A historical and cultural monument as a specific type of cultural value. Archive of scientific articles Cultural monument in social science

Monuments of history and culture are one of the most important components of the historical and cultural heritage. Monuments not only have purely scientific value, they carry and perform a number of social functions, since monuments themselves are a social phenomenon.

On this occasion, Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “they instill in a person a love for the homeland and for humanity, cultivate respect for ancestors and descendants (caring for the past is at the same time a concern for the future preservation of the values ​​of the past for future generations), introduces the history and culture of other peoples through tourism and various means modern information (cinema, television, etc.), strengthens, stabilizes a person in time, in the historical process and thereby develops his sense of responsibility to his own, past and future generations. The sense of history and everyone’s responsibility before history fosters in people the highest form of sociality.” Likhachev D.S. Restoration of cultural monuments (problems of restoration). M., 1981. P. 9.

It is worth noting, however, that the ideological and axiological (value) factors of society are constantly changing. The social functions of monuments are changing along with them. Thus, the social function refers to the role and significance of historical and cultural monuments in society with and without their purposeful use.

Among the main social functions of cultural monuments are:

1. The function of translation or historical continuity of social experience.

It is also often called the information function. Monuments are rightfully a concentration of the social memory of humanity about different eras, events and people. It is expressed in this case in sign systems, for example, monuments of art, etc. Thanks to monuments, social experience is transmitted from generation to generation, from era to era, from one country to another. In this case, monuments act as a mechanism for transmitting the rich experience accumulated by humanity.

However, this is not just a “warehouse” of stocks of social experience, but a means of strict selection and active transmission of its best samples. Hence, any violation of this function is fraught with serious, sometimes catastrophic consequences for society. The break in cultural continuity leads to the loss of social memory, the loss of a whole layer of information, a connecting link between the past, present and future.

This phenomenon of mankurtism is described by Ch. Aitmatov in the novel “And the day lasts longer than a century.” It shows how, as a result of plastic surgery on the skull of a kidnapped young man, memory is removed from his mind. And he forgets about his roots, his past and turns into a mankurt - an obedient slave of his masters. Cultural monuments do not let you forget about your roots and your past. We can say that monuments as part of culture are the historical memory of humanity. This is a huge treasury of knowledge and values ​​created and accumulated by humanity. The principle should apply to them: preserve everything and pass it on to subsequent generations. But it is to preserve, and not to lose or destroy. And each generation will select from this treasury what it needs, what is in tune with the needs of the modern era.

2. Ideological function. Historical and cultural heritage has always been one of the most important means of forming public consciousness and improving the spiritual life of people, since in the process of its existence it is subject to social interpretation and evaluation, and more than once. The first interpretation occurs during the creation of the monument and is aimed at contemporaries and sometimes descendants. The following interpretation occurs as necessary, taking into account the specific sociocultural situation. For example, after the revolutionary events of 1917, the state’s attitude towards historical and cultural monuments changed dramatically. The leaders of revolutionary radicalism identified spiritual values ​​with the social system, which, in their opinion, was subject to abolition. This circumstance led to the fact that for several decades in the Soviet country the importance of only those monuments that reflected revolutionary ideology was intensively promoted; monuments that did not correspond to new views on the country’s past remained in oblivion or were completely destroyed. A large number of monuments began to be used by the authorities as an ideological weapon to fight “class enemies” and to tell the story of how terrible the situation of workers was under the previous regime.

Objects of historical and cultural heritage influence people’s worldview by the fact of their presence in the historical and cultural environment. And this happens more effectively with the targeted use of monuments.

The role of monuments and their ability to influence public life was perceived as a fact in the process of their use. In our country, already during the first events aimed at preserving and studying monuments, concern for them as material useful for the development of scientific knowledge and a means of shaping people’s worldview can be seen.

Many creations of people, having outlived their time and the culture that created them, continue to live “in their second life,” being filled with new meaning in new conditions, embodying new ideas, phenomena, and thereby connecting generations in time and expressing the views of contemporaries on the past.

