Culture as a social phenomenon. The state of scientific knowledge of modern sociology is expressed in its subject

1. Subject of cultural studies. Culturology in the system of humanitarian knowledge.

Culturology is the science of the most general patterns development of culture, about the multiplicity of development of different cultures.

The subject is culture, taken as a holistic phenomenon (material, spiritual, socio-political) and interpreted (considered) in the course of historical development.

Culturology – studies the patterns of the emergence and development of culture, the principles of its functioning, the interrelation and interdependence of individual cultures that differ in spatio-temporal, socio-political and other characteristics.

Cultural theory studies culture as a system social phenomena And How social process.

Culturology is a complex scientific discipline based on:

In anthropology (the science of man),

History (culture is viewed from the perspective of historical development),

Philosophy (first section - philosophy of culture)

Social psychology (explores the problem of mentality)

Sociology (the science of society, processes occurring in society, interaction between the individual and society)

Aesthetics (the science of beauty) and other humanities.

Culturology emerged as a separate independent discipline already in the 20th century.

The term culturology was first used by the German scientist Ostwaldt (1909), who substantiated the need systematic approach to the study of culture.

Currently, cultural studies are considered as the methodological basis of the entire complex of cultural sciences.

Tasks of culturologists:

1. study of culture as a system cultural phenomena

2. consideration of cultural codes (code is a method of transmitting information) - preliterate, written, screen and methods of communication.

3. resolving problems of socio-cultural dynamics, i.e. development

4. study of the mental content of culture

5. consideration of the typology of culture and cultural units.

Research methods:

1. historical

2. comparative historical

3. civilizational-typological

4. morphological (morpho - form)

5. semiotic, i.e. sign-linguistic (various groups of languages ​​are distinguished - natural, artificial (computer, Morse code), secondary (the language of dance, music),

6. system

7. statistical, etc.

2. Culture as a social phenomenon: concept, essence.

Antiquity period (2 thousand BC – 4 century AD)

The word culture first appears in Ancient Rome and in translation from Latin. means cultivation, processing, but already the Roman thinker Cicero used this term in figuratively in relation to a person - “cultivation of the human soul” (good manners, education).

Middle Ages (late 5th century – 14th century)

In this era, the concept of culture was considered as a derivative of the word “cult” (deification, veneration). The culture was religious in nature.

Human creative abilities were realized through love for God.

Renaissance (Renaissance) 15th - 1st half of the 17th century secular trends appear in culture (secular education system, secular genres in painting, etiquette (1st book on etiquette in Italy in 1557).

Beginning of the Modern Age (mid 17th - early 20th centuries) - the beginning of bourgeois revolutions in Europe)

Appear various interpretations concepts of culture. For the first time, the term culture was used as an independent concept by a German jurist of the 17th century. – Pufendorf (as a synonym for social civil status). The conceptual foundations of culture were developed by German philosophers of the late 18th century. – I third of the 19th century. – Herder, Kant, Hegel.

By culture they understood, first of all, the spiritual side of human life, that sphere that goes beyond the boundaries of human nature and the traditions of his social existence. They valued the creative act of insight above all else.

Herder considered culture as the “second genesis of man,” that is, the second birth of man..

Kant connected culture, first of all, with the moral side. “Only 2 things are worthy of surprise and awe - starry sky above us and the moral law within us.” Morality makes a person human.

In parallel with the positive assessment of culture, a negative view of culture is also being formed, where it is seen as a means of enslaving a person (J. J. Rousseau, F. Nietzsche, Z. Freud). They viewed man as a natural being in essence, man is anti-cultural.

Rousseau saw in man a creation that was ideally beautiful from the very beginning. In society, thanks to culture, negative qualities are formed in it (cruelty, envy).

The views of Nietzsche and Freud are based on the contradiction between the natural inclinations in man himself and the existing norms of collective morality. Submitting to them, a person comes into conflict with himself and becomes weak and complex.

Freud went down in history as the author of a theory of personality based on the concept of “libido.” Meaning: in the process of life, a person accumulates excess sexual energy (libido), which he can sublimate (transfer, transform at a higher level) into various spheres (politics, science, art...). Freud turned to the life and work of outstanding people, in particular, the titans of the Renaissance (L. Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael).

3. Structure and functions of culture.

Structurally divided

By subject - carrier (individual, collective, nation, people, ethnic group, humanity (at different stages).

A subculture is an autonomous culture of a certain social group with its own norms and values ​​(youth subculture).

Acculturation is the process of an individual’s entry into society, familiarization with culture (emigration).

By species - based on species human activity: material, spiritual, social.

Material culture is the sphere of materially transformative human activity and its results:

Production culture (equipment, tools, technologies)

Life culture

Home culture

Culture of the human body (physical culture)

Work culture (economist's pipes)

Spiritual culture is the sphere of spiritual activity and its results:

Legal culture

Moral (ethical) culture

Scientific

Pedagogical

Artistic

Aesthetic

Spiritual culture is the correspondence of the level of personal development to the level of development of society (Giordano Bruno)

Spiritual culture shapes the intellectual qualities of an individual

Social culture – reflects the relationships that arise between people in society (at the level of the state, dictatorship, democracy).

By levels

1. mass - elite

2. official - underground

3. ordinary - specialized

The nature.

1. professional culture is the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform one’s official duties.

2. general culture – correspondence of the level of development of the individual and society to the needs of the time

1. CONSTITIVE - includes cultural values, both material and materialized spiritual (based on any find, we draw conclusions about the entire era)

2. praxeological - includes social institutions involved in the creation, preservation and dissemination of cultural values

3. regulatory - includes social institutions that regulate relationships between people (relationships between people in the West and East are different)

You can take time parameters - past, present, future.

Functions of culture:

1. opportunistic – helps a person adapt to the world around him (parents adapt more to their children or vice versa)

2. human-creative – contributes to the formation of one or another type of personality

Eastern type – naturalness, religiosity, humility

antique type - the desire for beauty, harmony

medieval type - chivalry - valor, courage, bravery

clergy - a person trying to benefit

burgher type - hard work, diligence; Renaissance type - modern type - strives for innovation

3. social memory function (informative)

meaning - each generation, entering life, masters the achievements of previous generations (Euclid, Pythagoras, Heradotus, Plato, Aristotle)

4. epistemological (cognitive) - implemented through scientific research.

The 20th century brought the world 8,527 scientific discoveries (space exploration, information technology, cloning).

5. compensatory (protective) – promotes human survival and the realization of his creative potential (religion, science, art).

Diana Gurtskaya – blind singer

6. axiological (value) - helps a person choose for himself certain values ​​in life

7. function of catharsis (purification) -

religion is confession, by confessing a person is cleansed

art - music - listening to music relieves stress

painting – a person cleanses and becomes healthier

8. game function - a person combines various roles in the process of life activity

9. semistic (sign-linguistic)

Language is a means of recording, storing, processing, and transmitting cultural information.

The language of science, youth, colloquial, slang, the language of painting, art.

10. integrating and disintegrating functions (uniting and separating) - religion, politics.

1. The actual merger of cities and towns, united into one whole by intensive production, labor, cultural and social ties:

metropolis

agglomeration

supercity

urbanization 2. Philosophical teaching which states that God and

nature are identical and form a single whole: clericalism

pantheism

totemism

3. A scientific theory that centers on the problems of self-organization and the transition from chaos to order:

ecology

hermeneutics

ergonomics

synergetics

4. A type of culture that consciously focuses its material and spiritual values ​​on the “average consumer”:

popular culture commercial culture consumer culture

Mass culture

5. Which philosopher did not deny universal human culture and believed that Russia should not follow the path of the West:

Mensheviks

Slavophiles

Marxists

Westerners 6. What culture arose during the Neolithic era in the North

East Africa in the Nile Valley: Khmer

Ancient Egyptian

Maya 7. When Slavophilism arose as a movement

Russian social and philosophical thought:

at 18

at 21

at 19

at 20 in

8. A set of theological and philosophical doctrines related to the belief in the afterlife existence of the souls of the dead, and a special practice of communicating with them: shamanism

spiritualism

mysticism 9. Attitude imbued with cheerfulness and

confidence in the future: futurism

optimism

hedonism

utopianism 10. A pictorial representation of God or a saint,

being an object of religious worship:

portrait 11. When in Soviet time liberalization began

public life: under Brezhnev under Andropov

under Khrushchev

under Stalin

12. In what century was the classical stage of cultural development:

14th – late 19th centuries.

