Positive youth subcultures. Youth subculture and its role in modern society

Probably one of the main questions, the solution of which will show whether practical pedagogy is coming to terms with the lives of modern teenagers and high school students or whether they (pedagogy and life) are increasingly moving away from each other, is whether class teachers and educators will acquire the desire and ability to see, pedagogically comprehend and involve new youth activities and hobbies into the circle of their actions.

Sergey Polyakov, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk.

Youth culture is one of the most complex phenomena. This is evidenced by the fact that until recently its very existence was questioned. Nowadays, the number of doubters about its existence has become insignificant, but the problems and difficulties associated with it remain.

The starting points for the study of youth culture are the concepts of youth and youth. Youth is a long phase or stage of life during which each person transitions from childhood to adulthood. The content of this transition is the process of socialization. Since this transition is not carried out alone, everyone making such a transition constitutes . The latter is a socio-demographic group whose common characteristics are age, social status and socio-psychological properties.

It should be said that these signs are very unstable and uncertain; they depend on the nature and level of development of society, culture and the characteristics of the socialization process. In general, the stage of socialization is increasingly extended. Thus, even in the last century, the period of youth most often ended by the age of 20, since by this age a person began his working life and entered adulthood.

Today, due to a sharp increase in the period of obtaining education, the upper limit of youth has risen to 30 years or even more. The same thing happens with the lower boundary, although in the opposite direction. Previously, it corresponded to 14 years. Now, due to the phenomenon of acceleration, it is sometimes pushed back to 10 years, especially if we're talking about about youth culture. However, most scientists agree that the age limits of youth are between 14 and 30 years.

These boundaries indicate that youth constitute a huge social group- almost half of the society's population. Because of this, its role in social and cultural life is constantly increasing. Largely for this reason, a completely new phenomenon has arisen in our time: if previously young people sought to become adults or look like them as quickly as possible, now there is a counter-movement from adults. They are in no hurry to part with their youth, they strive to maintain their youthful appearance, borrowing from the youth its slang, fashion, behavior and methods of entertainment. This phenomenon once again demonstrates that youth culture exists, that it forms, first of all, a phenomenon of our time.

At the stage of socialization, the marked characteristics of youth - age, social status and socio-psychological properties - undergo profound, qualitative changes. As age increases, physical, physiological and sexual development and maturation occur. The practically absent social status acquires very specific features: at the age of 18, a person is officially recognized as an adult, which implies corresponding rights and responsibilities.

Social and psychological properties also become quite definite and stable, forming a unique character. In addition, a person entering life receives an education, acquires a profession and qualifications, and masters the traditions, customs, ideals and values ​​existing in society.

The main channels of socialization are family, school and higher education institution, peer society, and mass media. At the same time, cultural socialization itself constitutes the predominant part in its scope and extremely important in its significance.

It is one of the consequences of the process of socialization in general and cultural in particular. Its socio-psychological origins lie in the desire of a young person and youth in general for self-awareness, self-affirmation, self-expression and self-realization. These natural aspirations do not always receive the necessary support. The fact is that almost all of the channels of socialization mentioned above, with the exception of peer society, consider a young person mainly as an object of influence.

In this case, the latter is simply required to accept and assimilate the content and values ​​of the existing culture. However, a person entering the world does not agree to be a passive object; he does not accept everything in the proposed culture. His fresh look allows him to see things more clearly. that some elements of the culture of the older generation no longer correspond to the spirit of the times, while others need updating.

It is this process of critical reflection and creative renewal of culture, allowing one to truly make it one’s own, that ultimately leads to the emergence of youth culture.

In Western literature, the origins of youth culture are often considered in the light of the theory of “generational conflict”, the conflict of “fathers” and “children”. Such theories, as a rule, are based on Freud's system of psychoanalysis, the core of which is the well-known Oedipus complex. In the ancient myth of the tragedy of King Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother, Freud saw a universal explanation of all interhuman relations, including relations between generations and peoples.

His modern followers view the conflict of generations as the main and universal driving force of history. In their opinion, all previous history was a history of struggle between old and young, fathers and sons, mature masters and young apprentices, old professors and young students. Student and youth movements and youth culture are pointed out as modern manifestations of the struggle of generations.

Although the concepts of youth culture, based on the theory of generational conflict, reflect some features of this phenomenon, in general they suffer from obvious exaggerations, simplifications and schematism. First of all, they contradict the facts of history. IN primitive society the culture was homogeneous, there were no subcultures, as well as generational conflict. At subsequent stages of history, culture begins to differentiate, subcultures arise in it, in particular, urban and rural. However, young people do not yet constitute a special socio-demographic group, which does not give grounds to talk about a generational conflict.

Only in our time do young people become a relatively independent group and become the bearer of a special youth subculture, which, however, exists along with others - women's, urban, rural, etc. Now there are real opportunities for disagreements and contradictions to arise between generations.