These symbols can mean a territory, an era, an idea, a moral category. Egyptian pyramids are perceived not only as the tomb of the pharaohs, but also as a symbol of eternity and gigantic human labor. The Acropolis of Athens for us is a symbol of antiquity and its high art. The Great Wall of China has lost its defensive significance and is perceived by contemporaries as a symbol of the policy of isolationism. Buchenwald is a symbol of Nazism and genocide. The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of France. Moscow Kremlin - Russia. Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd is a symbol of military courage and perseverance. Gavrilov B. “You must take care of...” how monuments were protected in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. // Story. 2003. No. 38. P. 8.

In a society consisting of different nations and religious denominations, historical knowledge acquires an ideological and political character. Therefore, the question of the advisability of preserving monuments and their use is the main one that determines the attitude of the state and society to all monument conservation activities, because they are associated with the possibilities of various political forces realizing their interests.

3. Educational function. Since the late 1960s, when monuments began to be actively used in the USSR for the purpose of educating a comprehensively developed personality, they began to attract the attention of researchers not only as an ideological tool, but also as a special category of historical and cultural heritage, comprehensively reflecting the past. Historical and cultural monuments are therefore widely used for the purposes of moral, aesthetic, cultural and environmental education.

The educational function is understood as the use by society of the ability of historical and cultural monuments to influence the formation of a person’s views and worldview, which ultimately determine his social behavior.

The monuments themselves are capable of fulfilling an educational role in society as a result of the fact that they are a source of information and have an epistemological (cognitive) function. As a result of this, in the process of sensory perception of the monument and knowledge of its connection with historical events, an impact is made on the social consciousness of people, their connection with the historical past.

The educational function is the most significant social function of historical and cultural monuments, as a result of which society receives the main result from the monuments - the worldview of society. We can say that people create monuments to the same extent that monuments, in turn, create people.

At the same time, in the depths of other sciences, fundamental theories have matured that influenced the revision of previous concepts about the role of monuments in public life, the preservation of the cultural and ecological environment to ensure the sustainable development of the entire human community. These include, first of all, the teaching of V.N. Vernadsky about the noosphere (a new form of interaction between nature and society - the sphere of reason) and the teaching of D.S. Likhachev - about the decisive importance of cultural and environmental education for the formation of a highly moral society. Likhachev D.S. Restoration of cultural monuments (problems of restoration). M., 1981.

Despite this, in modern Russia the importance of historical monuments as a means of instilling morality in the younger generation and a sense of respect for the memory and deeds of their ancestors, without which no civilized society can exist, has been largely forgotten. Their role as one of the forms of sociogenesis, which has a significant impact on morality, social condition and the economy of society, is decreasing.

4. Cognitive (epistemological) function. It is associated with the use of historical and cultural monuments in order to obtain new information about past historical and cultural events and phenomena. The study of monuments is not an end in itself, but contributes to a deeper insight into the essence of historical and cultural phenomena.

Monuments are capable of performing an epistemological function as a result of the fact that they have the ability to store and transmit information. After all, the possibility of knowing the distant past through knowledge of a material source was known back in ancient times. In Russia, Peter I was one of the first to realize the scientific importance of ancient monuments, who issued a number of decrees on their preservation and study. Researchers who used monuments as a source of knowledge of the historical past were D.G. Messerschmidt, G.F. Miller, V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin, P.S. Pallas. And right up to the present day, monuments are used as a source of information by many sciences, especially social ones. Gavrilov B. “You must take care...” how monuments were protected in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. // Story. 2003. No. 38. P. 9.

Thus, the cognitive function of historical and cultural monuments is associated with their ability to concentrate the social experience of many generations of people. Thus, they immanently acquire the ability to accumulate a wealth of knowledge about the world, thereby creating favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is intellectual to the extent that it uses the richest knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of humanity, including in historical and cultural monuments.

The study of cultural monuments allows scientists to recreate the structure of society and its features at the time of the creation of these monuments. Social inequality and the division of society into groups and classes can be judged by the inequality of property status, which is discovered by scientists during excavations of ancient burials; Based on the monuments of ancient legislation that have reached us, we can conclude that there are social contradictions on class, religious, and ethnic grounds.