10th century early 20th century late 20th century

13. The process of the initial emergence of a people and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological characteristics:

sociogenesis

enculturation

ethnogenesis

socialization 14. Culture of a national population of people,

living in a certain territory or part thereof, surrounded by other states:

enclave culture

culture of ethnic group culture of region underground culture

15. The era of “stagnation” in Soviet period associated with political leadership:

Brezhnev

Andropova

Stalin 1. One of the varieties of elite culture, the basis

which consists of systems of teachings and practices intended for a narrow circle of initiates: counterculture non-traditional culture

esoteric culture

everyday culture 2. From Danilevsky’s point of view, every cultural

The historical type does NOT manifest itself in the following areas:

legal

political

religious socio-economic

3. The emergence of Islam is associated with the name of which prophet:

Jesus Christ Yahweh

Fu Xi 4. Theoretical direction, whose representatives

explore the way of life, the dynamics of the city’s development, as well as the formation of the self-awareness of its residents:

urbanism

metabolism

monocentrism

constructivism 5. Which of the German classical philosophers approached

consideration of culture from the standpoint of morality and ethics: A. Schopenhauer

L. Feuerbach G. Hegel

6. Religious and mystical idea of ​​the inevitable predetermination of events in the world, blind faith in predetermination, the inevitability of fate, rock: fanaticism

fatalism

phantasmagoria

chiliasm 7. Movement for the unification of churches:

integration interfaith unity reformation

ecumenism

8. In what religion does the concept of Sharia exist: Christianity

Confucianism

Buddhism 9. The simplest fixed by public consciousness

an element of the cultural process that carries some meaning or image of culture:

cultural unit

cultural origin cultural person cultural individual

10. What ideological term was used in

USSR to denote a radical revolution in culture:

international culture

cultural revolution

folk culture popular culture

11. Philosophical doctrine according to which sensuality is main form reliable knowledge:

symbolism

sensationalism

sensitivism

sentimentalism 12. Which of the great cultures does the Vedic culture belong to:

antique

Chinese

Indian

Egyptian 13. What is Taoism:

movement in Chinese philosophy

current in Indian philosophy current in Japanese philosophy current in Korean philosophy

14. What caused enormous damage to the Russian national culture XII– XVI centuries:

Tatar-Mongol yoke

separation of the culture of Rus' from the culture of Europe; feudal fragmentation of the Russian state; separation of the culture of Rus' from the culture of Byzantium 15. Years in the history of Soviet society, which are symbolically called the “thaw”:

1. A position that is approved in religious systems and theology by the highest church authorities and is declared an indisputable truth for believers:

legal provision

2. One of the areas of studying cultural studies:

cultural aspects of various areas of social life, spiritual sphere

historical problems of the formation of the geological structure of the Earth; historical questions of the formation of life on Earth

historical aspects of the development of nature

3. The creator of the anthropological school in cultural studies? Schliemann Akhenaton

Champollion

4. What approach characterizes the definition of culture as a set of material and spiritual values:

subject-value

personal-attributive socially attributive activity

5. Where the Semitic-Hamitic family of languages ​​was formed: between the Baltic Sea and Central Asia, Western Asia

North and East Africa

South-West of Siberia 6. What is cultural studies:

a set of disparate knowledge about cultural phenomena and objects; a separate area of ​​scientific knowledge included in philosophy

sociological discipline about the dynamics of development of world culture

a separate autonomous branch of scientific knowledge about culture

7. What term denotes the denial of the existence of God, as well as often a hostile attitude towards faith and religion:

godlessness

anti-clericalism 8. Which Soviet writer received the Nobel Prize

prize for the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, he was persecuted in his homeland:

A. Voznesensky

B. Pasternak

E. Yevtushenko I. Brodsky

9. What is the name of the act of canonizing a person as a saint in religious culture:

canonization

deification

dogmatization

iconization 10. In which of the cultural concepts is culture

conceived as a continuous process of human labor activity, the most important type of which is material production:

concept of “Russian cosmism”

Marxist

cultural-anthropological

educational 11. Form of material culture representing

is the experience accumulated by humanity in the process of material production, in its individual spheres: culture of labor and production, technocracy

technological culture

technicalism 12. As in modern science understood as oral

folk art:

folklore

barbarism

primitivism

savagery 13. Which of the ancient thinkers belongs to

saying: “Philosophy is the culture of the soul”: Democritus Plato Aristotle

Cicero

14. Which movement in art perceived the world as a complex of alogisms, paradoxes, and social madness:

Suprematism

surrealism

tachisme 15. Scientific direction oriented towards

philosophical comprehension of culture as a unique and comprehensive social phenomenon: ideology of culture sociology of culture

philosophy of culture

sociodynamics of culture

1. What values ​​does folk culture affirm?

a) traditional

b) non-traditional

c) archaic

d) ordinary

e) none of the above

2. Which of the following characteristics contributes to cultural stability?

a) elitism

b) diffusionism

c) isolation

d) tolerance

e) marginality

3. What is the name of the set of sciences that study the culture of a people, expressed in language and literary creativity?

a) cultural studies

b) literary criticism

c) philology

d) linguistics

e) cultural philosophy

4. The essence of cultural conservatism is the desire to:

c) improve the revived elements of culture

e) revive obsolete elements of culture

5. What is the forward motion called? sociocultural system from the simplest to the most complex structure, from the less perfect to the more perfect form?

a) progress

b) development

c) regression

d) revolution

e) evolution

6. What is the name of the set of political, ideological, moral, ethical, cultural and everyday norms of life and behavior that manifest themselves in direct communication between representatives of different nationalities?

a) culture of interethnic communication

b) national culture

c) regional culture

d) culture of the nation

e) subculture

7. What is the name of the set of rites and rituals associated with belief in the supernatural?

b) actions

c) worship d) worship e) cult

8. What is the name of a region of the world that, in the sociocultural sense, develops independently, regardless of the processes occurring in other regions?

a) local civilization

b) cultural-historical type

c) cultural district

d) ecumene

e) range

9. What is the name of the process during which an individual masters traditional ways of thinking and acting characteristic of the culture to which he belongs?

a) fetishization

b) enculturation

c) mythologization

d) innovation

e) none of the above

10. To which direction in fine art do the following artists belong: C. Monet, O. Renoir, C. Pissaro, A. Sisley, E. Degas?

a) impressionism

b) modernism

c) expressionism

d) cubism

e) Fauvism

11. What is the name of charity, helping the poor, the needy, the socially vulnerable? a) patronage

b) patronage c) sponsorship

d) patronage e) philanthropy

12. Ambivalence as a specific feature of artistic images of folk laughter culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was reflected in the works of a domestic culturologist:

a) N. Berdyaev b) M. Bakhtin

c) E. Ilyenkova

d) L. Batkina

e) N. Arsenyev

13. What is the process of an individual’s entry into society and his mastery of sociocultural heritage called in cultural studies?

a) integration

b) enculturation

c) initiation

d) assimilation

e) identification

14. Who belongs to the anthropological school in cultural studies?

a) E. Taylor

b) I. Kant

c) G. Vico

d) J. Fraser

e) D. Bell

15. Name the direction in Western European art of the 12th-14th centuries, which was essentially cult, characterized by the dominance of line, vertical composition, as well as a close connection between sculpture and architecture?

a) empire style

b) romanticism

c) baroque

d) gothic

e) rococo

16. The term “Hellenism” denotes a certain “Greek-Oriental syncretism”, which was the result of:

a) constant wars Greeks with their neighbors

b) migration of Greeks to XII-XIII centuries BC.

c) Peloponnesian Wars 431-404 BC.

d) alliance between the Greeks and Romans

e) conquests of Alexander the Great

17. When did cinema originate in Russia?

a) in 1902

b) in 1905

c) in 1908

d) in 1910

e) in 1912

18. What is the name of the process through which culture is transmitted from previous generations to subsequent ones through learning?

a) educational process

b) didactic process

c) cultural transmission

d) cultural continuity

e) cultural assimilation

19. What is the name of the complex of objects, natural phenomena included in the cultural circulation of a given people, as well as ideas about the norms, goals and spiritual determinants of activity?

a) the value of technology

b) moral values ​​c) artistic values ​​d) scientific values

e) cultural values

20. What is the name of an element of laughter culture, subtle hidden ridicule or allegory, when a word or statement acquires in the context of speech a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning, negating it or casting doubt on it?

a) satire b) humor c) anecdote d) irony

e) everything except a)

21. Choose the correct, in your opinion, judgment about the relationship between cultural studies and philosophy:

a) philosophy is a methodology in relation to cultural studies

b) philosophy and cultural studies are identical concepts

c) cultural studies is an indispensable and obligatory part of philosophy

d) culturology is a special philosophy, namely the philosophy of culture

e) everything except d)