Indeed, today the pace of social development is accelerating significantly. This leads to the fact that many principles of relationships, norms and rules of behavior, knowledge, ideals and values, the very conditions and way of life of the older generation, who underwent socialization 25-30 years ago, and the new generation turn out to be so different that they are fraught with potential opportunities for disagreements and contradictions that may develop into conflict. In addition, with age, a person’s ability to adapt decreases; he can no longer perceive and assimilate new things on an equal basis with young people. Therefore, older people are increasingly falling behind the accelerating pace of life. All this increases the likelihood of possible conflicts.

Nevertheless, there is always a fairly strong and solid layer in culture that ensures continuity between generations. But even if at a certain stage the culture does experience deep, radical changes, their real source is not a “conflict of generations.” The latter can only act as an external form of the changes taking place, while the real reasons are hidden much deeper. In addition, cultural revolutions do not occur so often, which also does not support the theory of “generational conflict”.

Young people most often diverge not from the entire culture of previous generations, but according to strengthening positions. First of all, she is not satisfied with the existing hierarchy of values. Typically, the elements that make up culture are arranged in the following order: education and intelligence, skill and skill, moral values, aesthetic values, etc. However, young people put morality first, followed by aesthetic, intellectual and other values. But she often looks at aesthetic and other values ​​through the prism of morality. In art, she is primarily interested in moral issues. As sociological research shows, a cultured person for her is, first of all, a moral person.

Generally typical for young people emotional and moral perception of the world. Her behavior is dominated by movements, actions and dynamics. It is equally characterized by a sharp contrast between good and evil, categoricalness and maximalism, intolerance to lies, injustice, hypocrisy, insincerity, indifference, etc. It is in this area that young people most often diverge from the culture of older generations.

Here it is most difficult for her to find mutual understanding and mutual trust. Therefore, often the best environment for it is peer communities, which can be both formal and informal. The latter are given clear preference, since they have less hierarchy, any rules and restrictions.

They are where young people feel most at home. Here it is easiest for her to find mutual understanding. They allow you to spend your leisure time with interest, discuss personal problems, and have fun. Through these communities, young people achieve emotional and moral self-affirmation. They turn out to be the main place for the creation of youth culture, which serves as the main form of self-expression and self-realization.

In the narrow sense youth culture is a culture created by the youth themselves. In this respect it is similar to folk culture. In terms of its level, it is also often not too high, but this is compensated by genuine sincerity and honesty, frankness and captivating naivety. Like folk culture, youth culture to one degree or another contrasts itself with official, mass culture and, partly, high culture.

At the same time, youth culture goes beyond what is created by the youth themselves and includes culture specifically created for youth, including mass culture. A significant part of the cultural industry is focused on satisfying the needs and tastes of young people. This especially applies to leisure and entertainment, as well as fashion, the production of clothing, shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, etc.

Main types and forms youth culture is determined by the world of feelings and emotions. Central location occupies it music, because it is she who has the most powerful emotional impact. Only music can express feelings most deeply. It fills life with poetry, infects with energy, changes and lifts your spirits. Music can become the main means of communication. It is the best way to express yourself. The main genres are rock and pop music, and the entire culture is often called rock culture. Rock music in popular culture truly goes beyond art and becomes a style or way of life.

Along with rock and pop music, elements of youth culture also include slang (jargon), clothing, shoes, appearance, behavior, methods of entertainment, etc. Slang, or youth speech, differs from the generally accepted literary language special and small vocabulary, as well as increased expressiveness and emotionality. Clothing and footwear include primarily sneakers, jeans and a jacket. In appearance, great importance is attached to hairstyle and hair length: hippies have long hair, punks have short hair and dyed bright colors. All elements of culture carry a symbolic load; they signify the community and unity of the carriers of culture and emphasize its isolation and isolation from general culture.

Youth culture is subculture, existing along with others. It is a rather amorphous education, covering student, creative, working, rural youth, various kinds of marginalized people, etc. A significant part of young people are either not connected with it, or this connection is very weak, purely symbolic. Youth culture is divided into many groups and movements, the most active of which unite around certain rock ensembles.

Some of them are fans of some sports team - football, hockey, basketball, etc. For some time, one of the leading groups becomes a leader, then ceding its leadership to another: after the beatniks and hippies, punks appeared, then rockers, metalheads, etc.

In general, the role and significance of youth culture and its influence on general culture remain local. They are not comparable to the role and influence of mass culture. However, at certain historical stages, the role and influence of youth culture can increase sharply both in scale and in importance. A striking example of this was counterculture movement, which took place in the West in the 60s, the main driving forces of which were student youth and the intelligentsia.

Initially, the movement arose as a left-wing political movement. In the early 60s. it merged with the cultural movement and began to quickly gain momentum, becoming a powerful counterculture movement. Without abandoning political goals, it decided to go towards them not directly, but through culture and art, through a revolution in consciousness, lifestyle and value system. The movement was based on the ideas of J.-J. Rousseau, F. Nietzsche, 3. Freud. The guiding thread of the movement was the concept of the modern follower of Freudianism, G. Marcuse. outlined by him in the book “Eros and Civilization” (1955).

