The Hellenistic world is a synthesis of ancient and oriental elements. Hellenism

>> Synthesis of eastern and ancient traditions in Hellenism. Sleeping hermaphrodite. Venus of Melos. Gigantism of architectural forms. Expression and naturalism of sculptural decoration. Altar of Zeus in Pergamon

SYNTHESIS OF EASTERN AND ANCIENT TRADITIONS IN HELLENISM.
Sleeping hermaphrodite. Venus of Melos

GIANTISM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS. EXPRESSION AND NATURALISM OF SCULPTURE DECOR

Altar of 3evsa in Pergamon

The final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture is Hellenism (Greek nellenes - to become like the Hellenes). The art of Hellenism was formed on the territory that was part of the huge empire of Alexander the Great, and represents a kind of symbiosis of the Greek order and eastern artistic traditions. The cultural centers of the Hellenistic world were Alexandria in Egypt, Antioch in Syria, Pergamum in Asia Minor, and the island of Rhodes in Greece. The art of Hellenism, while not being integral, is united by a common aesthetic ideal - extreme individualism. This is probably why the key myth of the era became the myth of Narcissus.

The beautiful young man Narcissus did not love anyone and did not reciprocate anyone. The goddess of justice Nemesis, to whom there were pleas to punish the proud man, heeded them. One day, seeing his reflection in a stream. Narcissus fell in love with him and, unable to communicate with the object of his love, died of melancholy on the shore. In this place grew a flower of the same cold and lifeless beauty - a delicate and strong-smelling narcissus.

Myth in artistic forms reflected a new aesthetics: proportionality, harmony and calm, strong-willed purposefulness of the classics replaced decorativeness, emotional tension and pathos.

The East's love for decorativeness, pomp and ornamentation was reflected primarily in Hellenistic architecture. In the construction of public buildings, the Corinthian order was used, creating an extremely elegant, but somewhat pretentious and far from harmonious clarity image. The proportions of the Corinthian order repeat the Ionic ones, but with a higher capital, reminiscent of a bunch of flowers with volute-stamens, intercepted from below by a belt*. The Corinthian capital initially pursued purely decorative purposes, so the function of support in it is completely disguised by luxurious leaves, which cannot serve as a support for anything.

The building was given an incredibly pompous, lush appearance by the so-called Great Corinthian order, in which the columns are equal in height to two floors of the building, reaching almost 18 m. The new order was like a painful fantasy, but a fantasy of grace and taste. It was aggravated by the decoration of various types of colored marble, since the picturesque play of chiaroscuro on marble of the same color began to seem insufficiently decorative. Bronze served the same purpose, which was used in abundance to decorate the bases of columns, capitals and frieze details. In Alexandria, for example, this is how the Museum was built - a habitat for muses 11 which became the largest scientific center in the entire Mediterranean with a huge library, halls where works of art were exhibited and learned men gathered.

A passion for picturesque architectural form inevitably entailed the predominance of “oriental bliss” in sculpture. The search for a “gentle form” led to the ideal merging in one figure of the forms of a youthful body and the elastic forms of an innocent girl, which resulted in the sculpture of the Hermaphrodite Capricorn (11th century BC). Strict classical beauty was replaced by grace; a simple, measured gesture - a voluptuous lazy movement; the image of an athlete-warrior is a hermaphrodite. The naked beauty of a woman became an end in itself, giving rise to an incredible number of statues of the goddess.

* According to legend, the Corinthian master Callimachus, passing by the cemetery. I saw on the tomb a forgotten basket entwined with young shoots of acanthus. Admired by the novelty of the look and form, the master made several columns for the Corinthians based on the beauty of Aphrodite (Venus), giving birth, bathing, and performing her morning toilet, as a model and determined their proportionality.

In the image of the Venus of Melos (11th century BC), whose torso is unusually, divinely beautiful, features characteristic of Hellenistic aesthetics are revealed: a small head with elongated proportions, delicate plasticity of the body, flowing draperies of the bedspread. Everything is graceful, soft, balanced.
But along with this interpretation of the image, there was another one. The disharmony of the soul of the Hellenistic man, his desire to bring everything to the point of passion - fear to horror, strength to rudeness - determined the appearance of such a tragic, heartbreaking work as the relief of the altar of 3eus on the acropolis in Pergamon (11th century BC).