22. Name the only female deity in the ancient Russian pagan pantheon:

a) Yarilo

b) Simagl

c) Mokosh

d) Svarog

e) Stribog

a) one of the varieties of anticulture

b) autonomous culture of a particular social

c) elite culture

d) grassroots culture

e) mass culture

24. Find the correct definition of the concept “cultural universals”:

a) basic values ​​inherent in all types of cultures

b) values ​​characteristic of spiritual culture

c) basic values ​​inherent in the dominant culture

d) basic values ​​inherent in material culture

e) values ​​inherent in the subculture

25. What are the names of meanings, ideas, knowledge, artistic images, moral and religious motives of activity that acquire a positive evaluative meaning in a given culture?

a) spiritual values

b) social values

c) material values

d) cultural values

e) none of the above

26. What is the name of the movement in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of humanism, which is characterized by the assertion of instability, tragic dissonances, the power of supernatural forces, and subjectivism?

a) antisimentism

b) mannerism

c) courtliness

d) Fauvism

e) realism

27. What is the humanistic tendency in the spiritual culture of the Renaissance?

a) demonstration of dignity common man in the plastic art of the Renaissance

b) appeal to the culture of contemporary society artists

c) demonstration of the beauty of the human body

d) addressing a person as to the highest principle being, faith in its capabilities, will and reason

e) none of the following

28. What is the chronological framework of the Renaissance for most European countries:

a) XIII-XVII centuries b) XIV-XVI centuries. c) XIV-XVII centuries. d) XV-XVIII centuries. e) XV-XVII centuries.

29. What is the name of the youth movement that arose at the end 70s, declaring itself the guardian of social order and opposing the anarchic, destructive influences of a number of youth subcultures?

a) rockers b) teds

c) punks

d) hippie

e) beatniks

30. What is the name of non-professional, anonymous, collective culture, including myths, legends, tales, epics, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances?

a) folk culture

b) amateur performances

c) folk art

d) arts and crafts

e) Mass culture

1. What is the name of the synthesis of cultures of various layers, groups and classes of a historically established community of people, characterized by the unity of territory and economic life?

a) folk culture

b) regional culture

c) national culture

d) cultural-national autonomy

e) everything except c)

2. What is the name of the community of figurative system, a means of artistic expression that exists in the culture of a certain era, country, as well as in established genres, types and movements of art?

a) sample

b) stereotype

c) norm

d) style

e) everything except b)

3. Name a representative of the existentialist concept of culture

a) K. Jaspers

b) E. Fromm

c) K. Jung

d) E. Husserl

e) P. Sorokin

4. Choose the correct understanding of the term “golden ratio”:

a) one of the types of plot construction in a work of art

b) one of the main artistic techniques in modern surrealism

c) method of planar construction of a work of art

d) mathematical ratio of proportions when

the whole relates to its larger part as the larger to the smaller

e) none of the above

5. What is the name of the concept of culture, built on criticism of “mass culture” and “one-dimensional man” in the context of the growing standardization of life in Western society in the mid-20th century?

a) morphology of culture

b) theology of culture

c) Marxist

d) Frankfurt school

e) socio-historical direction

6. What is the name of the concept of culture, which claims that each culture is strictly local, original, does not transmit its origins to others, moves in a vicious circle, evolves within it, like a living organism, going through the stages of maturity, maturity, decrepitness and death?

a) cultural anthropology

b) morphology of culture

c) cultural

d) cultural-historical types

e) cultural philosophy

7. Which of the identified cultures belongs to the historical type of culture?

a) material

b) medieval

c) urban

d) rural

e) folk

8. O. Spengler believed that every culture goes through several stages in its development. Name them:

a) primitive, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist

b) birth, crisis, rebirth, flourishing

c) spring Summer Autumn Winter

d) preliterate, written, screen

e) flourishing, crisis, revival

9. What is the name of the system of normative relations between people and organizations, formed in the process of social interaction, concluded and regulated by fixed norms, performance obligations and protected by the state?

a) legal culture

b) civic culture

c) legal consciousness

d) law-abiding

e) laws

10. Name the main representatives of the theory of cultural-historical types and the circulation of local civilizations in the study of culture:

a) K. Breisig, L. Frobenius

b) P. Sorokin, G. Simmel

c) E Husserl, K. Jung

d) M. Scheler, N. Hartmann

e) N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee

11. How is atheism characterized?

a) disbelief in God's intervention in earthly affairs

b) militant intransigence towards religion

c) indifference to religion

d) disbelief in God, denial of his existence

e) everything except c)

12. What is the conscious borrowing of mythological motifs and transferring them into the world of modern artistic culture called?

a) anachronism

b) plagiarism

c) mythologem

d) anti-historicism

e) none of the above

13. What is the name of one of the methods of studying culture associated with the consideration of a particular cultural phenomenon in the context of its spatiotemporal changes?

a) comparative-historical

b) historical-typological

c) structural-functional

d) historical-genetic

e) socio-historical

14. What is the name of the ideological and artistic movement in European culture of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which reflected disappointment in the results of the French Revolution, i.e. patterns of functioning of culture in society?

a) romanticism

b) sentimentalism

c) rationalism

d) primitivism

e) conservatism

15. What is the name of the concept of culture, which states that culture symbolically encodes reality, creating universal patterns of behavior and thinking through which human socialization is carried out?

a) psychoanalytic

b) gaming

c) symbolist

d) existentialist

e) sociological

16. What is the name in cultural studies for borrowing the highest examples of one culture from another without deep internal assimilation and an urgent need for them?

a) acculturation

b) transfer

c) plagiarism

d) enculturation

e) rarity

17. What is the name given to awareness, assessment by representatives of their knowledge, interests, ideals and motives for activity, a holistic assessment of themselves as a subject of social development?

a) national identity

b) subjective self-awareness

c) reflection

d) mentality

e) ideology

18. Which era of the historical evolution of mankind in the context of cultural and historical periodization, established in the social sciences in the 18th-19th centuries, follows the advent of writing?

a) primitiveness

b) wildness

c) barbarism

d) formation

e) civilization

19. Which scientist first used the term “culture” in his works?

a) J. Adelung

b) I. Herder

c) S. Pufendorf

d) V. Dahl

e) E. Taylor

20. The German philosopher F. Nietzsche came to the conclusion that culture is possible only in the combination and balance of two principles. Name them:

a) creative and dogmatic

b) secular and religious

c) Dionysian and Apollonian

d) male and female

e) human and nature

21. What is the name of the process of transforming and switching the mental energy of a person’s affective drives for the purposes of social and cultural activity, including artistic creativity? a) ambivalence

b) passionarity c) catharsis

e) sublimation

22. When did the concept begin to be widely used?

"culture"?

a) XVIII century

b) XVI century

c) XVII century

d) XIX century

e) end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries

23. Name the concept that is used to designate decadent, crisis phenomena in politics and art, manifested in a person’s views on life, in his behavior and morals:

a) crisis

b) decadence

c) collapse

d) stagnation

e) everything except c)

24. What are the names of the forms, signs, symbols, texts that allow people to enter into communicative connections and navigate the space and time of culture?

a) dialogue of cultures

b) cultural categories

c) cultural languages

d) means of communication

e) cultural norms

25. What is the name given to the combination of different cultural traits into a dominant model or central theme, persistently manifested in the study of culture?

a) enculturation

b) cultural configuration

c) synthesis of cultures

d) integration of cultures

e) none of the above

26. What is the name of the collection artistic values, a historically determined system of their reproduction and functioning in society?

a) secular culture

b) art culture

c) elite culture

d) Mass culture

e) humanitarian culture

27. What is the name of the direction in cultural studies of the first half of the 20th century, which set as its goal to find out how its component parts function in culture in relation to each other and the whole?

a) structuralism

b) evolutionism

c) functionalism

d) symbolism

e) none of the above

28. What is the name of the development of mental abilities, which allows a person to consciously and purposefully master spiritual values, not only necessary for his professional activities, but also developing his intellect and spiritual abilities?

a) attitude

b) worldview

c) philosophical culture

d) intellectual culture

e) worldview

29. What is the name of the direction in cultural studies that arose in the era. Enlightenment and opposed dogmatism and stereotyped attitudes towards cultural achievements, its main representatives J.-J. Rousseau and F. Nietzsche?

