarians

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.

Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that originated in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s, based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks descended from slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (most notably Marcus Garvey), which led to the formation musical style reggae in the 1960s.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:

In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. Moreover, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.

One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is a reggae artist musical group"Jah Division", which appeared in 1989.

Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that conduct cultural events(usually concerts or festivals), support websites, publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.

Ideology:

Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.

Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.

Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.

o Ultra-right. NS skinheads

Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right is a term for those with extreme right-wing political views. IN modern world used primarily to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.

NS skinheads (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) are a youth far-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.

Origin:

Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, to a lesser extent, ska.

NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then, for the first time, the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the Crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - not all Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, but also homosexuals, drug addicts and left-wing youth.

At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.

Ideology

NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of white supremacy, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.

NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.

NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs

A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.

Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.

As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters of extreme measures using violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of ​​revolution, that is, a coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a national socialist regime.

Appearance:

o Shaved head or very short haircut

o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing

o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)

o Light blue jeans (Levi's, Wrangler) or boiled jeans

o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)

o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”

o Nazi symbols

o Tattoos

· Hip-hop. Rappers

Hip hop -- cultural direction, which originated among the New York working class. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Origin:

Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually become part of music industry, and by the middle of the first decade this century the subculture has become “fashionable”, “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.

Subculture aesthetics:

Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose, sporty: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) from well-known brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS , ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Popular among rappers themselves massive jewelry(chains, medallions, keychains), but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.

As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.