The now reconstructed altar is a gigantic platform for sacrifices, raised on a four-stage stereobat. A wide staircase is cut into it in the center, giving the entire structure a U-shape. The upper platform, 26 m wide, is decorated along the perimeter with Ionic columns. The outer side of the platform is also surrounded by a frieze along the perimeter, bending onto the internal planes facing the stairs. A specific historical event is the battle of the Pergamon king Attalus 1 with the Galatian barbarians at the end of the 111th century. BC e. – the creators of the altar depicted in an allegorical form the struggle of the Olympian gods with the giants.

The battle of the Olympian gods with the mortal giants, born of the earth-gaia from the blood of the castrated sky-Uranus and who had snake tails instead of legs, could end successfully only if a hero came out on the side of the gods, which happened thanks to the intervention of Hercules.

The frieze is made in high relief, and the steps to the altar serve as support for the stone participants in the furious battle. The depiction of Athena’s battle with the winged giant Enceladus, whom the goddess has already brought to her feet, is filled with drama and expression. Nika rushes towards her on open wings in order to crown the flax of her curls with a victorious wreath. The sacred snake of the goddess Erichthonius stings the giant’s chest, and he, with a face distorted in pain and suffering, vainly strains his muscles in a last attempt to rise on his serpentine limbs and fly away. Gaia emerges from the bowels of the earth, bare-haired, tragically wringing her hands, grieving over the death of her sons.

The Pergamon school, as well as all Greek sculpture of the Hellenistic era, is characterized by the depiction of acute feelings - dying and pain, horror and despair - and spectacular poses. Let us remember that the harmony and tranquility of the classical reliefs of the Parthenon was achieved by a precise and simple line. In the plastic arts of Hellenism, which makes one almost physically feel suffering and death, completely different techniques were used. This includes the arrangement of the heads of the gods at the top and the giants at the bottom, creating a nervous broken line of the frieze. This is a complex turn of the bodies, conveying either the aggressive onslaught of the gods or the pathos of the thrown back heads and torsos of the giants. This is the whimsical drapery of clothes, scattering as if from gusts of wind. These include sharp contrasts of light and shadow, which increase anxiety. This includes the gigantic scale of the figures, overwhelming and depressing the viewer.

Questions and tasks
1. What features are characteristic of Hellenistic art? What is the reason for the appearance of two faces of beauty in Hellenistic plastic art?
2. What painting techniques did Hellenistic sculptors use to convey drama and expression? To answer, use the illustrations from task No. 8 in the workbook.

* * *
The beautiful, welcoming nature and clear, calm worldview of the Greeks gave birth to equally beautiful and clear art. The scale of the surrounding world determined the Hellenes’ commitment to the proportionality of volumes and shapes. This found expression in the pure forms and precise lines of Greek architecture and sculpture. The principles of classical art as understood by the ancient Greeks were realism, rationalism, simplicity and beauty. They perceived any deviation from nature as a disregard for the ideals of art.

It is not surprising that it was the Greek ideal that was adopted by a variety of peoples and became a model for the cultural development of the entire Mediterranean enclave. The Greek colonies on the Apennine Peninsula also contributed to the penetration of architectural techniques into the Etruscan culture. The influence of Ancient Greece on the culture of the Etruscans and Ancient Rome, which subjugated it in the 2nd century, was great. BC e. The artistic culture of Egypt, Syria, the regions of Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, where Greek art became known as a result of the aggressive campaigns of Alexander the Great, acquired a perfect example, the creative development of which provided a breakthrough to Hellenism. It was in the Hellenistic version that Greek culture became the forerunner of the refined Byzantine culture. The great era of the European Renaissance was guided by the Greek model, and the aesthetics of European absolutism in the 15th century. relied on the rational and constructive artistic thinking of the Greeks, which manifested itself in the architecture, painting, sculpture and theater of French classicism.