a) cultural opposition

b) cultural configuration

c) cultural nihilism

d) cultural criticism

e) counterculture

30. Name one of the symbolic and most dynamic forms of spiritual culture, mastering the world through a system of images and based on the world of beauty:

a) morality

b) science

c) art

d) religion

e) right

1. The process during which ethnic groups or small groups separated from them, finding themselves in a non-ethnic environment, perceive the language and culture of another ethnic group, gradually merge and identify themselves with it

ethnic assimilation

consolidation interethnic assimilation ethnolingual fixation ethnogenetic

2. The process of acquisition by one people of certain forms of culture of another people, occurring as a result of their communication, is ... accommodation, continuity

acculturation

assimilation

3. A process associated with the weakening of the significance of high spheres of culture, its primitivization, and the growth of pragmatic orientation public consciousness, that is, with a set of facts caused by the standardization of life in a mass society: cultural change, cultural crisis, cultural degradation

cultural decline

4. The process of transmitting information - ideas, ideas, opinions, assessments, knowledge, feelings, etc. – from individual to individual, from group to group... continuity

cultural communication

modernization

globalization

5. The pan-European process of transition from traditional to modern society, accompanied by the autonomization of the individual, the growth of scientific understanding of the world, the secularization of all spheres of life of consciousness, assimilation, integration, colonization

modernization

6. A concept that includes elements of social and cultural heritage that are passed on from generation to generation and persist for a long time

tradition

7. Concept denoting isolated, independent existence ethnic cultures, psychologically “allowing” each other’s existence, but as if at a distance

segregation

8. A concept that describes the change or modification of cultural traits in time and space

cultural dynamics

broadcast

assimilation

diffusion 9. Special view direct relationships and connections,

that develop between cultures, as well as those influences, mutual changes that arise in this process - culture shock

interaction of cultures

cultural imperialism dialogue

10. A term used in cultural studies to designate a crisis or crisis phenomena in culture - a decline in the authority of national culture in relation to the cultures of other countries or peoples.

degradation of culture diversification of culture dysfunction of culture

devaluation of culture

11. A term denoting a stable state of culture, characterized by an optimal internal structure, normal functioning of its elements, maximum productivity, and the creation of generally recognized examples of material and spiritual culture.

maturity of culture

apogee of culture dominant culture ideal of culture

12. The result of immersion in an unfamiliar culture by an unprepared visitor.

cultural collapse cultural explosion

culture shock

cultural revolution 13. Forms, signs, symbols, texts that allow

people to enter into communicative connections, navigate space and time, cultural standards

cultural languages

cultural norms traditions of culture

14. The state of society when a change in material culture, the material life of society outpaces the transformation of non-material culture is ... cultural ossification

cultural backwardness

cultural lag

cultural dogmatism 15. Phenomena and forms of culture that are absent in

the previous stage of its development, but which appeared subsequently and found their place in general cultural practice are ... norms

cultural innovation

heritage

traditions 16. Term denoting spontaneous spread

culture in social and geographical space through the interpenetration of cultural traits of different communities:

assimilation

diffusion

acculturation

modernization

17. The tendency of some elements of culture to resist changes to which they cannot adapt, and to persist despite the loss of significant social functions cultural reservation cultural stagnation cultural crisis

cultural inertia

18. The enrichment of an existing culture with new elements, the emergence of new patterns, differentiation, integration and borrowing from other cultures is ... cultural revolution cultural adaptation

cultural accumulation

cultural heritage 19. The process and result of voluntary or

forced geographical movement of a certain established type of culture to other regions of human habitation is ... acculturation

transculturation

assimilation

enculturation 20. A situation where one cultural group destroys

members of another. The justification is usually put forward by the thesis of the inferiority of the group undergoing destruction:

assimilation devaluation of culture degradation of culture

21. The type of cultural relationships in which all participants in these relationships adapt to each other.

adaptation

modernization

socialization

synchronization 22. A period of diverse changes in culture,

occurring at a much greater speed than the changes characteristic of periods of gradual cultural change - ... in culture.

23. Transformation of culture, acquisition of new integrity in the face of the invasion of significant innovations.

integration

transformation

confrontation 24. ... involves awareness of other cultures based on

joint activities, mutually beneficial cooperation, spiritual communication different nations acculturation assimilation

transculturation 25. Cultural term, which denotes

a state of long-term immutability and repetition of norms, meanings, values, knowledge to the detriment of the new, changed - this is ... cultural

imperative

conservatism

dogmatism

26. Destruction of ethnic cultures that are experiencing massive external influence and are not able to adequately meet new life requirements confrontation transformation integration

27. A process accompanied by a sharp weakening of traditional ties between the most important elements and cultural institutions, which often leads to the collapse of the cultural dynamics system

cultural crisis

cultural change cultural collapse

28. The process of deepening cultural interaction and mutual influence between states, national cultural groups and historical and cultural areas are ... ethnic integration social integration inculturation

cultural integration

29. A term denoting one of the factors of sociocultural determination that determines changes in culture - spontaneous spread in social and geographical space through the interpenetration of cultural traits of different communities static

diffusion

cultural dynamics continuity

30. A judgment that most fully reflects the content of the concept of “acculturation”:

The process of cultural borrowing is the negative attitude of the culture of one people to the culture of another

Aggressive action of one culture towards another, resulting in an external change in culture

Long-term contacts between cultures, when there is a more or less complete perception by one people of the culture of another people

1. The basis of the connection between the present, past and future in the development of culture is ... -transmission

Continuity

Inheritance - legacy

2. The standard of cultural activity that regulates people’s behavior and testifies to their idea of ​​what is proper and desirable is ... - a cultural model

Cultural norm

Law cultural - tradition cultural

3. A term denoting the inclusion of younger generations in life human society ensuring their fulfillment of certain social roles

socialization

4. Features of primitive culture

Insufficient practical mastery of nature is compensated by semantic twinning with it, mystical involvement - Anthropomorphism - attributed to nature

human traits. The deep content of everything that happens on earth is the constant struggle between the gods

Formation of a human personality with independence, activity, a clear position in life, the desire for self-realization - Affirmation of the ideals of reason, freedom, justice

The basis of social structures and collective consciousness is myth

The formation of an individual - a separate representative of the human race, a “social atom” 5. Traits of Renaissance culture

Worship of God, the Absolute, To the higher mind Formation of the main types of religious ideas: totemism, animism, fetishism, magic. Justice, which permeates the world, is reflected in taboos (prohibitions). The slightest deviation from them is a sin leading to disaster

Man is not so much a creation as a creator, like God, the central force of the universe, capable of transforming all things into harmony of a higher order.

religious sense

Affirmation of the ideals of humanism, human beauty, the value of love. A real, earthly and internally free person is the measure of all things. The formation of human personality. Human dignity is recognized in the ability to undertake and comprehend something oneself, to shape oneself and to evaluate everything oneself.

6. Scientific method used in cultural studies, which is based on the systematization of periods (stages) in the development of culture

typology

systematization

classification

cyclicality 7. In cultural studies, the term “self-identification” is understood...

identification of oneself with one or another historical figure identification of the person who committed the offense

a sense of belonging to a particular social group, a community that is the bearer of cultural values

attributing oneself to one or another social stratum

8. All known cultures nourished by world religions are branches of one “tree of history.” World-historical development proceeds from local cultural communities to a single universal human culture - believed ... O. Spengler

N. Ya. Danilevsky

A. Toynbee

9. Main features of medieval culture

Complete dissolution of a person in a team, the dominance of “We are consciousness” Activation of an economically developed personality,

gaining self-esteem as a result of business success, rationality, effectiveness of actions in the real (material) world

Worship of God, the Absolute Symbolism, consideration of each material object as an image of something corresponding to it in the higher spheres

Historicism of spiritual life, conditioned by the Christian idea of ​​​​the uniqueness of events

Real, earthly and internally free man is the measure of all things. Man is not so much a creation as a creator,

similar to God, the central force of the universe, capable of transforming all things into harmony of the highest order

The dominance of the values ​​of conscience, faith, hope, love, spirituality

ON THE. Berdyaev

P. A. Sorokin

V.I.Lenin N.O.Lossky

11. Initially, the word “culture” in Latin meant ...

land cultivation methods

rules of behavior in society intellectual achievements of mankind the creation of artificial nature 12. The function of culture associated with the production

mechanisms, means, methods, rules with the help of which a person’s adaptation to the natural social environment is optimized, simplified, and becomes more effective.

historical continuity

adaptive

informational

communication 13. Elements of culture that have a certain

significance, measured by their involvement in the sphere of human life, interests and needs, social relations - these are cultural

phenomena

imperatives

achievements

values

14. Features of ancient culture

Cosmologism (awareness of the Universe as a supreme unity, all elements of which are ordered, interconnected, interdependent and opposed to Chaos)

Activation of an economically developed personality who gains self-respect and self-confidence as a result of business and economic success Formation of a human personality with

independence, activity, clear life position, desire for self-realization

Anthropocentrism, affirmation of the ideals of human inner and outer beauty

Culture is considered as a result of the historical development of mankind and an indicator of the level of reasonable and humane social relations achieved by it 15. The culture of modern times is characterized by the following features

Setting up for change and development. You can understand the laws of nature and society and, on their basis, change the world. Setting up to achieve business, economic

success as recognition of the rationality, usefulness, and effectiveness of human actions in the real (material) world

Religion plays the main role in the spiritual culture of society.

