History of the Ingush, who they were. Some questions of the settlement of the ancient Ingush and the existence of their own statehood
It is known that the Ingush and Chechens are one people, divided due to historical and socio-political reasons. Nevertheless, during the short period of their demarcation, the Chechens and Ingush managed to accumulate many differences.
Origins
In modern ethnology, it is customary to unite Chechens and Ingush general term– “Vainakh peoples” (Chech. “Vainakh”, Ingush. “Vainakh” - “our people”). This is exactly how representatives of the two Caucasian ethnic groups identify themselves.
The Chechens and Ingush did not create their own written language, and therefore their history was studied from the chronicles of neighboring peoples. Often this information was fragmentary and not always objective. However, today scientists can say with full confidence that Chechens and Ingush are among the oldest inhabitants Caucasus, belonging to the Vainakh language group Nakh-Dagestan family.
Historians find the ancestors of the Ingush (self-name Galgai) among the tribal union of Alans, which took part in the Great Migration of Peoples.
Anthropologist Viktor Bunak is confident that among the Ingush the ancient Caucasian (or Caucasian) type has been preserved “more than among any of the other North Caucasian peoples.”
This is how the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary describes the Ingush: “In appearance, the Ingush are lean, slender, of average height, with sharp features and quick eyes on a pale, dark face; the hair color is predominantly black, the nose is aquiline, the movements are hasty and impetuous.”
Chechens (self-name Nokhchi), according to one hypothesis, historical scene appeared before the Ingush. Some researchers, including anthropologist Valery Alekseev, consider the Chechens to be descendants of the Hurrians, who lived in northern Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC.
In Armenian sources of the 7th century, the Chechens are referred to as “nakhcha matyan” (“speaking the Nokhchi language”). In documents of the 16th-17th centuries one can find the tribal names of the Chechens - Ichkerins, Okoks, Shubuts. In the Russian language, the word “Chechen” has become a transliteration of terms that were common among neighboring peoples - “Tsatsans”, “Shashens”, “Chachans”.
The appearance of Chechens according to the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary is as follows: “ tall and well built. Women are beautiful. Anthropologically, Chechens are a mixed type. Eye color varies from black to more or less dark brown and from blue to more or less light green. In hair color, transitions from black to more or less dark brown are noticeable. The nose is often turned up and concave."
Genetic studies have shown that modern Chechens and Ingush, although they belong to the same haplogroup, are ethnically heterogeneous. Geneticist Khusein Chokaev, based on the latest research data, writes that common ancestor a significant part of the Chechen-Ingush ethnic group is a representative of the subgroup J2a4b (M67), which originated in the territory modern Turkey approximately 11.8 thousand years ago. The carriers of this haplotype were, among others, the Carians, Minoans and Pelasgians. But if the Ingush correspond to the J2a4b (M67) group by 87%, then the Chechens correspond to only 58%.
Disengagement
Over time, the Chechens mostly settled along the right tributaries of the Sunzha and Terek. Equally, their places of residence were mountains, foothills and plains. The Ingush concentrated to the west of the Chechen settlements, mainly in the upper reaches of the Sunzha.
The first signs of the division of the single Vainakh ethnic group, according to researchers, emerged after 1770, when the Ingush accepted Russian citizenship. Joining the empire brought its own characteristics to the way of life of this people. The division between the Ingush and Chechens intensified even more during the Caucasian War, which lasted intermittently from 1817 to 1864.
During the war years, it was Chechnya that became the main stronghold of resistance and the center of the military-religious movement of muridism. According to this teaching, the moral and political revival of Islam was possible only after the overthrow of the heterodox Russian yoke. The Muridist propaganda of Kazi-Mulla, Gamzat and Shamil bore fruit on Chechen soil, while the Ingush remained aloof from the “war for faith.”
After the end of the Caucasian War, the places inhabited by the Ingush for border peace were inhabited by Cossacks, who remained there until they arrived in the Caucasus Soviet power. In 1921, on the territory of the former Terek and part of the former Kuban regions Russian Empire The Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic arose, and in 1936 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic appeared on the map.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Chechens and Ingush again took different paths: radical movements calling for independence intensified in Chechnya, and Ingushetia decided to remain part of Russia. In the new situation, the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia ceased to be conditional and over time divided two subjects of the federation - the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic.
Religion
The dominant religion of the Ingush and Chechens is Sunni Islam. However, the degree of its influence on both peoples is different. Despite the fact that Islam began to penetrate into the North Caucasus since the invasion of Genghis Khan, the majority of residents of Chechnya accepted it only in XVIII century. During Caucasian wars Through the Muridist movement, Islam became so strong in Chechnya that it gave rise to real religious fanaticism there.