All this material allows not only to study the past, but will also help in the study of modern society, since all social relations and contradictions are reflected in culture. Therefore, the better we study the culture of mankind, both ancient and modern, the better we will understand the essence of the problems and contradictions that do not allow humanity to develop without conflicts and upheavals in all spheres of activity

5. Communication function. Since monuments have that outwardly expressed form that society identifies with certain events, phenomena, concepts, ideas, they also perform a communicative function. The greatest potential in this regard is provided by symbolic monuments that were created as signs of some events. But they often lose their original meaning and acquire the meaning of a monument - an original. For example, St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow, erected as a sign of victory over the Kazan Khanate, is perceived by contemporaries as a masterpiece of architecture. Gavrilov B. “You must take care of...” how monuments were protected in Russia in the 18th and early 20th centuries. // Story. 2003. No. 38. P. 10.

In addition, certain connections in society are carried out through monuments. They are carried out not through the transmission of information content, but through the perception of the external form of the monument as a sign symbolizing certain concepts and ideas.

6. Utilitarian function. It is associated with the use of monuments for economic purposes, if this does not damage their safety.

The problem of using monuments for utilitarian purposes consists of two aspects. Firstly, the task of preserving objects of historical and cultural heritage presupposes their physical preservation, and secondly, they must be preserved in order to be used by society as objects of historical and cultural significance, thereby satisfying social needs.

7. Compensatory function of the monument. This function allows a person to be distracted from production activities, take a break from life’s problems, and receive emotional release. Another name for this function - recreational - reflects the coincidence of this function with the period of leisure and rest, i.e. time formally free from production activities. A person can receive spiritual compensation from tourism, communication with nature, etc.

8. Educational function. It is associated with the use of historical and cultural monuments for educational purposes. Direct, sensory perception of monuments in the process of teaching history gives a great effect. Communicating with a monument during the learning process easily removes the age-old problem of the lack of objectivity and clarity in the study of humanities.

Socialization mechanisms ensure the self-renewal of society, the spiritual replacement of one generation by another. At birth, a person finds a certain world, not created by him, but which is the basis of his life. With the help of cultural monuments, a person learns how to live, build relationships with others and, most importantly, carry out his own practical activities. Galkova O.V. The concept of “Cultural Monument”: modern approaches to interpretation. // Bulletin of MGUKI. 2009. No. 2. P. 182.

9. Regulatory function. The regulatory function is associated with the determination of various aspects, types of social and personal activities of people. In the sphere of work, everyday life, and interpersonal relationships, cultural monuments in one way or another influence people’s behavior and regulate their actions, actions, and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is based on such normative systems as morality and law.

7 chosen

The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, the historical center of St. Petersburg, the white stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, the Kremlin of Rostov the Great, the Kizhi Pogost, Peterhof, Solovki, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, the Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna and Pskov Kremlin - the famous historical monuments of Russia, the list of which goes on. and further. Russia is a country with a huge cultural past, its history still holds many secrets and mysteries, every stone of ancient Russian cities and monasteries breathes history, behind each is human destinies. In these autumn days, the multimedia project-competition "Russia 10" is coming to an end, giving us the opportunity to learn about the most famous and beautiful places in our country and in the first place - the main historical monuments of Russia, the wonders of architecture and architecture, the magical creations of the hands of Russian masters.

Kizhi

On one of the islands of Lake Onega in Karelia there is the famous Kizhi churchyard: two wooden churches of the 18th century. and an octagonal wooden bell tower (1862). The architectural ensemble of Kizhi is an ode to Russian craftsmen, the pinnacle of carpentry art, “wooden lace”. According to legend, the Transfiguration Church was built with one ax, which the master threw into Lake Onega, finishing his work without a single nail. Kizhi is the real Eighth Wonder of the World.

The main historical value of Rus' is the hands of its masters...

Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon

The Moscow Kremlin is a real treasury of monuments of Russian history and culture. Some of them are the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon. They are famous not only for their size, but also for their amazing history...