The counterculture came out with a complete denial of the entire Western civilization and dominant culture. According to its supporters, at the very beginning western civilization had two development trends, one of which was symbolized by Orpheus (Dionysus, Narcissus), and the second by Prometheus (Apollo, Hermes). Orpheus embodies free play and pleasure, love and beauty, sensuality and bliss.

Prometheus, on the contrary, symbolizes labor and necessity, reason and domination over nature, refusal and suppression of freedom, rationalism and practical benefit, restriction and repression of a person’s natural, sensual drives. The Western world chose Prometheus, and its entire evolution can be seen as a consistent forgetting of what Orpheus symbolizes - feeling, play and pleasure, and the affirmation of what Prometheus embodies - reason, work and benefit. The result of this evolution was a “repressive civilization”, based on the dominance of soulless technology, hard forced labor, the conquest of nature and the suppression of man’s sensual and aesthetic abilities. The counterculture came out with a rejection of technocracy, reason and intellect, which fetters and limits sensuality, and a denial of technology as a threat to art. The harshest criticism was directed against the cult of consumerism of mass society and mass culture. Of all the existing culture, according to supporters of the counterculture, the art of the avant-garde, which represented the real “kingdom of freedom,” was declared worthy of preservation and further development.

Counterculture proclaimed new value system, in which a special place was occupied by a “new sensuality” freed from all external restrictions, freedom of expression, play, imagination and fantasy, “non-verbal” methods of communication, etc. On the path to achieving new values, great importance was attached to the search for a “new community”, the specific forms of which were various kinds of “communes” that arose on the basis of natural, spontaneous relations of brotherhood and love, devoid of any hierarchy or subordination.

A special role was assigned "sexual revolution" which was supposed to make love truly free, to rid it of all restrictions of the former sanctimonious morality. The sexual revolution was one of the main ways of forming a “new sensuality”.

As new values ​​were put into practice, a transition had to take place from Promethean reason to Orphic sensuality, from productive labor to carefree play. The highest and final goal of the counterculture movement is proclaimed to be society as a work of art. Art in such a society - in the spirit of avant-garde - will have to merge with life itself. In this society, the path to aesthetic pleasure and enjoyment will no longer be mediated by art. Pleasure and enjoyment will arise directly in every activity understood as play.

One of the remarkable phenomena of the counterculture was "hippie", whose lifestyle and behavior particularly clearly showed some of the characteristic features of the entire movement. Their protest against the existing society and culture took the form of an escape from this life and culture. They chose Jesus Christ, Buddha, Gandhi, and Francis of Assisi as role models. They left the cities and lived in communes. Flowers were symbols of love, which hippies wore in their hair, on clothes, or embroidered on them, cut out of paper, and woven into wreaths. Hence their movement was called the “flower revolution”. Along with love, hippies were addicted to drugs.

In the early 70s. The counterculture movement is experiencing a crisis and is gradually fading away. It gives way to neoconservatism, which proclaimed a new system of values, in many ways the opposite of the counterculture. In the 70s youth culture is returning to its status as one of the subcultures.

Youth culture is a transitional stage in the life of young people. Along with the completion of the socialization process and inclusion in adulthood, young people become either consumers of mass culture or give preference to high culture, to one degree or another remaining faithful to some elements of youth culture.

Subcultures and counterculture

Culture, taken in all its manifestations, is heterogeneous and contradictory. Even within a relatively holistic culture, for example, the culture of a particular people in a certain era, it is possible to distinguish different groups of people (rural, urban, professional, age, etc.) with their own special attitudes, values, preferences, and customs. Consequently, in all these groups relatively independent cultural trends. Such independent cultural spheres located within the dominant culture, are called subcultures.

Subcultures are characterized by a number of features that are reflected in the main areas of life of a particular group. For example, we can talk about the subcultures of youth, representatives of the art world or the criminal world, where they have their own special moral standards, language (jargon), manners, and style of behavior.

Many of these subcultures not only differ from the official culture, but are directly opposed to it. For example, the youth movements of the 1960s were distinguished by a sharply critical attitude towards the values ​​​​accepted in the dominant culture. (hippies, rockers, punks, etc.) Taken together, such protest subcultures form a counterculture. Thus, counterculture can be called a set of attitudes directed against official culture.

The entire process of cultural history is sometimes presented as a struggle between official culture and counterculture. For example, Christian communities in the first centuries of the new era sharply contrasted their values ​​with the dominant attitudes of the era of antiquity and the time of decline. In the Soviet Union, all attitudes directed against communist and state ideology were recognized as countercultural. In both cases, the counterculture, after many years of struggle, supplanted the official culture and took its place.