Emokhonova L. G., World artistic culture: textbook for grade 10: secondary (complete) general education (basic level) - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008.

Collection of art lesson notes download, calendar and thematic planning, textbooks on all subjects online

Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. In 338 BC. Greece came under Macedonian rule. Two years later, the creator of the Macedonian state, Philip II, fell at the hands of the conspirators, and his son Alexander the Great became the new ruler of the state. In 344 BC. Alexander undertook a joint campaign of Greeks and Macedonians in Asia against the Persians. Within a few years, he conquered Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia, thus destroying the Great Persian Kingdom. Central Asia also came under the rule of Alexander, only the attempt to conquer India was not realized. During his campaign, Alexander, who began to be called the Great, captured almost all the possessions of the Persian state and considered himself the ruler of the world. However, after his death, strife began between his diadochi commanders, which resulted in the collapse of the Empire of Alexander the Great into three smaller states: Egypt, the Seleucid Kingdom and Macedonia.

Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. The campaigns of Alexander the Great and the wars that followed them caused a massive migration of Greeks and Macedonians from Europe to the countries of the Middle East. There they settled in old cities and founded new ones, some of which became rich and populous. Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great in the Nile Delta, became the largest center in the Mediterranean. The eastern coast of the Mediterranean became Greek. Greek architecture became widespread - temples, theaters and stadiums were erected. Greek became the main language in almost all cities of this region. Thus, the campaign of Alexander the Great marked the beginning of a new period, which is usually called the Hellenistic period. It ended in the 1st century BC. when the eastern coast of the Mediterranean was conquered by the Romans. The Hellenistic period was characterized by the widespread spread of Greek civilization in the countries of the Middle East. At the same time, there was an increase in the influence of the East on Greek culture.

State and social structure. The traditional form of government of the Greeks - the polis - lost its significance during the Hellenistic period. All Hellenistic states were headed by monarchs of Greek-Macedonian origin. Their power was practically unlimited, only in Macedonia they had to reckon with the local aristocracy. In many matters of government, they began to proceed from the customs characteristic of the countries of the East. For example, the rulers of Egypt abandoned state supervision over the daily work of the peasants, which had existed there for thousands of years. This allowed them to replenish the state treasury with traditional annual taxes. To a much lesser extent, changes affected city life. Hellenistic cities were important centers of crafts and trade, and slavery became even more widespread compared to the previous period.

State and social structure. Formally, the old polis system was preserved in the cities: the council continued to work, officials were elected annually, and a people's assembly met. Their power, however, was limited. Important changes took place in the military structure. The army now consisted not of citizens, but of mercenaries recruited from outside. More often they lived in special military settlements. Citizenship now had no meaning either from a political or defensive point of view.

Culture of Hellenistic states. The culture of the Hellenistic states developed largely due to the patronage of monarchs. A particularly great contribution to the development of culture was made by the kings of Egypt from the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Alexandria Museion (Greek museion - temple of the muses), one of the main centers of science and culture of antiquity, was founded in Alexandria. (3rd century BC) At Museion there was a library in which almost all the literary heritage of the Greeks was collected. There manuscripts were copied, research was carried out, and studies in other sciences were carried out. The Library of Alexandria was headed by the most famous scientists of the time. Alexandria was far from the only major center of science and culture: Pergamon in Asia Minor was becoming increasingly important. In Greece, Athens was still in first place.

Literature of the Hellenistic period. But unlike previous poets, they were almost not interested in problems of social life and morality. Instead, they sang praises to one of the members of the royal family or wrote poems about the beautiful love of simple shepherds against the backdrop of the picturesque nature of Greece. Poetry was now expected not to have deep content, but to have a graceful and elegant style. Its goal was not to comprehend the place of man in the world and not to search for solutions to the basic problems of existence - poetry was simply supposed to bring pleasure. During the Hellenistic era, theater lost its former significance. This circumstance allowed poetry to stand out. Since its most important center was in Alexandria, it received the name Alexandrian poetry. Poets of the Hellenistic era were usually very erudite, familiar with Greek literature and the mythology of the previous period.