In Ingushetia, Islam adapted only in the middle XIX century, however, did not take deep roots there. Until recently, many Ingush were still in the grip of ancient pre-Muslim beliefs, an integral part of which was the cult of family and ancestors. This cult obliged people to honor their shrines, such as the hearth and the hearth chain. Near the hearth they prepared food, discussed important issues, and performed rituals. The suprachain chain has also retained its connection with traditions. When a stranger entered an Ingush house and grabbed the chain, he fell under the protection of the owner, and if a bloodline touched it, he was freed from revenge.
Modern Ingushetia largely lives in line with political and religious freedom, which also affects religion. If in Chechnya only Sufi Islam is officially recognized, then in Ingushetia big number supporters of Salafism, which is perceived by many as a radical movement of Islam.
Unlike the Ingush, the religious consciousness of the Chechens was influenced by the tense socio-political situation last decades, which is why Salafism has not taken root in the public space of the Republic. In turn, especially among young people, there is a growing interest and desire for true Islam, in strict observance of all the prescriptions of the Koran and religious rituals.
Traditions
According to ethnographers, Chechen culture in to a greater extent, than the Ingush lost touch with the traditional rituals characteristic of the Vainakhs. Thus, the Ingush are outraged by the Chechen custom of giving a guest soup, rather than a special meat dish of lamb, chicken or turkey, which has been practiced for centuries.
The same can be said about family relationships. An Ingush man usually does not meet his mother-in-law, they do not see each other at matchmaking, and do not meet at family celebrations and other events. The Ingush are very proud of this fact and believe that their families are much stronger than the Chechen ones.
There are differences in wedding rituals. For example, if the Chechens, after showing the bride to the guests, spend the whole day in a separate room, then the Ingush people have a custom for the bride to stand in the corner of the main hall until the evening and accept gifts. Ingush women often prefer national dresses to wedding dresses; Chechens are more modern in this regard.
Lifestyle Chechens and Ingush are largely determined by the teip (clan) structure. Ingush teips are also usually called “surnames”. If Chechen tape may number hundreds of surnames, then Ingush is most often limited to a few dozen, while Ingush surnames most often have pre-Islamic roots, while Chechen ones are predominantly Muslim.
The Ingush teip is usually exogamous. Marriages within the teip certainly occur, but are not encouraged. Chechens, on the contrary, prefer to create marriages within their teip in order to more firmly maintain family ties.
In Chechnya, teips are subordinate to large military-political associations - tukhums. There are nine of them in total. The Ingush have no such division. In the Vainakh environment, the Ingush are traditionally called the “tenth Tukkhum,” thereby emphasizing the closeness of the two neighboring peoples.
On this moment There are about 1 million 700 thousand Chechens in the world. In addition to Chechnya, they live in Ingushetia, Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd Region, Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Saratov, Tyumen Regions, North Ossetia, and abroad they are most numerous in Turkey, Kazakhstan, France, Austria, and Belgium.
Total number There are about 700 thousand Ingush people. In addition to Russia, they also live in Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.
Chaldean origin of the Ingush, and why the Ingush are not Vainakh
Chaldeans (Babylonian Kaldu, Hebrew כַּשְׂדִּים) - Semitic tribes that lived in the south of Mesopotamia, in the area of the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf from the end of the 10th to the 4th century BC. e. They fought with Assyria for the possession of Babylon. In 626-536 BC e. Babylon was ruled by the Chaldean dynasty, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom.
The word "Chaldeans" is mentioned several times in the Bible - for example, in the Book of Habakkuk and in the Book of Judith (5:6). Chaldeans in the ancient world were also called sorcerers, magicians, and fortune-tellers.The Ingush have the most high level haplogroup J2 is 90% descendants of Mesopathoamia;
“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ay) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called the Ingush - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai. The ancient ethnonym “G1alg1a/Khalkha” has been preserved among some modern peoples and means “people”, “people”, “tribe” (Khalkha, Khalki, Khalq). The ancient names of the Ingush and their country - GIligIvis (Khligvi), GIligIveti - were preserved thanks to ancient sources, including Georgian ones. "gligvi" GiligIveti, GiligIvis, subsequently forming the term - GIalgIay-Galgai - Ingush, which is a small Ingush teip in mountainous Ingushetia, from which the self-name of the Ingush came. The term GIalgIayche itself is easily and transparently etymologized from Ingush: GIalgIay + che, where GIalgIay is the name of the people, and “che” is the inside, inner part, covered part, protected part.