Such global changes in culture occur extremely rarely - in times of crisis, when dominant values ​​no longer correspond to the changed reality. The rest of the time they remain an unclaimed reservoir of innovation. Modern interest in countercultures both in the West and in Russia is due precisely to the fact that modern culture shows all the signs of a systemic value crisis. It is possible that ways out of this crisis are now being formed in protest countercultures.

Counterculture

Counterculture- sociocultural attitudes that oppose the fundamental principles underlying a particular culture, characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture. The term “counterculture” appeared in Western literature in 1960. It was introduced by the American sociologist Theodore Roszak (born 1933), who tried to combine various spiritual influences directed against the dominant culture into a relatively holistic phenomenon. The counterculture theory aimed to overthrow modern culture, which was represented by organized violence against the individual. This protest took place various shapes- from passive to extremist.

Youth counterculture has become the most significant in the life of modern humanity. Initially it was directed against technocracy industrial society. Property, family, personal responsibility and other fundamental values modern civilization were proclaimed prejudices, and their defenders were considered retrogrades.

The most famous example countercultures became the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s. beatniks and hippies, who concentrated anti-bourgeois ideas and opposed the Western way of life and bourgeois morality. In the mid-1940s. the founders of beatnikism D. Kerouac, W. Burroughs A. Ginsberg began to experiment with the concepts of friendship, a new vision and a new consciousness, and in the 1950s. their books appeared, where they tried to substantiate a new worldview associated with the poeticization of masculinity, masculinity and rebellion, the rejection of puritanism and hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and the traditions of consumer society. These searches led them to the East, instilling in subsequent generations an interest in Buddhism and psychedelic practices, which hippies were especially fond of.

By the 1960s The range of youth movements in the counterculture has expanded, increasingly involving teenagers - teenagers from 13 to 19 years old - into their ranks.

Rockers- leather-clad motorcyclists, terrifying on ordinary people who cultivate the “masculine spirit,” cruelty and directness of interpersonal relationships based only on physical strength. They are aggressive, rude, loud and confident. The embodiment of their lifestyle is rock music, the heavy and simple rhythm of which fits well into their lives.

Punk movement became especially popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The punks shocked respectable people with their breathtakingly colored and designed hairstyles and curse words, as well as with their outfits - old school uniform, “decorated” with garbage bags, toilet chains, and pins. They were opposed teds(“Teddy Boys”), who declared themselves guardians social order, And fashion(“modernists”), who sought to get closer to the middle class. Later they broke away from the “mods” skinheads, or “skinheads”, aggressively disposed towards all deviant, from their point of view, groups.

In other words, these movements arise, then decline, but new movements are born and suffer the same fate. But they do not disappear without a trace. Their value orientations dissolve in the bosom of the dominant culture, which begins to change under their influence. It can be said that countercultures have a powerful creative charge that contributes to the dynamics of culture.

The presence of counterculture is not a specific feature of the 20th century. Confrontation with the dominant culture, the birth of new values ​​occurs in world culture again and again. Christianity arose as a counterculture in the Roman Empire, secular culture in the Renaissance, and romanticism at the end of the Enlightenment. Any new culture is born as a result of awareness of the crisis of the culture of the previous period on the basis of existing countercultural attitudes.

Subculture

Subcultures- large components of integral local cultures (ethnic, national, social), distinguished by certain local specifics of certain features and arising due to the fact that any society is heterogeneous in its composition and includes different social groups - national, demographic, professional, etc. .Despite the differences between them, they have some common values ​​and norms, determined general conditions life is the dominant culture. But the differences between groups at the same time form each of them with their own culture, called a subculture. In essence, it is part of the general culture of a people, in some aspects different from the dominant culture, but in its main features consistent with it. As a rule, subcultures are associated with large, compactly located and relatively isolated groups of people. Typically, subcultures are located on the outskirts of the area of ​​distribution of an integral culture, which is associated with the specific conditions that have developed there. The formation of subcultures occurs along ethnographic, class, religious, professional, functional characteristics, based on age or social specifics. The social group that has formed the subculture may differ from representatives of the dominant culture in language, lifestyle, behavior, customs, etc. Although the differences can be very strong, the subculture does not oppose the dominant culture and includes a number of values ​​of the dominant culture, adding to them new values ​​characteristic only of non-dominant ones. Examples of subcultures include rural and urban cultures. Thus, Russian Old Believers differ from the basic culture in the specificity of their religious views; the specific way of life of the Cossacks is associated with their special professional functions as defenders of the country’s borders; the subculture of prisoners arises due to their isolation from the general population; subcultures of youth and pensioners arise in connection with age differences, etc.

As a rule, subcultures strive to maintain a certain autonomy from other cultural layers and groups and do not claim the universality of their culture or their way of life. Because of this, they are distinguished by a certain locality and a certain isolation, but remain loyal to the basic values ​​of this culture. Subcultures are only deviations from the main path of cultural development. They do not set as their goal to remake the dominant culture, but adapt to it in their own way and in this way differ from the counterculture, which seeks to remake the world.