Liberation of man from the hierarchical class system, formation of individual initiative, development of the scale of communication

Insufficient practical mastery of nature is compensated by semantic twinning with it, mystical involvement. Symbolism, consideration of each material object as an image of something corresponding to it in the higher spheres

16. A school of cultural studies that views history as the alternation and parallel existence of different cultures, going through stages from rise to breakdown, collapse and death

socio-historical

symbolic

naturalistic

sociological 17. Synthesis of cultures of various layers, groups and classes

historically established community of people, characterized by the unity of territory and economic life

national culture

cultural-national autonomy regional culture folk culture

18. The function of culture associated with the transfer of social experience, ensuring the historical continuity of culture; the function of socialization

informational

adaptive organizational-regulatory

19. The material side of any cultural process or activity of a technician

material culture

nature technical culture

20. The transfer of cultural values ​​and norms from generation to generation is ... the revival of culture cultural message

cultural reproduction

cultural inheritance 21. The founder of the theory of “cultural - historical types” was ... P. Sorokin

N. Ya. Danilevsky

O. Spengler A. Toynbee

22. The relationship between material and spiritual culture

material and spiritual culture are in a dialectical relationship with each other

dividing culture into material and spiritual is incorrect. Culture refers to everything that is created by man between material and spiritual culture, not

there are connections. They exist autonomously from each other between material and spiritual culture, deep

qualitative differences, therefore there can be no connections 23. The idea of ​​a “superman”, a “blond beast” standing

above the crowd, with its morality, with its prejudices, belongs...

I. Kant A. Schopenhauer K. Marx

24. Entering a culture, mastering the appropriate worldview and behavior, as a result of which a person’s similarity with representatives of a given culture is formed, in contrast to carriers of other cultures

enculturation

25. Civilization, according to O. Spengler, is...

the ideal of the progressive development of humanity as a whole

a cultural-historical system limited in time and space, embodying the most rational and humane forms of human existence, society at a certain stage of history

development with a special economic basis and the corresponding political and spiritual superstructure is the final stage of development of any local

culture, a symptom of its doom and inevitable death

26. Part (aspect) of the general culture, meaning the world of meanings, ideas, knowledge, images, religious and moral motives of human activity - this is... social, humanitarian, humanistic culture

K. Jaspers

O. Spengler 1. Scientific discipline that gave impetus to the development of the science of culture

anthropology

psychology

archeology

sociology

2. Method of cultural studies, which allows you to compare different cultures within the same era

synchronous

diachronic

normative structural - functional

3. Section of cultural studies, the research results of which are aimed at forecasting, designing and regulating cultural processes, practical pragmatic

applied

current 4. Correct judgment about cultural studies

is a methodology in relation to cultural studies

a set of private scientific disciplines that study individual subsystems of culture

cultural studies and cultural studies are identical concepts - integrative knowledge about the integral phenomenon of culture

5. Awareness of the specifics of culture occurs in ...

antiquity

Renaissance Modern Age Middle Ages

6. Statements characteristic of the psychoanalytic school in cultural studies

Culture suppresses many things in a person creative inclinations, creating the “average person” Culture restrains instincts, the destructive forces of the human unconscious

The historical process does not proceed in a straight line, but as a “cyclical fluctuation” - a change of culture types flowing into each other that occurs in complete cycles. World-historical development appears in the form

movement from local cultural communities to a single universal culture 7. Statement characteristic of the sociological direction of cultural studies

History is a change of integral socio-cultural super-communities, internally connected by a certain unity of values ​​and meanings

The cultural process has an irrational basis. The increasing role of the intellect weakens the primary instincts of man, the feeling of his unity with the world. World-historical development appears in the form of a movement from local cultural communities to a single universal human culture. Culture is a set of sign systems, the most important of

which is the language. A person unconsciously obeys the hidden patterns of these systems 8. Definition of culture according to E. Taylor

man-made part of the environment

the body of knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs, as well as abilities and habits acquired by a person

a specific way of thinking, feeling, behaving, forms of behavior familiar to a group, community

people with material and intangible traits 9. A school in cultural studies that explains the essence

culture, based on a person’s ability to create symbols of the reality surrounding him and transmit them in space and time naturalistic sociological social - historical

Subject of cultural studies. Culturology in the humanities system knowledge.

on anthropology (the science of man), history (culture is considered from the perspective of historical development), philosophy (the first section is the philosophy of culture) social psychology (studies the problem of mentality) sociology (the science of society, processes occurring in society,
interaction between the individual and society)

study of culture as a system of cultural phenomena consideration of cultural codes (code is a method of transmitting information) -
pre-written, written, screen and methods of communication. solving problems of socio-cultural dynamics, i.e. development study of the mental content of culture

historical comparative-historical civilizational-typological morphological (morpho-form) semiotic, i.e. sign-linguistic (various groups of languages ​​are distinguished -
natural, artificial (computer, Morse code), secondary (dance language,
music), system statistical, etc.

2. Culture as social phenomenon: concept, essence.

For the first time the word culture appears in Ancient Rome and translated from Lat. means cultivation, processing, but already the Roman thinker Cicero used this term in a figurative sense in relation to a person - “cultivation of the human soul” (good breeding, education). This

antiquity (2 thousand up to AD - 4 century AD) Middle Ages(late 5th century - 14th century)

3. Structure and functions of culture.

Structurally divided by P about the subject - carrier (individual, collective, nation, people, ethnic group,
humanity (at different stages). Subculture - is an autonomous culture of a certain social group with its own norms and values ​​(youth subculture). Acculturation - This is the process of an individual’s entry into society, familiarization with culture (emigration). By type - the basis is the types of human activity: material,
spiritual, social. Material culture - This is the sphere of materially transformative human activity and its results:

culture of production (equipment, tools, technologies) culture of life culture of housing culture of the human body (physical culture) culture of work (economist’s pipes)

culture legal culture moral (ethical) scientific pedagogical artistic aesthetic

massive - elitist official - underground ordinary - specialized

professional culture is a body of knowledge, skills and
skills required to perform their job duties. general culture - correspondence of the level of development of the individual and society
needs of the time

COGNITIVE - includes the values ​​of culture as material,
and objectified spiritual ones (based on some find we make
conclusions about the entire era) praxeological - includes social institutions,
engaged in the creation, preservation and dissemination of cultural
values regulatory - includes social institutions that regulate
relationships between people (relationships between people in the West and East
different)

opportunistic - helps a person adapt to the world around him
(parents adapt more to children or vice versa) human-creative - contributes to the formation of one or another type of personality
eastern type - naturalness, religiosity, humility

clergy - a person is trying to be useful

game function - a person combines various roles in the process of life semistic (sign-linguistic)

4. Levels of culture: classical and modern, elite and mass, official and underground.

Elite culture contains basic values, information about the structure of the universe and human society, divine norms Mass culture-recommendations for obedience, worship and social ritual Elite culture-social renewal, creativity and storage and transmission of knowledge Mass culture- reproduction, repetition of learned technologies, habitual stereotypes.

Military subordination Conscious discipline Mutual respect Respect for elders in rank and age Composure, calmness

Internal content (essence) of a person External expression of behavior The nature of the relationship and the degree of correspondence between them

5. Typology of culture: main approaches to systematization of culture.

Formational(Marx-Engels) Civilization(the typology is based on the interpretation of the concept
"civilization" Religious- based on the dominant type of religious consciousness (Arab-Islamic,
Russian-Orthodox, Indo-Buddhist types) Specific historical- the typology is built in accordance with historical stages: primitive, culture of ancient civilization, medieval type of culture, Renaissance type, modern type of culture Conceptual or ideological - based on the dominant ideology Ethno-national Geographical Demographic - gender and age composition of the population, property and social
status at the core. Technological - focuses on the level of development of technology and technology Natural- the relationship between man and nature is based on three types:
- natural-organic - man is part of nature
- cultural - man is separated from nature
- technical-machine - nature - object of study

sensitive (sensual) - for example, the Renaissance (ancient antiquity is being revived
understanding of beauty) - 2nd half of the 16th century ideational - worship of the absolute idea, God, reason, little attention
is given to the individual - for example, the Middle Ages of Western Europe - for
the slightest doubt in fanatical devotion to the idea was burned at the stake; idealistic - harmony between feeling and reason, this is the heyday
culture - era highest renaissance- Michelangelo - artist, sculptor.

pre-axial time - the time of formation of the foundations of human existence; axial time - the period of formation global cultures, traditions

Apollonian - rationality, sense of proportion, order, optimistic worldview; Dionysian - on the contrary, irrationality. Lack of measure, chaos, tragedy of the worldview.