G1alg1a is the self-name of the Ingush, which the Alan-Ossetians preserved in the form - Kalga (Khalga-Khalgai = Chaldeans)
From known sources it can be judged that the homeland of the god Hal/G1al can be called Chaldean Northern Mesopotamia. Collecting big ethnic communities with a complex social structure and statehood (tribes and peoples) already occurred under the influence of religions. (Khal/G1al. Chaldeans/Khalhai). That is, the Ingush are also from ancient Chaldea (Mesopotamia), which is fully confirmed not only by historical chronology, but also by DNA analysis, which showed the highest percentage of haplogroup J2 among the Ingush, 87%-90%.
Halakha - G1illakh - custom, tradition, law in Ingushetia and Israel (Albert Machigov drew attention to these and other similarities between the Jewish and Ingush languages, for example: “shin” - that is, “double” in Hebrew as in Ingush shi-shin.).
Also in written Georgian sources describing the events of this period where the ancestors of the Ingush are known under the ethnonym “Caucasions” and in ancient times - under the name “Makhli”. Mahli - (Heb. painful):
1) Levite, son of Merari, brother of Mushi (int. Musa). His descendants were called the family of Mahli or the generation of Mahli (Exodus 6:19; Numbers 3:20,33; 26:58; 1Chronicles 6:19);
2) Levite, descendant of Merari, son of Mushi (1 Chronicles 23:23; 24:30) Levite is a representative of the Jewish class of priestly Levites (from the tribe of Levi).The ethnonym Mosoh in relation to this tribe is interesting because Ptahia of Regensburg, during his stay in Baghdad, saw with his own eyes the envoys of the kings of the “land of Meshech” who said that “the kings of Meshech and all their land became Jews” and that among the inhabitants of Meshech there are teachers teaching “them and their children the Torah and the Talmud of Jerusalem.” Hence the Ingush surnames Mashigovs, Mashkhoys - people from the village of Mashkhe (Mashkhe) of the Dorian society of mountainous Ingushetia, Moshkhoevs (Mashkhoevs).
The Ingush name 1ubady/1ibady reminds Jewish name Obadiah (the Khazar king also bore this name). The Ingush word “Yakh” is translated as essence. But as we know that from Hebrew the word “Yah” is the root of the Word “I am,” that is, the Lord. There is also an Ingush surname Yakhyaev. etc.
Read the lines - Yahweh, son of Ella\Alla. Two traditions - Yahwist and Elohistic - were now united into a single Scripture. YHWH is one of the names of the Jewish “god”.
Ingush etymology of the two-part word - Yakh-ve.
Yakh is a high measure of a person’s moral responsibility before God and society, for his own actions, Yakh is a person’s path from birth to feat, “yakh” is competitiveness in strictly following moral standards in actions and actions, to strive for public recognition- not far full list constituent elements this lofty word. Va - there is. Yakh joatsa sag vats - the Ingush always say, which means - a person without Yakh is not a person. Two traditions - Yahwist and Elohistic - were now united into a single Scripture. Two Traditions and Two Peoples have united into one, which primarily speaks to the awareness of their “chosenness of God” as Jews.The Ingush, according to some teptars (legends), are descendants of Judith Jews (Jews from the Middle East). There are many stories from Jordanian Ingush that the Ingush are Judiths who fled from the Middle East, where Semitic tribes still predominate today.
There is an Ingush legend about Mago (or Magal; the name is clearly Semitic), who came from the “country of Khalib”, which is also mentioned in Chechen teptars (records). The name of the country resembles the name of the city of Aleppo in Syria. The Bible mentions Caleb (Caleb) from the tribe of Judah - a participant in the exodus of Jews from Egypt, who was an active supporter and spy of Moses.Many toponyms in Ingushetia are connected with the Khazars, as they say, directly. For example, Khazar-duk (Khazar duk) “Khazar ridge” - in the south-east. There is Olkhazaran irzo (Olkhazaran irzo) “Olkhazara (l.) glade.” GIazar-Giala (Gazar-Gala) “Khazar fortress” (“Khazar fortification”), etc.
GIazar-GialiytIa (Gazar-Galiyta) “Khazar fortification” - within the boundaries of the village of GIachalka. Perhaps Ialkhan-Evl, GIazar-GIala are the oldest parts (settlements) of the village of GIachalka.