Today, there are many different subcultures in world society. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by their originality, unusualness, and brightness. Informal person trying to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then we will talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• Anime people
• Bikers
• Vanillas
• Glamor
• Gopniks
• Grangers
• Graffitiers
• Cyber ​​Goths
• Metalheads
• New Age
• Punks
• Fedots
• Rastafarians
• Ravers
• Rockers
• Rappers
• Skinheads
• Hipsters
• Straight-age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• Hackers
• Hippie
• Hipsters

Alternatives

In the early 90s, an alternative subculture emerged, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by their friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternative artists is catchy; they are quite easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they wear piercings and wide clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the movement - bearded, long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers belongs to a club. The stripes on his clothes determine which club he is a member of. This is a distinctive sign that makes bikers different from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own value system, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a “civilized society.”

Gopniks

The Gopnik subculture began to exist in the last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of Gopniks is a penchant for violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which in terms of difficulty of understanding can sometimes be compared with complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, movements such as emo, goths, rappers, and gopniks are not recognized and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks have short hair and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the Goth subculture originates from music. The distinctive features of the Goths are the predominance of black clothing; the girls wear dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories that symbolize death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of adherents of this movement is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement gave rise to a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalheads

The metal subculture originated in the 1960s and spread almost throughout the world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style of Heavy Metal. Metalheads, as a rule, are fans of heavy rock music and all types of metal.

The image of a representative of the subculture includes leather clothing, images of skulls, a lot of metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, and bandanas. They have no ideology or philosophy as such; all beliefs and views are focused entirely on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to form back in 1930 in England. The first punks were people from poor areas of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, debauchery. The ideology and worldview of punks boils down to anarchy.

The distinctive features of punks are the “Mohawk” - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets, wearing a naked body, torn T-shirts, a large number of piercings on the face.

Hipsters

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in provocative clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

The hipsters of those times protested against standard stereotypes of behavior and monotony in clothing. The subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Men-dandies wore tight trousers (“pipes”), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and a lot of jewelry. Hipsters, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The freak subculture formed in the 20th century in North America. Representatives of the movement adhere to the main idea - to stand out among the crowd of surrounding people. For these purposes, not only clothing is used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term “freak” comes from the English word Freak, which means strange person. Each follower of the subculture strives to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent supporters of piercing - they pierce themselves en masse in all sorts of places, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture emerged in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate movement, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists); they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in the distribution of drugs among young people, supposedly to expand consciousness.

Representatives of hippies wore loose clothes, a large number of baubles on their arms and long hair.

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)– a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and life style different from the dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values ​​of traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, and public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950, American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, introduced the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” Musical preferences“Hipster” – jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: they are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

Internet resources:

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Subcultural discourse V national science arose in the late 1980s. This period is characterized by significant pluralism methodological concepts of youth research related to the growing liberalization of Soviet society. The Western lifestyle, especially consumer practices, was still positioned as alien to Soviet youth, but its cultural influence on the younger generation during perestroika was no longer in doubt.

At the end of the 1980s. Numerous youth subcultures are appearing in the USSR, many of which have already gone through the full cycle of their existence in the West - hippie, punks, metalheads, bikers etc., as well as domestic youth associations - “ Mitki", Moscow rock laboratory, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Riga rock clubs, amateur song clubs (ASC), etc. Researchers of this period come to realize the real diversity of youth identities, and accordingly, interest in specific sociocultural practices increases.

Soviet researchers, avoiding the term “subculture”, used the concept “ informal youth association "(NOM). In the works of S.N. Ikonnikova, V.T. Lisovsky, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, A.I. Kovaleva, V.F. Levicheva, P.S. Gurevich, I.K. Kuchmaeva, V.A. Lukov explores the cultural, sociocultural, socio-psychological aspects of the functioning of such associations.

Alternatives- a youth subculture that emerged in the early 1980s, subsequently brought to Russia in the 1990s. Formed by a mixture of metalheads, punks and rappers . New wave of subculture alternativeists is one of the most popular subcultural phenomena of our time and fully corresponds to the characteristics of the type. Today, many Internet sites, nightclubs, shops, and even cable TV channels are aimed at this fairly massive target audience in Russia.

Alternative Also is And youth movement, uniting both separate specific subcultures ( emo), as well as many informals who do not identify themselves with one or another subculture, but implement everyday life strategies within the framework of an alternative movement. The unifying feature of the movement is a passion for music in the style of alternative, metalcore, hardcore, etc.

We consider it possible to include a subculture emo within the framework of the alternative movement due to the common stylistics, socio-demographic, value and behavioral characteristics of their representatives, as well as the genesis musical style emocore within the alternative scene. Alternatives use paraphernalia similar to emo style, but avoiding androgynous elements: loose-fitting pants and T-shirts, sneakers, often dreadlocked hairstyles and abundant piercings. We can say that they prefer a “unisex” style in clothing and behavior.