The Tsar Bell was ordered to be cast by Empress Anna Ioannovna. At her request, foreign craftsmen were supposed to do this, but when they heard the required dimensions of the bell, they considered the empress’s desire... a joke! Well, who cares, and who cares. The father and son of Motorina, bell masters, began work. It didn’t take them as long to create the project as the subsequent approval by the Moscow Senate office, which lasted for 3 whole years! The first attempt to cast a bell was unsuccessful and ended in an explosion and destruction of the furnace structure, and after this one of the craftsmen, Father Ivan Motorin, died. The second casting of the bell was carried out by the master’s son Mikhail Motorin, and three months later, on November 25, 1735, the birth of the famous bell took place. The bell weighed about 202 tons, its height was 6 meters 14 centimeters, and its diameter was 6 meters 60 centimeters.

They took a cast, but didn’t pick it up! During a fire in 1737, a piece weighing more than 11 tons broke off from the bell, which was still in the smelting pit. The Tsar Bell was lifted from the foundry pit only in 1836, thanks to Montferrand, who knew a lot about lifting heavy structures. However, Rus' never heard the voice of the Tsar Bell...

Tsar Cannon on Ivanovskaya Square is considered a monument to Russian artillery. The length of the bronze gun is 5 meters 34 centimeters, the barrel diameter is 120 centimeters, the caliber is 890 millimeters, and the weight is almost 40 tons. The formidable weapon was supposed to guard the Moscow Kremlin from the Execution Ground, but, according to weapons experts, its power was suitable for destroying fortress walls, but not for defense. Cast by the famous foundry master Andrei Chokhov in 1586 under Fyodor Ioannovich, it never took part in hostilities. According to legend, they fired from it only once - with the ashes of False Demetrius.

Mother Rus', everything is special for her - and the Tsar Cannon does not fire and the Tsar Bell does not announce good news...

Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God

On the Day of the Intercession of the Mother of God in 1552, Russian troops stormed Kazan, the capital of the Kazan Khanate. In honor of this event, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of the Church of the Intercession in Moscow. How many legends and traditions are associated with it...

Previously, another church stood on this site - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, where St. Basil the Blessed, the most revered holy fool in Rus', was buried, collecting alms for the construction of this temple. Later, others began to be built around the Trinity Church - in honor of the most significant victories of Russian weapons. When there were already about ten of them, Moscow Metropolitan Macarius came to Ivan the Terrible with a request to build one large temple on this site.

The central tent of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God was consecrated first, then a small church was completed on the grave of the holy fool, and the temple began to be called St. Basil's Cathedral. The cathedral symbolizes Heavenly Jerusalem - its 8 chapters create the eight-pointed star of Bethlehem. According to legend, at the end of construction, which lasted 6 years, the king, delighted with the unprecedented beauty of the temple, asked the builders if they could do something similar. The price for an affirmative answer was the blinding of the craftsmen by order of the sovereign, so that there would be nothing more beautiful on earth...

Several times they tried to destroy the Temple, services in it were banned and allowed again, but it survived for centuries, just as the Russian land resisted all troubles.

The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God is a beautiful and many-sided holy Rus'.

Peter-Pavel's Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress is the core of the city on the Neva, a historical, architectural and military engineering monument, one of the main symbols of Russian history. It was from Petropavlovka that the construction of the city of Peter began on May 16, 1703. All of it is history, the history of wars and revolutions, faith and love. Its bastions bear the names of Peter the Great's associates: Menshikov, Golovkin, Zotov, Trubetskoy, Naryshkin and Sovereign bastions.

In the center of the fortress is the Peter and Paul Cathedral - a symbol of the formation of a new city in Russia. It contains the history of the Imperial House of Romanov; the cathedral became the necropolis of Russian emperors, where their ashes from Peter I to Nicholas II rest. Near the walls of the Cathedral there is the Commandant's Cemetery, where 19 commandants of the Peter and Paul Fortress (out of 32 who served it) are buried.