“the village of GIachalka should have arisen from five small settlements, with the Khazar fortification in the center: Barchoyn kup, Zandakoin kup, Ialkhan-Evl, Okhchoyn kup and the Khazar fortification,” - A. Suleymanov.The Khazars professed Judaism, and according to a Khazar Jew close to the Khazar king Yusuf-Joseph. According to Arab sources, after the defeat of Khazaria, the Khazars and their king renounced Judaism and converted to Islam. For example, Armenian historians (and not only) - contemporaries of the Khazars, noted that the language of the Khazars is similar to the language of the Ingush. In ancient times, the Ignush were called “Gargari”, and according to Movses Khorenatsi Mesrop Mashtots the alphabet for the Gargar language: “Stegts nshanagirs kokordakhos aghkhazur hjakan khetsbekazunin aynorik gargaratsvots lezun” (“created writing for the wild language of the white Khazars, rich in guttural sounds [“agh” - “white” ", "khazur" - "Khazar"] similar to barbaric Gargar")
It is also interesting that the ancestor of the Khevsurs (Kevsurs, from “Kevsur”, where “kev”, “kiy” is a Khazar deity). Celebrate Saturday. In one Svan village, an ancient Torah scroll is still kept as a relic, and until the mid-twentieth century. Svan elders, making important decisions for the community, swore on this scroll. According to legend, the family of Svan princes Dadeshkeliani (Otarsha) had Kumyk (Khazar) ethnogenetic roots. According to ethnogenetic information recorded by Caucasian specialist M.M. Kovalevsky and others, the founder of this ancient Svan family, Otar Dadeshkeliani (c. 1570) “was from the Tarkov Kumyks, and his descendants seized power into their own hands and gradually subjugated the entire society of princely Svaneti along the lower and upper reaches of the Inguri River.” The center of the princely family of Dadeshkeliani was the village. Barshi and Inguri. Representatives of the clan ruled in the Western part of Svaneti in 1570–1857. To designate carcasses he uses the term “Mosoh”.
On the other hand, on the Internet there is an Ingush author Yusupov M. (“Saul”), who proves the family ties of the Ingush and Jews. The origin from the tribe of Dan is also indicated by the fact that previously one of the names of the Ingush was G1aldini.
For example, the words: Chichak, Idal, etc. resemble Ingush words.
CHICHAK (Khazar queen, in Khazar “flower”) - Chechen zezag (“flower”)
SHAT (Khazar king) - a slightly modified teip garden/sada? Ingush, roughly speaking, hard as ice
DZHEBUKAGAN - Ingush name DZHABU second part - Kagan
TUDUN (regional governors appointed by the Kagan and called upon to monitor local government and the receipt of taxes into the Kagan’s treasury) - comes from the Ingush turd - literally “father/owner of the sword.” Isn’t it from the word “Kagan”/“khakam” that the Ingush “kha’kam” comes from? used to mean “boss”?In the north of Mesopotamia, on the border of the Caucasus Mountains, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arose. were once one religion and Furthermore it turns out that “Chaldeans/Khalkhas”, according to their religion, bore the name of the one God - Khal, and then divided according to the names of the prophets. The Bible plainly says that ancient population came to Sumer from the Caucasus and these settlers were descendants of Noah.
“These are the tribes of the sons of Noah, according to their genealogy, among their nations. From them nations spread throughout the earth after the flood. The whole earth had one language and one dialect. Moving from the East, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there” (Genesis, ch. 10.32 and ch. 11: 1–2)
The well-known researcher S.A. Dauev did not ignore the Ingush, in whose well-founded opinion the Ingush are the Khazars-Jews, and they are building the capital of the city of Moagas named after MOSES. Jewish conspiracy. At the same time, the Ingush ask (?) - they say it is not clear what the crime is, even if it is true. Moses is recognized by all world religions. Dauev warns the Russian leadership that the Ingush are carrying out an operation to restore the Jewish Khazaria, the eternal enemy of Russia... An interesting fact is that, according to the instructions of the Grozny NKVD on working with agents (1936), more than 30% of the Ingush at that time secretly professed Judaism , see (26)
The name of Molk's brother-in-law's father is interesting - MaIasha, which suggests identification with Moshe - cf. S. Dauev considers the name of the capital of Ingushetia Magas (Moagas) to be derived from the name Moses (Mousa - Musa). One Khazar king actually had this name. Many sources indicate the Khazar origin of the Ingush, and that the Alan king is at enmity with the Khazars... Kerkandaj is a Khazar name, akin to Ishak Kundadzhik... Moagas is clearly formed from Musa (Mousa) / Moses.
The highest frequency in the world of haplogroup J2 is found among the Ingush (87% - 90% of the male population) and Chechens 53%.