Philosophy. At the end of the 4th century BC. Several influential philosophical schools developed in Greece. Epicurus and his followers believed that by overcoming the fear of death and enjoying life, a person can achieve peace of mind. More popular than the teachings of Epicurus - Epicureanism, was the teaching of another philosophical school - Stoicism. The founder of Stoicism, Zeno. According to his teaching, everything in the world occurs in accordance with the just and immutable divine order. Both the followers of Epicurus and the Stoics emphasized that philosophy frees people from fears and worries. The changes that have taken place in society have entailed changes in the way of thinking and worldview. This was clearly reflected in Hellenistic philosophy. In the classical period, philosophers paid special attention to the question of what virtues make a person a good citizen and how the state should cultivate these virtues. However, now the attention of philosophy switched from social problems to personal and spiritual problems. Zeno Epicurus

Development of science. If in the classical period individual sciences still formed a single whole with philosophy, then the Hellenistic period was characterized by a deepening specialization of individual sciences. For a long time he headed in the 3rd century BC. Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes was equally competent in astronomy, geography, and history. He calculated the approximate circumference of the globe (meridian length) and compiled a chronology covering the entire early history of Greece. Thus, the mathematician Euclid (second half of the 4th century BC) compiled a multi-volume fundamental work, “Elements,” in which he formulated the foundations of elementary geometry. Mathematician, physicist and inventor - Archimedes (3rd century BC) formulated, among other things, the law of hydrostatics. Astronomers of the Hellenistic period already knew that the Earth was spherical.

Development of science. One of the astronomers of that period, Aristarchus (4-2 centuries BC), was the first in history to develop the theory of the heliocentric structure of the universe. While developing astronomy, the Greeks during the Hellenistic period became acquainted with eastern astrology. It was during that period that, taking the 12 signs of the zodiac as a basis, detailed horoscopes began to be drawn up.

Change in the field of religion. Religion, like most spheres of life, during the Hellenistic period lost the features characteristic of that time when it served to satisfy the needs of a separate polis. If in the classical period various religious festivals came to the fore, now mysteries have taken their place. The Greek Pantheon also underwent some changes. The Greeks also placed many eastern gods next to the old gods. Since they found a lot in common between them, they often began to identify the gods. The most popular goddess of the Mediterranean during the Hellenistic period was the goddess Isis. Thus, the religion of the Hellenistic period was a kind of fusion of Greek religion and the religions of the Ancient East.

SYNTHESIS OF EASTERN AND ANCIENT TRADITIONS
IN HELLENISM

Sleeping hermaphrodite. Venus of Melos

GIANTISM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS.
EXPRESSION AND NATURALISM OF SCULPTURE DECOR

Altar of Zeus in Pergamon

Hellenism as the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture

New aesthetics of the next stage of cultural development

Hellenistic architecture. Great Corinthian order

"Eastern bliss" in sculpture. Search for a gentle form. Sleeping hermaphrodite and the divine beauty of Venus of Melos.

Altar of Zeus in Pergamon as a manifestation of the disharmony of Hellenistic man.

Art is a continuous harmonious analysis of the world, allowing one to analyze ancient Greek culture as the source of the development of all world art.

The great era of the European Renaissance was guided by the Greek model.

Without art it is impossible to live, to be happy and successful, to understand the world around us;

Professional mobility presupposes a high level of intellectual culture;

We conduct dialogues

We formulate questions on the topic of the lesson and answer them

Writing down definitions

We draw diagrams and make sketches in a notebook

We carry out the teacher's tasks.

Technological map of lesson No. 14 – grade 10

Didactic structure of the lesson

Student activities

Teacher activities

Student assignments

Planned results

UUD

Organizing time

Remember the history course and what occurred in the territories that were part of the huge empire of Alexander the Great

Sets the emotional tone of the lesson

The divine beauty and tranquility of Venus of Melos and the disharmony of the soul of Hellenistic man, his desire to bring everything to the point of passion, the change from the image of an athlete-warrior to a hermaphrodite is the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture. This -HELLENISM!