6. Culture in time and space.

Theory of Hegel, Marx and Engels, Weber. This concept is based on the following provisions:

The history of mankind is a single process of progressive development from lower
steps to higher ones. the history of mankind develops according to certain laws and these laws
knowable, for the first time an attempt was made to show the mechanisms of social
development.

traditional - based on observance of traditions and customs (East, Russia) charismatic - society obeys the will of one leader - period
Reformation - Protestant ethics rational - society is based on rational principles and legal
based (West, America)

7. Civilization theories of cultural development (N. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee)

This concept is based on the following provisions:

the idea of ​​a single world-historical process (linear concept) is denied; individual independent local civilizations were taken as the basis for the study; each civilization is considered as a living organism, which in its development
goes through all stages from the moment of inception, including periods of rise, decline and
death

ancient Semitic (Assyria, Babylon) Egyptian Greek Roman Indian Chinese Arabic Western European
……. etc. + 1 - Slavic

ethnographic - the foundations of the type are laid (traditions, etc.) state- type of government structure is formed (dictatorship) civilizational - all the makings of the type are fully manifested
Fundamentals of one type cannot be forcibly transferred to another.
Spengler continued Danilevsky's concept.

ascension - a culture where spiritual interests prevail; descent - material interests prevail over spiritual ones, a desire for world domination appears. Guidelines

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR FISHERIESFEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "MURMANSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

1. What values ​​does folk culture affirm?
a) traditional
b) non-traditional
c) archaic
d) ordinary
e) none of the above

2. Which of the following characteristics contributes to cultural stability?
a) elitism
b) diffusionism
c) isolation
d) tolerance
e) marginality

3. What is the name of the set of sciences that study the culture of a people, expressed in language and literary creativity?
a) cultural studies
b) literary criticism
c) philology
d) linguistics
e) cultural philosophy

4. The essence of cultural conservatism is the desire to:
a) preserve an obsolete culture
b) preserve the obsolete elements of society
c) improve the revived elements of culture
d) preserve cultural values
e) revive obsolete elements of culture

5. What is the progressive movement of a sociocultural system from the simplest to the most complex structure, from a less perfect to a more perfect form called?
a) progress
b) development
c) regression
d) revolution
e) evolution

6. What is the name of the set of political, ideological, moral, ethical, cultural and everyday norms of life and behavior that manifest themselves in direct communication between representatives of different nationalities?
a) culture of interethnic communication
b) national culture
c) regional culture
d) culture of the nation
e) subculture

7. What is the name of the set of rites and rituals associated with belief in the supernatural?
a) canon
b) actions
c) worship
d) worship
e) cult

8. What is the name of a region of the world that, in the sociocultural sense, develops independently, regardless of the processes occurring in other regions?
a) local civilization
b) cultural-historical type
c) cultural district
d) ecumene
e) range

9. What is the name of the process during which an individual masters traditional ways of thinking and acting characteristic of the culture to which he belongs?
a) fetishization
b) enculturation
c) mythologization
d) innovation
e) none of the above

10. To which direction in fine art do the following artists belong: C. Monet, O. Renoir, C. Pissaro, A. Sisley, E. Degas?
a) impressionism
b) modernism
c) expressionism
d) cubism
e) Fauvism

11. What is the name of charity, helping the poor, the needy, the socially vulnerable?
a) patronage
b) patronage
c) sponsorship
d) patronage
e) philanthropy

12. Ambivalence as a specific feature of artistic images of folk laughter culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was reflected in the works of a domestic cultural scientist:
a) N. Berdyaeva
b) M. Bakhtin
c) E. Ilyenkova
d) L. Batkina
e) N. Arsenyev

13. What is the process of an individual’s entry into society and his mastery of sociocultural heritage called in cultural studies?
a) integration
b) enculturation
c) initiation
d) assimilation
e) identification

14. Who belongs to the anthropological school in cultural studies?
a) E. Taylor
b) I. Kant
c) G. Vico
d) J. Fraser
e) D. Bell

15. Name the direction in Western European art of the 12th-14th centuries, which was essentially cult, characterized by the dominance of line, vertical composition, as well as a close connection between sculpture and architecture?
a) empire style
b) romanticism
c) baroque
d) gothic
e) rococo

16. The term “Hellenism” denotes a certain “Greek-Oriental syncretism”, which was the result of:
a) constant wars of the Greeks with their neighbors
b) the migration of Greeks in the XII-XIII centuries. BC.
c) Peloponnesian Wars 431-404. BC.
d) alliance between the Greeks and Romans
e) conquests of Alexander the Great

17. When did cinema originate in Russia?
a) in 1902
b) in 1905
c) in 1908
d) in 1910
e) in 1912

18. What is the name of the process through which culture is transmitted from previous generations to subsequent ones through learning?
a) educational process
b) didactic process
c) cultural transmission
d) cultural continuity
e) cultural assimilation

19. What is the name of the complex of objects, natural phenomena included in the cultural circulation of a given people, as well as ideas about the norms, goals and spiritual determinants of activity?
a) the value of technology
b) moral values
c) artistic values
d) scientific values
e) cultural values

20. What is the name of an element of laughter culture, subtle hidden ridicule or allegory, when a word or statement acquires in the context of speech a meaning that is opposite to the literal meaning, denies it or casts doubt on it?
a) satire
b) humor
c) joke
d) irony
e) everything except a)

21. Choose the correct, in your opinion, judgment about the relationship between cultural studies and philosophy:
a) philosophy is a methodology in relation to cultural studies
b) philosophy and cultural studies are identical concepts
c) cultural studies is an indispensable and obligatory part of philosophy
d) cultural studies is a special philosophy, namely the philosophy of culture
e) everything except d)

22. Name the only female deity in the ancient Russian pagan pantheon:
a) Yarilo
b) Simagl
c) Mokosh
d) Svarog
e) Stribog

23. How is the category “subculture” understood in cultural studies?
a) one of the varieties of anticulture
b) autonomous culture of a particular social group
c) culture of the elite strata of society
d) grassroots culture
e) mass culture

24. Find the correct definition of the concept “cultural universals”:
a) basic values ​​inherent in all types of cultures
b) values ​​characteristic of spiritual culture
c) basic values ​​inherent in the dominant culture
d) basic values ​​inherent in material culture
e) values ​​inherent in the subculture

25. What are the names of meanings, ideas, knowledge, artistic images, moral and religious motives of activity that acquire a positive evaluative meaning in a given culture?
a) spiritual values
b) social values
c) material values
d) cultural values
e) none of the above

26. What is the name of the movement in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of humanism, which is characterized by the assertion of instability, tragic dissonances, the power of supernatural forces, and subjectivism?
a) antisimentism
b) mannerism
c) courtliness
d) Fauvism
e) realism

27. What is the humanistic tendency in the spiritual culture of the Renaissance?
a) demonstration of the dignity of the common man in the plastic art of the Renaissance
b) appeal to the culture of modern society artists
c) demonstration of the beauty of the human body
d) appeal to man as the highest principle of existence, faith in his capabilities, will and reason
e) none of the following

28. What is the chronological framework of the Renaissance for most European countries:
a) XIII-XVII centuries
b) XIV-XVI centuries.
c) XIV-XVII centuries.
d) XV-XVIII centuries.
e) XV-XVII centuries.

29. What is the name of the youth movement that arose in the late 70s, declaring itself the guardian of social order and opposing the anarchic, destructive influences of a number of youth subcultures?
a) rockers
b) teds
c) punks
d) hippie
e) beatniks

30. What is the name of non-professional, anonymous, collective culture, including myths, legends, tales, epics, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances?
a) folk culture
b) amateur performances
c) folk art
d) arts and crafts
e) popular culture

Introduction

§1. Culture of the estates

Conclusion

Literature

A social community is a collection of people characterized by the conditions of their life that are common to a given group of interacting individuals. The main elements of the social structure of society are such social communities as classes and class-like groups, estates, ethnic, socio-demographic groups, socio-territorial communities (city, village, region). Each element of the social structure has its own specific system of norms and values, and therefore can be considered as a sociocultural community.

The class division of society was extremely developed in ancient times. In a number of countries (England, Holland, Spain, Sweden) some of its elements have been preserved to this day. IN different countries, in different eras there were different classes. The relationships between them and the role of each of them in the life of society and in the formation of national culture were different. In ancient Rome, for example, at the top of the class ladder, there were two classes - senatorial and equestrian. The rest of the population consisted of free citizens, freedmen and slaves. In the Middle Ages, in most countries of Western Europe, the ruling classes were the clergy and nobility, which rose above the third class, which included peasants, burghers, merchants, etc. In Russia, until 1917, the clergy, nobility, Cossacks, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, and merchants existed as special estates. The culture of each of these classes, being an integral part of the national culture, also had its own class characteristics.