Haplogroup J2 is believed to have originated somewhere in the Transcaucasus or Middle East. Its current geographical distribution suggests an expansion since Neolithic times from the Fertile Crescent. This expansion is likely related to the spread of domestic cattle and goats (from c. 8000-9000 BC)
The Ingush and Ashkenazi Jews have very similar genes: 14-13-30-23-10-11-12-13.16. The same is true for the Ingush for the same gene (21). Genetics have revealed the relationship and coincidence of genes between Ingush Georgians and Jews. But according to genetic comparison, the Ingush have the purity of blood closest to the Jews.
The Ingush have more than 87% of the Semitic genotype - J2, which is from the Middle East.
The closeness of the Ingush to the Jews is also confirmed by geneticists. The Ingush have the most [Y]-chromosome in the Caucasus, which is common among Semites...Are Ingush and Chechens different peoples? Ingush (Gligva) not Vainakh
Since ancient times, there were two completely different ethnic groups of the Chechens (Nokhchi) and the Ingush (Galgai) and two different cultures, which has generally survived to this day. Historically, the rapprochement of these two different ethnic groups occurred linguistically due to close living. The fact that the Ingush and Chechens were originally two different peoples in the distant past is indicated by quite succinct factual material from more than authoritative sources, since comparing them with each other does not find contradictions, but, on the contrary, demonstrates extremely amazing accuracy regarding numerous aspects, be it legends, dating, toponymy and other terminology. It is advisable to write about the two centers of origin of the Ingush and Chechens in order to avoid the endless dispute “about the primacy of the egg or the chicken” (a clear, unpromising example of a dispute between Russians and Ukrainians). The culmination of the international dispute was the book by the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Chechen Republic N. Nukhazhiev and his assistant Kh. Umkhaev “In Search of National Identity.”The thesis that Ingush and Chechens are different peoples justifies itself with more in-depth research this issue. For example, Ingush ancient legends completely ignore general history, citing specific facts indicating the divergence of history on a number of points, the reasoned component of which simply cannot be ignored by a specialist studying this issue.
Vainakhs, veinakhs (Chechen vainakh, Ingush veinakh - “our people”) - a term by which in modern Caucasian studies they understand most speakers of Nakh languages: Chechens (self-named Nokhchi) and Ingush (self-named Galgai).
If you open the dictionary Chechen language, you can see that the word “Vainakh” consists of two parts: “vai” - ours, ours; “nah” - people, people. Thus, in literal translation we get - “our people”.
“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ai) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called you - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai
The Dzurdzuks are the ancestors of today's Chechens. The ethnonym “Dzurdzuk” should be identified with the ancestors of today’s Chechens. On all ancient maps of Georgia where both Dzurdzuki-Chechens and GIalgIay-Galgai-Ingush are indicated, Dzurdzuki are always indicated to the west of GIligIvis-GIalgIay-Galgai.Dardza Kungash is a pro-Ingush nationalist version, which is the usual adaptation of some Ingush term to “dzurdzuks”; such primitive and, as facts show, untenable “adjustments” began to be done in the 90s. In fact: the Zurdzukoy teip lives in Chechnya, in the Itumkalinsky district, south of Itumkali; the territory of Dzurdzuketia included Chechnya; The term is of Chechen origin with good reason. The version with “Zurdzuk” is more likely than with the mythical “Dardza Kungish”, which is not mentioned in the AI belonging to the non-Ingush.
There are quite a few authoritative sources indicating who, that the Ingush are not Dzurdzuki. The ancient self-name of the Ingush “gligvi” is a derivative - Galgays And even more so the statement of the Ingush “historians” (who have been caught more than once in various falsifications historical facts) that supposedly “Magas” is the capital of Ingushetia is generally ridiculous and does not stand up to any criticism. This is something other than an outright theft of history from the Alan-Ossetians. Some people find it very gentle. But this is another, no less important and very interest Ask...))) But let’s continue our modest research on the essence of the issue.Even in the work of Vakhushti Bagrationi “Life of Georgia” the Kist-Dzurdzuks are mentioned, where, according to the territorial location, the Kists are Ingush, and the Dzurdzuks are Chechens.
The Ingush do not lay claim to the Dzurdzuks and even the Georgians do not associate with “Dzurdzukebi”, since the Georgians call the Ingush-Galgais by their ancient self-name - Gligvi. And the Chechenchev is “dzurdzukebi.” This, as it turns out, is a very important detail in an objective study, which Ingush historians for some reason either lose sight of (keeping silent) or completely deliberately distort. Moreover, there are no mentions of pro-Ingush as such in those days, except as “gligvi” - which is a small Ingush teip in mountainous Ingushetia, from which the self-name of the Ingush came. The word “Ingush” is not in the Ingush language, there is “G1alga”. The Cossacks called these people Ingush, from the name of the first Ingush village Angusht. this word is mentioned in history only in the 18th century. this word does not have even a hundredth part of the history that belongs to the G1alg1ai people.