Goths- representatives of the youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. They appeared in Russia in 1990. The Gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, but to one degree or another it is characterized by the following features: a gloomy image, interest in mysticism And esoterics, love for gothic music.

Initially, fans of gothic music were called goths, but later the subculture spread to literature, cinema, and painting. And yet, the main role in this subculture is played by a unique worldview, a special perception of the surrounding world, death as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But we should not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all goths.

Goths have their own recognizable image, which has recently undergone significant changes. No matter how it develops Gothic, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry - gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun.

The hairstyle also plays a big role important role in the image of goths of both sexes. It can be just straight long hair, or it can be lifted with gel or collected in large buns. Iroquois are occasionally seen. Hair is often dyed black, red, purple and white; it is also possible to dye hair with strands of one color against the background of another. Make-up remains one of the main signs of belonging to the subculture: a dense layer of white powder on the face, black eyeliner and lips.

Metalheads(metalheads or metallers) is a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in Russia in the 1980s. The metal subculture is devoid of a clearly defined ideology and is focused mainly around music. The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of " strong personality"Attitudes towards religion vary, but it is traditionally believed that metalheads are not religious.

Appearance of metalheads:

Long hair for men

Leather biker jacket, leather vest.

Black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of your favorite metal band.

Wristbands - leather bracelets

Stripes on clothes and other surrounding objects

Heavy shoes - camelots, grinders, short boots with Cossack chains.

Jeans (usually blue or black), leather pants.

Belt chains

Punks- a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia; in Russia, this subculture appeared a little later, in the 1980s. Punks hold a variety of political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Punks are characterized by a desire for personal freedom and independence, the principles of “not selling out”, “relying on yourself”.

Punks have a colorful, shocking image: many punks dye their hair bright, unnatural colors, comb it and fix it with hairspray, gel or beer so that it stands up straight. In the 80s, the mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. Punks put skulls and signs on clothes and accessories. They wear wristbands and collars made of leather with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos. They also wear torn, frayed jeans (which they specially cut themselves).

Rockers appeared as a subculture in the fifties and early sixties during the era of rock and roll, the representatives of the music and style of which were Chuck Barry, early Elvis Presley. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. They often wear quite fashionable leather caps on their heads. They usually ride a motorcycle wearing an open-face helmet. Every rocker's wardrobe includes jeans, leather trousers, high-top motorcycle boots, military T-shirts and boots. Another side of rocker culture is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

Hip-hop- a youth subculture that appeared in the mid-1970s among African Americans and Latinos. It is characterized by its own music (also called hip-hop, rap), its own slang, its own hip-hop fashion, dance styles (breakdancing), graphic art (graffiti) and its own cinema. By the early 1990s, hip-hop had become part of youth culture in many countries around the world, as well as in Russia. Hip-hop music consists of two main elements: rap (rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes) and the rhythm set by the DJ, although compositions without vocals are not uncommon. On stage, musicians are often accompanied by a dance ensemble. Currently, hip-hop is one of the most commercially successful forms of modern entertainment music.

Hip Hop Lovers Style: most wear tube jeans and thick shirts or sports T-shirts, Jewelry, stylized to resemble rap culture. Plus size clothing is welcome. Hats, “baseball caps” turned backwards, backpacks to the waist, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts are the obligatory attributes of representatives of this subculture.

Youth who are part of this subculture can be classified as quite specific and extraordinary. Hip-hop fashion will continue to influence the next younger generations of consumers, and artists and their fans will find new ways to develop the subculture. Emo- a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Like most modern subcultures, emo originated in the United States in the mid-80s. In Russia, this subculture became known only at the beginning of the 21st century.

Expressing emotions is key a rule for those who consider themselves to be part of the emo subculture. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual perception of the world. Often an emotional and depressed person. He stands out from the crowd with his bright appearance, looks for like-minded people and dreams of happy love.

Emo characterizes a fundamentally infantile view of the world based on the aesthetics of beauty, introversion, and an emphasis on internal experiences.

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles. To create these emo hairstyles, they use cans of fixing hairspray. Emos often pierce their ears or make tunnels. In addition, an emo may have piercings on her face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose). The eyes are heavily lined with pencil or mascara, making them look like a bright spot on the face. Nails are covered with black varnish.

Emos wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. The main colors in clothing are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable. The most typical clothing for them is skinny jeans, sneakers with bright or black laces, a black or pink belt, a checkered scarf around the neck.

Glamor- one of the most controversial subcultures. The fact is that this movement has only recently taken shape as a subculture in our country, although before that it was present in everything connected with club and social life. Encyclopedias still do not define this word as a cultural movement, although it has become increasingly active since the beginning of the new millennium. Almost all musical styles received the prefix “glam”: glam gothic, glam garage, glam rock and even glam punk. In world culture, for example in Great Britain, the emergence of the glamor subculture dates back to the seventies and eighties, but due to certain circumstances it remained underground for a long time.