Personal – motivate interest in the topic being studied

Learning new material

Thinking and looking for an answer to a question , what ancient Greek myth can become key for our era?

They remember

that the harmony and tranquility of the classical reliefs of the Parthenon was achieved by a precise and simple line

Places accents

Cultural centers of the Hellenistic world: Alexandria in Egypt , Antioch in Syria , Pergamon in Asia Minor, Rhodes Island in Greece. The art of Hellenism was not integral, with a common aesthetic ideal - extreme individualism.

The key myth of the era is the myth of Narcissus. Myth in artistic forms reflected a new aesthetics: proportionality, harmony and calm, strong-willed purposefulness of the classics replaced decorativeness, emotional tension and pathos.

ARCHITECTURE

The East's love for decorativeness, pomp and ornamentation affected the order system. Began to be used Corinthian order.

The new order was like a painful fantasy, but a fantasy of grace and taste. It was aggravated by the decoration of various types of colored marble. The proportions of the Corinthian order repeated the Ionic ones, but with a higher capital, reminiscent of a bunch of flowers with volute-stamens, intercepted from below by a belt.

ALTAR OF ZEUS IN PERGAME

The Pergamon school, as well as all Greek sculpture of the Hellenistic era, is characterized by the depiction of acute feelings - dying and pain, horror and despair - and spectacular poses. Death, dying, the last breath are developed with amazing power, observation, even naturalism.In the plastic arts of Hellenism, which makes one almost physically feel suffering and death, not precise and simple lines were used, but completely different techniques.

Exercise 1

"Work with text"

Task 2

"Working with the visual series"

Subject – know the specific content component of the topic being studied.

Personal –

develop educational and cognitive interest in different types of culture.

Subject

Consolidating new material

1.Participate in a mini Blitz survey.

2. They work with the suggested text.

3. Compose and write down In the notebook there are three questions on the topic of the lesson (the teacher includes students’ questions in the quick survey).

Organizes a mini-blitz survey:

What contributed to the birth of beautiful and clear ancient Greek art?

What features are characteristic of Hellenistic art?

What is the reason for the appearance of two faces of beauty in Hellenistic plastic art?

What painting techniques did Hellenistic sculptors use to convey drama and expression?

Name the principles of classical art as understood by the ancient Greeks.

How was the Greek ideal perceived by different peoples?

Task 3

"The most famous library of antiquity"

Subject

Subject

Consolidation of basic knowledge and acquisition of new ones within the framework of disciplinary educational programs

Control

Conduct independent preparatory work in groups of 2 people.

Formulate questions on the topic of the lesson

Controls progress of independent and group work

Subject

Know the specific content component of the topic being studied.

Subject

Consolidation of basic knowledge and acquisition of new ones within the framework of disciplinary educational programs

Reflection

Discussing completing tasks.

Evaluate their work in the lesson and the lesson as a whole

Organizes and guides reflectionanalyzes working on assignments

Metasubject

Carry out reflection on school methods and abilities to act

Communication

Select adequate speech structures in meaningful educational dialogue.

Exercise 1.