The fortress was both the defense of the Northern capital and its state prison: the prisoners of the Trubetskoy bastion were Tsarevich Alexei, the Decembrists, Chernyshevsky, Kostsyushko and Dostoevsky, Narodnaya Volya, ministers of the Russian Empire, Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.

Petropavlovka, like Russia itself, is both an intercessor and a prison, but, nevertheless, the Motherland...

Monument "Millennium of Russia"

The monument "Millennium of Russia" was erected in Veliky Novgorod opposite the St. Sophia Cathedral and the former building of the Government Places in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the legendary calling of the Varangians to Rus'. The anniversary of its opening is celebrated these September days.

Authors of the monument project: sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin, Ivan Schroeder and architect Victor Hartman. To create a monument-symbol of Russian history, a competition was announced, to which several dozen works were submitted. The winner was the project of young sculptors - M. O. Mikeshin, who graduated from the Academy just a year ago, and I. N. Schroeder, a volunteer student in the sculpture class of the Academy of Arts.

Culture is the most important factor in preserving national identity in the modern period. One of the directions of cultural policy should be the preservation and popularization of cultural heritage. The basis of culture and the core of cultural heritage are cultural values ​​that allow one to study history, become familiar with outstanding achievements of art, help preserve the identity of the people, and promote dialogue between cultures of different countries. Preservation, use and enhancement of cultural wealth is unthinkable without proper legal regulation. The right to enjoy art, to freely participate in the cultural life of society and scientific progress, and to enjoy its benefits is granted to a person by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the UNESCO Charter of 1945, the European Cultural Convention of 1954 g., UNESCO Convention "On the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" 1972, Council of Europe Convention "On the Significance of Cultural Heritage for Society" 2005.

Cultural values- these are material movable and immovable objects of a religious and secular nature, created by man, nature, or man and nature, having a special historical, scientific, architectural, artistic, archaeological, documentary, urban planning and other cultural significance for society and the state, regardless of the time of their creation. In the scientific literature and legislation, the following concepts are used: “cultural values”, “cultural heritage”, “historical and cultural monuments”, “cultural heritage objects”, “cultural heritage”, etc.

When considering the relationship between these concepts, we can distinguish several main approaches to classification on various grounds. Speaking about cultural values, we can distinguish the following groups of objects: 1) cultural achievements; 2) cultural values; 3) historical and cultural monuments. At the same time, the concept of “cultural achievements” is considered as the broadest, and the concepts of “cultural values” and “historical and cultural monuments” (cultural heritage objects) are correlated as a whole and a part. Thus, historical and cultural monuments by their nature are a type of cultural property.

Monuments of history and culture As a type of cultural values, these are material objects; they embody the creative principle of man and nature. Monuments of history and culture are immovable objects. Immovable assets include: historical monuments; archaeological monuments; architectural and urban planning monuments; monuments of art; historical and architectural ensembles; lands of historical and cultural significance; historical settlements. Monuments of history and culture can be of a religious or secular nature. Monuments of history and culture can be either completely anthropogenic (i.e. the result of human activity) or created by man and nature. Movable objects can be recognized as historical and cultural monuments even when they were created only by nature.

In accordance with the UNESCO Recommendations on the International Exchange of Cultural Property of 1976, cultural property is understood as objects that are an expression or evidence of human creativity or the evolution of nature and that are of historical, artistic, scientific and other value and interest.

Considering the triad “cultural heritage (cultural wealth) - cultural values ​​- historical and cultural monuments”, it should be noted that along with cultural values ​​as tangible objects, there are intangible fruits of cultural development, which, together with the former, form the cultural wealth (cultural heritage) of the country and the people. Cultural values ​​as material tangible objects can include historical and cultural monuments, correlating with them as a genus and species. Monuments of history and culture are objects that arose as a result of historical events and phenomena and bear traces of their influence, being sources of historical and aesthetic information and knowledge.

In accordance with the provisions of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural Heritage, a monument is a scientific document, a historical source, a monumental work that carries spiritual messages of the past, which remain witnesses of centuries-old traditions in modern life. Every day humanity becomes more and more aware of the universal human value of monuments, considers them as a common heritage and, in the face of future generations, recognizes the joint responsibility for its preservation. It considers itself obliged to convey monuments in all the richness of their authenticity.