Originally from Lyubertsy: Lubers

The Lubers are a well-known youth group with pronounced aggressive behavior. Initially, it was a spontaneous association of teenagers who fought for the “improvement” of society: they “re-educated” homeless people, prostitutes, alcoholics, etc., persecuting and beating them. They appeared in different cities Russia, always ready for a surprise attack.

This practice of spontaneous beatings somewhat later became a “model” for skinheads and Barkashovites - groups with a more organized structure, also consisting mainly of teenagers.

Skinheads. Their distinctive symbol is swastika, a sign that doesn’t even speak, but screams for itself. It is worn by our contemporaries, who were born much later than the victory over fascism. They call themselves fascists and are proud of it. Is anyone even familiar with individual statements and the works of Nietzsche and Spengler. The majority follow a simple guideline: “the bulk of the “subhumans” must be destroyed, and the rest turned into slaves.” As an established youth movement, skins appeared in Russia in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Mainly among the supporters of fascist ideology are young people under 21, although in their ranks there are also people 22-26 years old.

Skinny teenagers stand out from the crowd with their shaved heads, black clothes, and trousers tucked into their boots. Sometimes there is an image of a pit bull on the clothes. They try to appear in public places in groups. You can meet them mainly in the evening, when it is “their” time. They try to hang out in different places, and when they meet, they can discuss the “chronicle of the day.” And if there is one less non-Nazi... then this news will bring great joy.

Subcultural phenomenon Gopniks is purely Russian. The essence of the worldview of representatives of this subculture is an aggressive denial of basic public values: high level education, interethnic tolerance, morality, work, desire for self-improvement. Gopniks are a fundamentally marginal movement, where ideas about social, moral, and legal norms are blurred. The main means of leisure for members of the gop culture is petty robbery and street fights.

Crimes are always committed by a large “gang” against a single victim or a significantly smaller group. Most often, informal youth are attacked by gopniks - from metalheads to rappers. The word “gopnik” is not used by representatives of the subculture for self-identification. A person who shares the values ​​of gop culture is called a “kid” or a “normal kid” within the group. The choice of the word “boy”, which in Russian is synonymous with the words “boy”, “young man”, seems interesting.

If, for example, informals with their name emphasize non-compliance with the standard, difference from others, then gopniks show that they are ordinary, normal, the way everyone should be - “normal”, and not deviants. Gopnik communities are heavily influenced by the criminal subculture. This is manifested, in particular, in language, ideas about norms and values, and behavioral characteristics; however, it would be wrong to identify these two subcultures. Without a doubt, Gopniks stand out from the crowd by their appearance and clothing. Initially, a tracksuit and a cap were the only clothes the family could afford.

Nowadays, gop culture is gradually losing its association with poverty, social differentiation observed among Gopniks. The invariance of fashion relative to social status indicates that the totality of indicators describing the social group of gopniks is not just characteristics of poor, poorly brought up, uneducated youth, it can claim to be considered as a special subculture. The current level of spread of gop culture leads to a confusion in the minds of young people of ideas about the “norm” and deviation, and the expansion of gop “values” into many other social groups.

Fans. Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is aggravated by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. What is typical for fans is that, as a rule, they do not even know the history of the teams, but are “up to date” with recent events and upcoming matches. For them, emotional release, the opportunity to yell, rage and mix different attitudes and lifestyles are of great importance. However, these associations also differ greatly. For example, the group of Spartak fans “Gladiators” avoids fights, but protects the “younger” (newcomers). They are physically well developed and promote a “clean lifestyle”. However, among such groups there is also one such as “Koldir Boy-Front” (“Koldir” is slang for “drunkard”). As you might guess, these are alcoholic fans. Age category They are 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

Environmentalists. Such youth movements protecting the environment are unpopular and small in number in Russia (only 4%), even in Chernobyl. Shares of the Russian " Greenpeace"are mostly ineffective and imitate the West. It is convenient to form such movements within official structures: they cannot exist independently due to financial difficulties and legal obstacles.

Bikers vs Motorcyclists. Moms and dads of modern teenagers probably remember how a new direction in music spread in the mid-80s - heavy metal. And then there were long-haired guys, on motorcycles and in leather jackets, who didn’t even think about following the traffic rules. They began to be called bikers. A narrow circle of “their own” accepted new recruits only after selection, and only those who could defend their beliefs with their fists.

Strength and training were cultivated, muscles were built up, and the appearance became more and more intimidating. Many bikers were indeed metalheads, and even acted as voluntary security at concerts. The Confederate flag became a symbol of absolute biker freedom. However, in order to imitate the bikers of the West, you need to have good material wealth. In addition, having motorcycles, their owners cannot fix basic breakdowns. But the ability to put your “horse” in order is an integral element of the subculture. Now the biker movement in Russia has taken on a different meaning. Young people who adhere to the biker lifestyle have no ideological basis.