“G1alg1a” (G1alg1ay) is an ancient ethnonym of the Ingush, originally the ancient self-name of the Ingush, more precisely as the Georgians called you - “gligvi” = Khligvy (Khalkha/Khaldi) = Khalkhai. That is, the Ingush are also natives of ancient Chaldea (Mesopotamia), which is fully confirmed not only by historical chronology, but also by DNA analysis, which showed the highest percentage of haplogroup J2 among the Ingush, which is 87%-90% Chaldean Chaldean blood.
About Gligva. To the east of Dzurdzukia lies Gligvetia, called so or by the name Gligo (Ghligho). The Gligvskaya river, flowing from the intermountain region of Pshava and Gligva and flowing in the direction from south to north, flows into the river. On this river is Angusti, a large village. Sometimes they marry 2 - 3 wives; Women allow themselves to commit adultery during marriage, but never before marriage. They know how to erect buildings on stone and lime and build themselves houses, towers and strongholds. They are forced to obey their neighbors and pay them tribute in order to receive from them food products, clothes and salt.
M.M.Kovalevsky 1890
At all kinds of historical forums in which I have taken part, I am often asked: why did the Ingush convert to Islam 150 years ago? Overnight, the entire Ingush people completely, as a single organism, moved from one religion to another. What contributed to this? I thought about this question, and I must say, the answer did not come to me right away.
The Ingush practiced Christianity with elements of paganism for at least 1,000 years. The earliest Christian temple in the area modern Russia stands in the mountains of Ingushetia - this is the Thaba-Erda temple, one of the translations of which is “this is our faith”, another is “two thousand saints”. Dated 830. In addition to it, there are several other temples that are well preserved.
Also, very noteworthy in this context is the fact that the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil three times at the peak of the power of his Imamate state. Shamil tried to forcefully impose the Muslim religion on the Ingush. Long before this, the Arabs were defeated and went to war against Ingushetia, including for missionary purposes. Even earlier, there were fierce battles with the Muslim Mongol-Tatar hordes, as a result of which the ancestors of the Ingush suffered a crushing defeat. But in their attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam, the Mongols suffered a crushing defeat - the Ingush fought to the death. The cities were destroyed, and the remnants of the people took refuge in the mountains.And so, after such an uncompromising, glorious, warlike centuries-old history, having been in Christianity for 1000 years, having such traditions of faith and defending their faith from invaders, the Ingush in the 1850s massively converted to Islam voluntarily. From the outside it looks like a paradox. But only from the outside.
Ingush people from time immemorial was a free, freedom-loving people, a society of free people; the only people in the Caucasus, which had no princes. There were no slaves. Although the concepts of princes (alliy) and slaves (ley) exist in the Ingush language. But they meant more spiritual state person. Were famous families, but they all stood out from the crowd by civic merit or military valor. No other rights were enjoyed than the respect acquired solely by the intelligence and personal merits of each member.
In the West, Ingushetia is called one of the most ancient democracies in the world; it would be more accurate to say a military democracy. This form of socio-political structure persisted until the 20s. XX century. Some elements of this device have survived to this day.And they wanted to force such people to accept new religion. Even with the best intentions. Free people organically incapable of accepting anything by force. Any attempts to force the Ingush to accept Islam were doomed to fiasco. This is the first result of my thoughts.
The second point, and no less important, is missionary activity and the personality of the preacher Kunta-Hadzhi Kishieva, who would later become the spiritual mentor of the Ingush (Ustaz) and revered by the Ingush as a saint. In the 1850s he and his murids launched missionary activities in Ingushetia. It started like this. Rumors spread among the people that after three defeats in a row, Imam Shamil did not calm down and was going to campaign against Ingushetia for the fourth time. At the meeting of Dovtbiy (all armed forces of the people), it was decided to send selected soldiers (“Black Regiment”) to the border so that they could meet uninvited guests worthy. This regiment was known for being particularly savage against Shamil’s troops in previous campaigns.
Having gone to the border territory, where today is the village of GIazhar-Yurt (Nesterovskoye), the soldiers took up positions. Their amazement was enormous when an old man appeared on the horizon with a staff in his hands, surrounded by several people. It was Ustaz Kunta-Hadji. He made a huge impression on people. He was accepted and listened to. Thus, Islam was established in Ingushetia by the power of the word.And the third, very important point. Islam is a religion that is largely based on Christianity. The youngest religion of all the world. Islam, having absorbed all the best from Christianity and adding something new, was seen by people as purified Christianity. This predetermined success.