Noble culture. The nobility is a collection of fragments that change their outlines and composition as historical movement. France of the 14th-15th centuries is most often referred to as a classical class society. or Russia at the end of the 16th century - early XVII centuries, when the nobility turned from land holders into hereditary farmers.

On the one hand, the nobles rely on their monopoly land ownership, they live and dominate society thanks to it. This property was given to them in the form of “family” - in the sense of its opposition to commodity relations - a natural connection. The nobility is therefore extremely heterogeneous; it is divided into old princely families, the new nobility; court nobility and provincial landowners. But there is also a common class interest: in maintaining feudal exploitation and their own privileges.

However, the coin also has a flip side. On this - the other - side, nobles are service people who had a preferential, if not exclusive, right to occupy government positions. In those countries where the formation of the capitalist structure was delayed and proceeded with the active participation of the state, the nobility was the first free class of the emerging “civil society.” This, in particular, happened in Russia and this largely explains the positive role of the nobility in the development of Russian culture XVIII - the first third of the 19th century. It should also be noted that the nobility was the first class in Russia exempted by law from corporal punishment.

Noble consciousness as an element of culture quite clearly reveals two features: paternalism and conservatism. Paternalism (from the Latin patemus - fatherly) is a value orientation arising from the personal form of social relations and presupposing social inequality of interacting individuals. The paternalistic approach required that all relationships between people be built on the model of the relationship between fathers and children.

The inequality of rights and duties, from which the paternalistic way of thinking flowed, meant, among other things, that actions were not always judged by their intrinsic merit. The class affiliation of the person who committed the offense was no less important.

The manifestations of feudal paternalism in relation to women are very peculiar. The medieval knight had to take care of orphans and widows. Of course, the forms of “service” depended on the social status of the parties.

Along with paternalism, a notable feature of the noble way of life and consciousness was, as already mentioned, tradition. Tradition determined the type of occupation worthy of a nobleman. The American sociologist T. Veblen in his work “The Theory of the Leisure Class” names four occupations that did not damage the honor of those who stood at the top of the social hierarchy: management, religious functions, war and sport. In relation to the nobility, one should add the management of their land management here.

The nobility was traditionally a service class: it held on, as the Russian historian S.F. wrote. Platonov, at the beginning of his personal career. With the emergence of the absolute monarchy, it turned into a “state” class: the binding force of vassal loyalty is now concentrated on the monarch as the personification of the suzerain principle. Along this path, new ideological values ​​were created and incorporated into the noble culture. But, on the other hand, thanks to the same process, many requirements of the noble code of honor lost their functionality, degenerating into prejudice or cultural “fossil.”

It should be noted that absolutism influenced spiritual life not so much through the novelty of ideas as through its direct administrative intervention in the activities of cultural institutions. Already the 17th century fully demonstrated the importance of science for strengthening the economic power of the country and the development of military affairs.

Our outline of some features of noble culture will certainly be incomplete if we do not mention one more phenomenon of noble culture, namely the Russian noble estate. Russian noble estate XVII-XVIII centuries - a unique phenomenon primarily due to the socio-historical features of the development of the Russian state.

The world of the estate is reflected in the memoir and literary tradition from A. Bolotov and A. Radishchev to A. Chekhov and I. Bunin. Many arts came together to create the estate ensemble: architecture, park design, painting, sculpture, theater and music. Estate culture greatly contributed to the flourishing of the Russian art of the 19th century V.

Noble culture in many of its features and aspects was a pan-European culture. And while the occupation of the vast majority of the population European continent was agriculture, the noble “nests” objectively contained the opportunity to be conductors of urban culture in the inert, hardened peasant world.

Culture of the Cossack class. One of the most interesting and still little studied phenomena by cultural scientists is, undoubtedly, the Cossack culture. The Cossacks, which existed for several centuries in the border zone of the Russian and Polish-Lithuanian states, ultimately formed into a fairly powerful military service class with its own special way of life, its privileges, rights and responsibilities, its own, and very considerable, military property, its culture. Of course, the culture of the Cossacks is inseparable from the culture of the Russian people and is its integral part. At the same time, the historical fate of the Cossacks, their composition, origin, their functions as a military service class left a serious imprint on all aspects of the way of life and spiritual life of the Cossacks.

The first and, perhaps, the most important feature of what can be called the Cossack culture itself is the cult of service to the Fatherland, the “cult of military valor.” This is quite natural, given that the main occupation of the Cossacks was military service. Cossack customs themselves were supposed to see in a man first of all, a warrior.Cossacks, starting from an early age, were prepared for military service, taught horse riding and fencing, shooting, terrain orientation, taught military regulations and military formation.

The origin and national composition of the Cossacks left a serious imprint on the formation of Cossack culture. The fact is that, although the bulk of the Cossacks were Russians, a fairly significant role in the formation of a number of troops was also played by Kalmyks (Don and Ural troops), Ukrainians (Zaporozhye and Kuban troops), Tatars and Bashkirs - among the majority of troops in the east and south of Russia and etc. This left a serious imprint on the customs and even the speech of the Cossacks - words Turkic origin in the speech of the Cossacks there was much more than in the speech of peasants, for example, from the Great Russian provinces, and on the Don until the beginning of the 19th century. Eastern element is felt quite strongly in the clothes, life of the Cossacks, and in their military tactics.

Finally, circumstances related to the history of the Cossacks, especially its initial pages, had a very significant influence on Cossack culture. Many Cossacks traced their origins to runaway peasants who escaped captivity in Zaporozhye, the Volga, Don, and Yaik in search of a better life. Their main trades then, in addition to hunting and fishing, were military expeditions against neighboring peoples and tribes, as well as attacks on merchant and often sovereign caravans. It is no coincidence that in many documents of the 16th-18th centuries. free Cossacks were often called “thieves”, “robbers.” It is also known that it was the Cossacks who formed the core of the rebel peasant troops of Bolotnikov, Razin, Pugachev. Finally, in the Cossack culture, attention is drawn to the commitment to democratic traditions in self-government, which is understandable, Taking into account the history of Cossack culture, the desire for independence reached the point of separatism, the idealization of Cossack autonomy, even independence, including from Moscow.

Many elements of the specific Cossack culture have become quite firmly entrenched in the culture of Russians and are preserved in it to this day.

Peasant culture. The peasantry is a social group of direct producers engaged in labor agriculture. This social group arose along with the transition to agriculture at the dawn of human history and went through several stages of its social development(as a class and estate) and all stages of the development of human society. It was the peasantry that constituted the bulk of the socio-political concept of “people” in most societies, being the “salt of the earth”, the creator and bearer of a unique culture. The material prerequisites for its formation as a class were the establishment of the dominance of the agrarian economy, the identification of small farming as the main economic unit and family as the main type of production cooperation. This determined the attachment of the peasantry to nature: proximity to the land, subordination to natural cycles, attachment to a relatively limited space, inclusion in a naturally inextricable collective of a consanguineous community, as well as neighboring and spiritual communities. As a social group, the peasantry occupied the lowest level in the social hierarchy, experienced direct and indirect exploitation and even endured servitude.This, too, could not but leave an imprint on his spiritual appearance and culture.

It is worth pointing out the duality that determined the spiritual life of the peasant: on the one hand, he is the owner, on the other, he is the producer; on the one hand, he is the main producer of life's goods, on the other, he has no rights; on the one hand, he plows the land by the sweat of his brow, on the other, he creates culture.

In the spiritual life of the peasantry, a spontaneous-emotional rather than a rational perception of the world and life in general prevails. The picture of the world is still dominated by nature, not society.

The immutability and repeatability of the basic parameters of peasant life gave rise to the healthy conservatism of its culture, the predominance of tradition over innovation, and tradition is reproduced even when, for one reason or another, its original meaning is lost and the peasant himself cannot explain it.

Custom serves as the regulator of peasant life and morality. If tradition is elements of social and cultural heritage that are passed on from generation to generation and preserved for a long time, then custom is established rules of behavior in a given community. Ritualism is also characteristic of peasant culture.

As a rule, each part of the peasantry (village, hamlet, parish) has its own local holiday, which is considered the main holiday. So, in Russian villages this applies to the so-called “festivities” - for example, on Elijah’s Day, a festivities are always held in one, and on Easter - in a neighboring village, etc., and residents of all surrounding villages gather there for the holiday.