Types of monuments can be divided into types according to the degree of reliability of the transmitted historical information into original monuments and symbolic monuments. Original monuments- these are objects that appeared as a result of historical events or bearing traces of the impact of these events. These monuments, as a direct result of the historical process, are part of the historical truth that has reached us. Monuments-symbols- These are monumental structures specially created to perpetuate the memory of historical events or persons, as well as convey the meaning of them to society. However, symbolic monuments are rather art monuments, provided that they are of artistic value.

In the scientific literature there are also such properties of monuments, as a sensory impact, emotional impact and the property of being a source of information. The properties of sensory influence are manifested in the ability of historical and cultural monuments to influence the senses and cause certain sensations in a person. Through sensory knowledge of monuments, a person is convinced of the fact of a historical event. The property of being a source of information means the ability to store and transmit information.

The monument stores information about the creator, his contemporaries, their views, values, and ideals. The information that a monument carries can be of three types: historical, aesthetic, technological. Historical information indicates important historical events or phenomena in the life of the people, state and society. Aesthetic information refers to evidence recorded in cultural monuments, characterizing aesthetic views and the level of skill of art of a certain era, which are conveyed in the artistic image. Technological information tells about the interaction between man and nature, about man’s mastery of its laws, about the development of various technological processes, techniques, means of labor and materials used in work. The property of emotional impact is manifested in the ability of historical and cultural monuments to evoke mental experiences in a person under the influence of the sensations and information he receives.

Monuments of history and culture are endowed with certain specific functions. The epistemological (cognitive) function means the use of historical and cultural monuments in order to obtain new information about past events and phenomena, i.e. knowledge of monuments is at the same time knowledge of the reality that created them. The educational function involves the use of historical and cultural monuments for teaching, since the direct sensory perception of monuments is a fairly effective didactic technique. The educational function involves society using the opportunity of historical and cultural monuments to influence the formation of a person’s views and worldview, which ultimately determines his social behavior. The communicative function means the implementation of certain connections in society, which occur through the perception of the external form of the monument as a sign symbolizing certain concepts and ideas. The utilitarian function characterizes the use of monuments for economic purposes, if this does not damage their preservation.

Thus, historical and cultural monuments, being the basis of relevant legal relations, form a special intersectoral legal institution - cultural heritage law, which in turn should facilitate scientific research in this area, as well as stimulate the improvement of law-making and law enforcement activities.

Adahovska Nadiya Sergiivna ,

Ph.D., Art. Bookkeeper of the Department of Civil Law

National University "Odessa Law Academy"

This ancient Inca city, built in the 15th century, sits atop a mountain range above the sacred Valley of the Incas. Archaeologists believe that it was intended as the residence of the Inca emperor Pachacutec.

2. Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

It is the largest mosque in the United Arab Emirates and the eighth largest in the world. It was built between 1996 and 2007.

3. Taj Mahal, Agra, India

The majestic marble mausoleum was built by order of the padishah of the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1632.

4. Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

The Mosque-Cathedral in Cordoba is an ancient Roman temple that became a church, then a mosque, and in the present it is a Cathedral and a grandiose monument of medieval Moorish architecture.

5. St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican

St. Peter's Basilica is the largest church in the world and a recognized work of Renaissance architecture.

6. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia

This Buddhist temple is the largest religious monument in the world. The Khmer king Suryavarman II built it in the early twelfth century.

7. Bayon Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia

This Khmer temple is called the Temple of a Thousand Faces, built in the late twelfth century and is famous throughout the world for its massive stone faces on many of the towers.

8. Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, St. Petersburg, Russia

The temple was built between 1883 and 1907 in the place where Tsar Alexander II was mortally wounded. The cathedral is dedicated to his memory.

9. Gettysburg National Military Park, Pennsylvania

The city of Gettysburg is closely associated with the history of the American Civil War. The park's green fields were covered in blood during the decisive battle that led to Allied victory and claimed the lives of more than 50,000 American soldiers.

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