This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with low incomes. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any attributes or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers. And the congresses to the motorcycle festival in Maloyaroslavets demonstrate a completely different lifestyle of young people. Festival participants assemble or modify their own motorcycles. Teenagers can literally move into a garage for a few months or set up a workshop right in the apartment. After completing the work, they ride motorcycles around the city in groups, observing all traffic rules and not setting any goals for themselves.

Ravers. IN English-Russian dictionary you will quickly find the translation of the word “rave”, meaning “to rave”, “delirium”. Having rummaged around on the Internet, you can come across another definition in T. Thorne’s “Dictionary of Modern Slang”: “rave” - “a wild party, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior.” The last definition most accurately describes the behavior of the emerging youth subculture in Russia and the nocturnal lifestyle that has developed among the teenagers. Because ravers are usually visitors to nightclubs, and, it should be noted, not cheap ones. It is not surprising that this group is small compared to those whose hobbies require less investment.

This type of subculture belongs to ravers, which emerged in the 1990s. and associated with the emergence of specific club music techno and trance. Rave culture revived the drug-psychedelic experiments of the times of the main ideologist of ecstasy, Timothy Leary, i.e. counterculture of the 1960s, representing a unique form of neo-hippism, no longer operating in an urbanized space, but in the narrow confines of club nightlife.

Rave, according to some researchers, can be considered a reaction to the information boom of our time, expressed in a protest against rationalistic values ​​and the promotion of internal freedom, individualism, the search for the mystical, sacred meaning of existence, etc. However, such a characteristic is applicable only to the era of the emergence of rave culture. Today, this subculture does not require full identification and is a form of organizing the recreational practices of young people who love techno and trance music.

In everyday life, an individual’s subcultural affiliation may not manifest itself in any way. Despite the fact that rave has now lost its countercultural pathos, it has significantly influenced the emergence and development of some modern youth subcultures and subcultural trends. Thus, elements of the style of ravers (fluorescent fabrics, luminous costume elements, T-shirts with psychedelic drawings, hair extension artificial materials) were borrowed by freak culture and cybergothic.

Diggers. They are attracted by the mystery of underground passages, the dangers of the underground world... The secrecy of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. There are many such associations throughout Russia. They unite in small groups and do not like to accept anyone else into their ranks. Diggers have something in common with ecologists: constantly “communicating” with underground communications, they warn about subsidence of the foundation and environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth’s bowels.

Hackers (computer geeks)- For the first time, thanks to Hollywood, the world learned about the “hacker” and his capabilities. Some young people picked up the artistic image as a counterpoint to adult society and turned their eyes (and wallets) to the rapidly developing industry of information technology. Hundreds of amateur teenagers appeared who tried to become “hackers”, to embody the first image of the “rebel hero” created by Hollywood. However, these are mainly students of technical faculties of universities, high school students of schools with a physics and mathematics focus. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of hackers because they communicate mainly through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans recognize themselves as a kind of community with their own values, norms, and specific style.

Although ravers are usually classified as musicians, and rollers are classified as sports subcultures, the commonality of basic values ​​that underlie these subcultures: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion, is a sufficient basis for their convergence when typologizing .

Subculture Rastafarians represents a version of the Jamaican religion Rastafarianism, adapted for youth. The first Rastafarians appeared in Jamaica in the 1930s. They worshiped the former Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie (who received the name Jah Rastafari from them) and considered him a messenger God. Unconventional religious association transformed into a subculture in the 1960s, when reggae music appeared. Today, Rasta culture exists all over the world, including in Russia, based on special attributes (hairstyles made of natural dreadlocks, bright loose-fitting clothes, tricolor hats), reggae music and smoking ganja (hemp) in honor of the once existing god Jah.

Emergence indie culture in the mid-1970s. is a kind of turning point in the youth subcultural environment: the final death of the counterculture represented by punks and the emergence alternative culture“silent protest” against the pop scene, fashion and consumerism. Along with the flow post-punk, giving rise to gothic culture, indie protest was escapist and did not involve committing illegal or shocking actions. The indie music scene (from the English "independent" - independent) was created as an opposition to the mainstream and assumed complete freedom to experiment with sound. The image of representatives of this subculture is completely borrowed and in its modern version is discernible only to connoisseurs.

In Russia, indie culture has become a passion for “advanced” metropolitan youth, tired of glamor. Its representatives today are usually called hipsters, although initially this name belonged to a subculture that existed in the USA in the 40-50s. XX century Indie music currently continues to be released on independent labels, but the subculture itself has organically integrated into mass culture (for example, such popular publications as Afisha focus on it).

Rollerballs called roller skaters. They prefer sportswear bright colors; They can also be identified by multi-colored patches on their knees. They not only roller skate, but tumble and perform incredible pirouettes and somersaults. Roller skaters love to compete. Single roller skaters appeared in Russia in the early 90s.