The wealth of life experiences bestowed by the multifaceted changeable nature, living labor and celebration found its expression in the language and linguistic creativity of the peasantry. His language is distinguished by its metaphorical, colorful, rich expressiveness, precise detailing, his speech is distinguished by imagery, expressive intonation, and an abundance of sayings and proverbs.

The direct emotional attitude to the world and visual-figurative thinking characteristic of the peasantry also required appropriate forms of expression, which became folklore. Characteristics folk literature are orality, variation, anonymity and collectivity of creation, direct contact of the creator or performer (interpreter) with listeners, multi-genre.

Peasant culture, like its creator and bearer himself, has undergone significant changes over time, and therefore we can only talk about its most general features and trends. Other classes that have ever existed in various states also contributed to the formation of national and universal human cultures - senators of Rome and priests of Western Europe, Russian petty bourgeois and merchants or artisans. Into the new and modern times Instead of class culture, the culture of other social groups comes first.

In modern society, it is advisable to distinguish between elite and mass cultures. The problem of their existence, interaction and influence on the development of the individual and society is one of the most acute over the last century. Many of the greatest philosophers of the 19th-20th centuries. developed the concept of elite and mass culture.

The idea of ​​the philosopher - Nietzsche - was that all of humanity consists of two types of people - on the one hand, the chosen ones, those who have the ability to create art and enjoy it, on the other, a multimillion-dollar mass, a crowd whose only task is to provide for the chosen ones. The idea of ​​an elite culture was supported by Oswald Spengler in his The Decline of Europe.

Nowadays, there are two approaches to understanding and defining elite and mass culture. The first of them is based on the principle of class culture, in connection with which elite and mass culture are considered as two sides of a single process. Mass culture acts as a means and result of influencing the masses of the bourgeoisie, which seeks to subordinate the people to its interests, i.e. it is a culture created by the ruling class for masses. Elite culture is a means and result of the influence on the artist, again, of the bourgeoisie, which seeks to tear him away from the broad masses of the people and force him to serve a small part of people belonging to the social elite of society, i.e. ruling class culture.

Recently, another approach has become increasingly widespread, based on the fact that the division into elite and mass culture is not associated with social sign, and, first of all, spiritual. Already in the works of the Spanish philosopher José Orgega y Gasset (1883-1955), who most deeply developed the concept of elite and mass culture, the elite as the bearer of culture is considered regardless of social status. By dividing society into two unequal groups: the masses and the selected minority, Orhega y Gasset emphasizes that this division is not into hierarchical social groups, but into types of people. It follows that in every class and, indeed, in every social group, one can find both a select minority and a mass. Thus, the basis for the division of modern culture into elite and mass is not a class difference, but a spiritual and intellectual one.

It should be recognized that the ruling class has more opportunities to join the elite culture. But any thinking, intellectually developed person can enter the elite culture. The spiritual elite plays a leading role in the development of culture. Elite culture requires great mental effort both from those who create cultural values ​​and from those who assimilate them. In an elite environment, people are formed who are capable of thinking broadly and freely, creating intellectual values ​​that the economy, science, and spiritual life of society need.

Mass culture is based on exoteric ideas, i.e. popular, accessible to everyone. The term “mass culture” itself came into circulation immediately after the Second World War. Entered American sociologists(D. MacDonald and others), it was soon adopted by their European colleagues. Until now, experts, sociologists and publicists have very different and contradictory ideas about the content of this term. There is no consensus about the time of the emergence of mass culture. But the fact that its flourishing is characteristic of the 20th century, and that it can be expressed not only in fiction, but also in such areas as political information, scientific popularization, etc. is obvious to cultural researchers.

Before talking about mass culture, we should consider the concept of “mass” as a designation for a certain part of the population. In “The Revolt of the Masses,” Ortega y Gasset writes: “A man of the masses is one who does not feel in himself any special gift or difference from everyone else, good or bad, who feels that he is “exactly like everyone else,” and, moreover, is not at all upset by this; on the contrary, he is happy to feel like everyone else.”8.

The one who spiritually belongs to the masses is the one who, in every matter, is content with a ready-made thought, a ready-made opinion, which does not need to be checked, questioned, etc. Such a person is self-indulgent, satisfied with himself, lives effortlessly, without trying to change himself. We can identify some specific features that express a person’s belonging to the “mass”: complacency, confidence in his perfection, in the infallibility of the truths he has learned once and for all, inertia, lack of need for spiritual effort, inability and unwillingness to listen to other opinions, the indisputability of his own authority and at the same time the desire to be like everyone else. Consequently, mass culture is the culture of the “mass” or “crowd”, which dissolves a person - an individual, a personality, making him gray faceless. The basis of mass culture is ignorance, inability and unwillingness to appreciate beauty, lack of respect for both the past and the present, destruction, and the cult of violence. The most painful trends in mass culture are often identified as the promotion of cruelty and sadism, sexual debauchery, etc.

The origins of mass culture lie in the development of scientific and technological progress, in particular, the means of mass communication. The possibility of rapid replication and populist presentation of ideas, scientific views, and works of art has led to the fact that they become the property of the masses in a truncated and simplified form. It is believed that such “operational” types as literature, graphics, song, various artistic and journalistic forms, television and radio, have become sources of development of modern mass culture, because due to their specificity they have a quick and widespread impact on the public.

There is no clear boundary between mass and elite culture. Elite culture can turn into mass culture. This happens when the quest, once born of the talent of great artists, the creators of trends, in the hands of epigones turns into a set of ready-made techniques. Instead of living creativity, a dead, faceless stereotype takes shape and asserts itself.

On the borders of mass and elite cultures, subcultures develop, among which central place occupied by youth. This is due to the fact that many crisis phenomena in the culture of the 20th century. (erosion of values, spiritual apathy, cynicism, consumer sentiment, decline in the authority of institutional forms of culture) are especially acute among young people. Often this is expressed in indifference to the problems of society, ridicule of certain moral principles. Basically, youth subcultures are exploratory in nature and indicate the desire of their subjects to actively establish themselves in modern life and find new spiritual values.

The formation of various subcultural formations among young people is international in nature. To a much lesser extent they are characterized national traits. The age range of representatives of youth subcultures, according to various studies, is quite wide: from 12-13 years to 34-35. There are many youth groups in the world that are subjects of one or another subcultural formation. The most famous among them are hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads, fans, greens, Nazis, etc. Each of these groups has its own subgroups depending on interests or age.

One of the fairly common groups is punks. Their age ranges from 14 to 23 years, mainly students of vocational schools, evening schools, workers, and service sector employees. Their musical tastes are limited to punk music. Punks cultivate their own morals, their own code of conduct, their own language. Punks are characterized by the desire to emphasize the “specialness” of their group by any means: a special appearance that causes shock and disgust among outsiders (hedgehog and cockscomb hairstyles, half-shaved heads, deliberately vulgarly painted faces, an abundance of metal rivets, spikes and chains on clothing), provocative manners and style of behavior.

Poppers are one of the largest groups in all countries. Their interests focus on various musical styles. Most often these are young people who consider themselves to be among the elite of society. Their philosophy of life is emphatically consumerist. First of all, adherents of pop music are attracted by the external side of the “easy” life: luxury establishments, expensive cigarettes, drinks, a pleasant pastime.

The given examples indicate that members of each of the youth groups are subjects and objects of a certain subculture, often sharply different from others. Moreover, in each subculture one can distinguish both an elite and a mass side. The elite side lies in the fact that style, behavior, declared spiritual and material values ​​are for a certain group of people - the most intellectually and spiritually developed - an expression of a philosophical understanding of life, a certain worldview, self-affirmation, and the search for a spiritual ideal. In a simplified form, primarily through the external side, a certain subculture becomes the property of a wide range of young people who are ready to accept not the idea itself, but only its objective, external expression. This is how the mass side of youth subcultures arises. In other words, the process of interaction between elite and mass cultures, so characteristic of modern society, is repeated.

Within the same community, so-called reference groups can be identified that have distinctive sociocultural patterns, values ​​and norms. For example, culture metropolitan nobility differed from the culture of the local nobility, agricultural workers - from workers engaged in servicing the latest technologies. Various reference entities include university and school teachers, scientists and artists. A great variety of sociocultural communities and groups within them can be distinguished for various reasons.

1. Bakhtin M.M. The work of Francois Rabelais and the folk culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. M., 1999.

2. Urban culture (the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times). L., 1986.

3. Gurevich A.Ya. Problems of medieval folk culture. M., 2001. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies. Part 1,2. M., 2004. History of the Cossacks of the Urals / Ed. V.F. Mamonova. Orenburg-Chelyabinsk, 1992. Domostroy. M., 1920.

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