Faces of Russia. “Living together while remaining different”
The multimedia project “Faces of Russia” has existed since 2006, talking about Russian civilization, the most important feature which is the ability to live together while remaining different - this motto is especially relevant for the countries of the entire post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. Also, 2 cycles of radio programs “Music and Songs of the Peoples of Russia” were created - more than 40 programs. Illustrated almanacs were published to support the first series of films. Now we are halfway to creating a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a snapshot that will allow the residents of Russia to recognize themselves and leave a legacy for posterity with a picture of what they were like.
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"Faces of Russia". Ingush. "Ingush Monolith", 2010
General informationINGUSHI, Galgai (self-name), people in Russia (according to various sources, from 215.1 thousand people to 444 thousand 833 people (as of 2010)), Vainakh people in the North Caucasus, including in Ingushetia and Chechnya (from 163.8 thousand to 436 thousand people), in North Ossetia, in the Prigorodny region (from 32.8 thousand to 50 thousand), etc. Smaller groups live in Kazakhstan (20 thousand people), Central Asia, as well as in Middle East. The total number is from 237 thousand to 750 thousand people. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Ingush living in Russia is 412 thousand people.
Together with the Chechens (common self-name Vainakh) they belong to the indigenous population of the North Caucasus.
They speak the Ingush language of the Nakh-Dagestan group of the North Caucasian family. The Russian language is also widespread. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet since 1938.
Believers are Sunni Muslims, the Ingush are Muslims of the traditional Sufi interpretation, based on the teachings of Sheikh Bahauddin Naqshbandi and the Persian Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani.
Ingushetia is located on the northern slopes of the foothills of the Bolshoi Caucasian ridge, in its central part. The Republic of Ingushetia borders North Ossetia and Chechen Republic. A section passes through the territory of the republic state border Russian Federation with the Republic of Georgia.
In the mountains, the Ingush lived in separate societies: Galgaevskoe (hence the self-name Ingush), Tsorinskoe, Dzheirakhovskoe and Metskhalskoe. Relocation to the plain begins in the 16th and 17th centuries. One of the main directions of Ingush migration from the mountains was the Tara Valley and other lands along the Kambileevka River. Here, no later than the end of the 17th century, the village of Ongusht was located (hence the name Ingushi), now the village of Tarskoye in the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia. The migration process became especially intense in the 19th century. In 1810 Ingushetia became part of Russia. In 1817, the local population was resettled from most of the Sunzha region to Nazran.
In 1924, the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was separated as part of the RSFSR, its administrative center was located in the city of Vladikavkaz, in 1934 it was merged with the Chechen Autonomous Okrug into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, which in 1936 was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Great Patriotic War, in 1944, the Ingush, along with the Chechens, were accused of collaborating with the Nazis and forcibly deported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the republic was abolished, losses ranged from a quarter to half of the population. In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, the people returned to their territory, while the Prigorodny district, which makes up about half of the territory of flat Ingushetia, remained part of the North Ossetian Republic, which serves as a source of conflict between the Ingush and the Ossetians, who occupied houses and lands there. The adoption of the law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” in April 1991 and the self-declaration of independence of Chechnya in November 1991 gave rise to a movement for the creation of an independent Ingush Republic (formed in 1992 as part of the Russian Federation). As a result of the armed conflict in North Ossetia and the war in Chechnya, about 100 thousand Ingush entered Ingushetia.
Among the many Ingush traditions, the most important is respect for older parents. Children are obliged to provide their parents with a decent old age.In the economy of the population of mountainous Ingushetia, the leading place was occupied by alpine cattle breeding (sheep, cows, horses, oxen), combined with agriculture (barley, oats, wheat); on the plain, the leading crop was corn. The leading branches of agriculture in the 20th century were horticulture and viticulture, fine-wool sheep breeding and meat and dairy farming. IN production activities The Ingush occupied a significant place in the construction industry (towers, temples and sanctuaries, above-ground crypt tombs). Jewelry, weapons, blacksmithing, pottery, clothmaking, stone, wood, and leather processing were developed.