Read the text and highlight the paragraphs

Give the text an attractive title

Fill out the form

The hot highway was lost in the vastness of a lifeless plain. And like a giant, a huge hill appeared in front, which alone dominated the entire endless steppe space. At the foot of the mountain were green olive and lemon groves and houses with flat roofs were crowded on ledges. It was Bergama - a small Turkish town located two hours drive from the Aegean coast. ...In the early autumn of 1878, the residents of Bergama looked with curiosity at a tanned European in a wide-brimmed hat. The German engineer Karl Human came to Turkey at the invitation of the Sultan to build bridges and roads. But, besides this, Human was interested in the ancient ruins of bygone Asia Minor civilizations, which at that time were almost unknown to European scientists and were not at all of interest to the Turks themselves. Human hired forty diggers in Bergama and climbed the mountain with them. He struck the dry, cracked earth first with his spade. Having started excavations in a bare place, the German engineer discovered one of the most important monuments of Hellenistic art - the Great Altar of Zeus. Under the layer of earth there were many large fragments of slabs with reliefs. By the end of the season, they built a narrative cycle about the battle of gods and giants.A large frieze of the altar of Zeus is placed on its plinth (height 23 m, length about 120 m). The frieze was executed by a group of sculptors, but according to a single compositional plan. The theme of the frieze is gigantomachy. In addition to the gods of Olympus, a number of deities take part in the battle, drawn either from old legends or newly invented. Death, dying, the last breath are developed with amazing power, observation, even naturalism. It is interesting that the sculpture accurately depicts the Gaul ethnic type. On the western side, deities of the water element were depicted. On the southern side are the gods of the heavens and celestial bodies. On the eastern, main one, there are the Olympian gods, on the northern one - night and constellations. In total there are about 50 figures of gods and the same number of giants. The figures are made in very high relief, almost in round plastic. The background of the frieze is densely filled with flowing clothes, wings of eagles, giants and snakes. The details are worked out so carefully that their materiality is felt. The figures were painted, many details were gilded; the high relief created deep shadows; the frieze was easy to read from a distance. The names of gods and giants are carved into the plinth and cornice.This plot was directly related to the history of the Kingdom of Pergamon.

Frieze theme

What is the name of the type of relief in which the images are made?

What is depicted on the eastern side of the structure?

How many giants were depicted on the relief?

How many gods were depicted on the relief?

What specific historical event formed the basis of the relief?

Who started the archaeological excavations of the structure?

Task 2 “Working with images”

Here is an illustrative series, look at the images

Try to determine which period in the development of world art the images belong to

Do you know what these works are called and who their author is?

1 2 3 4 5

Task 3 " The most famous library of antiquity"

You need to think and answer in writing the questions why and why are you given the opportunity to familiarize yourself with this material?

What library are we talking about?

The most famous library of antiquity

This library was part of one of the main scientific centers of the ancient world, the Alexandria Museum.

The Museion (museum of the sanctuary of the Muses) and the library were created and existed during the reign of the Greek-Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from the beginning. 3rd century BC e.

About 500 thousand scrolls were collected in the library's storage rooms, including manuscripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and others.

A new building was recently built on the very site where Ptolemy built the famous Library in 288 BC.

This Library is a unique structure of the modern world and reflects There is amazing architecture of the 21st century.

Hellenism is a period in the history of the ancient states of the Mediterranean region, the beginning of which is considered to be the conquests of Alexander the Great, and the end - the fall of Egypt and the complete establishment of the dominance of the states of Ancient Rome

(around 30 AD).

The main feature of Hellenism

The main feature of Hellenism is considered to be the global spread of the Greek language and way of life in the territories conquered by Alexander the Great, as well as the mutual penetration and mutual influence of two great ancient cultures - Persian and Greek.

The Hellenistic era was characterized by a desire for monumentality. Huge statues are created, a typical example is the Colossus of Rhodes, a figure of the god Helios 32 meters high.

Nike of Samothrace ( 190 BC uh.)

Hellenistic art does not represent a single whole. During this period, there were independent art schools in Alexandria, Pergamon, Greece, on the island of Rhodes, and in the cities of Syria. The best works of Hellenic sculptors reflect the most exciting problems of the era with great completeness and artistic persuasiveness.

SLEEPING HERMAPHRODITE

Hermaphrodite is the son of Hermes and Aphrodite, a young man of extraordinary beauty, raised by naiads on Mount Ida in Phrygia.

AGESANDER

Together with his sons he sculpted the statue of Laocoon. The statue was found in 1488 in the Baths of Titus on the Esquiline in Rome, now in the Vatican Museum in Rome.

VENUS OF MILO

The famous sculpture, made of marble (c. 130–120 BC), dates back to the Hellenistic period in the art of Ancient Greece.

A common subject of ancient plastic art was Gigantomania.

It was built around 180 BC. e. on the acropolis of Pergamum, the capital of a small Hellenistic state in Asia Minor.

Pergamon Altar

The synthesis of eastern and ancient traditions, the use of highly emotional, dramatic plots are undoubted evidence of the influence that the political events that accompanied the decline and death of the Hellenistic states had on the spiritual life of the Greek world.

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