Traditional tower settlements in the mountains were located on slopes or deep in gorges. Residential, semi-combat (height 8-10 m) and combat (12-16 m) tower buildings were common. There are known battle towers with five and less often six floors (average height 25-27 m). Castle complexes and defensive walls were erected. On the plain, the Ingush lived in large settlements stretched along rivers and roads. The ancient dwelling was a mud hut, later a long adobe or turluch house, in which the premises of each marital unit had a separate exit to the terrace. Next to the room of the head of the family and his wife is the kunatskaya (guest room). Modern houses are predominantly brick with tiled or iron roofs.
Traditional Ingush clothing of the pan-Caucasian type. Men's shirt untucked with a collar with buttons in front, tied with a belt, a beshmet close to the waist with a belt and a dagger. Later, the pan-Caucasian Circassian coat with gazyrs became widespread. Warm clothes - sheepskin coat and burka. The main headdress is a cone-shaped papakha and felt hats. In the 20s of the 20th century, caps appeared, and somewhat later - tall hats that flared upward. Casual women's clothing: long shirt dress with a cut collar with a button, wide pants, beshmet. Everyday headwear - scarves and shawls.
The traditional food of the Ingush is mainly meat, dairy and vegetable. The most common: churek with sauce, corn flour dumplings, wheat flour crumpets, cheese pies, meat with dumplings, meat broth, dairy products (specific “data-kodor” - cottage cheese with melted butter), etc. The diet included hunting and fishing products.
The family-patronymic organization, blood feud, compositions, kunachestvo, customs of hospitality, and honoring elders were preserved. With the predominance of small families, it was not uncommon large families, especially in the mountains. Marriages are exogamous on both sides; marriage dowry was practiced. Close solidarity of relatives and strict exogamy are also characteristic of modern Ingush.
Traditional beliefs: totemism, animism, magic, family-tribal cult of shrines and patrons, agrarian and funeral cults, etc. There was a developed pantheon (the supreme deity is Diela). Traditional medicine and calendar rituals were of great importance. Islam established itself in the 1st half of the 19th century, spreading in the foothill-flat zone - from the 16th-18th centuries, in the mountainous zone - from the 19th century.
The Nart heroic epic occupies a prominent place in Ingush folklore. Oral folk art: heroic, historical and lyrical songs, fairy tales, tales and traditions, proverbs and sayings. Favorite dance is the pair lezginka. IN applied arts Stone carving and the production of felt carpets in red and orange tones with original patterns (deer antlers, mountain plants, astral figures) stand out.M.Yu. Keligov, M.B. Muzhukhoev, E.D. Muzhukhoeva, Ya.S. Smirnova
MUSSA ZURABOV: “New facts are being revealed about the legendary Alan history of the Ingush people.
Published by magas.su on September 30, 2012There are many known cases when people of Russian, Georgian, Armenian and other nationalities, having learned that their interlocutor was Ingush, declared: “If you knew your history, you would walk with your head held high.” Historical science, which we studied at school and in higher educational institutions, did not provide answers to the questions associated with these statements about the history of the Ingush.
The Internet and many publications of various foreign and Russian authors have helped us understand a small part of the glorious history of the Ingush people. The titanic efforts of Ossetian scientists, politicians and businessmen who published an immense amount of works on the history of the Alans deserve gratitude. In an effort to appropriate the legendary history of the Ingush people, they, without knowing it, armed us with irrefutable evidence that the Alans are Ingush.
In the summer of 2011, my nephew sent me from Moscow the book “Alans in Ancient and Medieval Written Sources” by Agusti Aleman. This book is the doctoral dissertation of the Spanish (Basque) Aleman, completed in 1997, and which contains written sources from 12 countries. In 2000, the book was published on English language, and in 2003, Ossetians organized the translation and publication of the book in Russian. For the information of my compatriots, I inform you that this book can be easily and freely downloaded from the Internet. I advise you to download and print first Chronological table from this book. This table provides sensational information about the fate of the Alans (Ingush) from 107 BC to the 15th century AD. The book sets out facts indicating that the Alans fought throughout Europe, Transcaucasia and even North Africa. As a result of these campaigns, the Alans settled in almost all European countries. There are especially many Ingush left in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain. The book also states that the Alans and their capital Magas were conquered by the Mongols in 1239/40. Completely unexpected was the information that the Mongols had taken with them 30 thousand Alan warriors plus members of their families. This is at least 100 thousand people. The book indicates that the Alans, on behalf of the Mongols, ruled China from 1258 to 1368 (110 years).
Among my friends, I told about the sensational information I received from Agusti Aleman's book. After listening to me, one of them told the following story. Around 1980, our compatriot Polonkoev came from Syria to Checheno-Ingushetia. This is a descendant of the Ingush who were resettled in Turkey in the 19th century. From his story it followed that the construction of the mosque in Syria was carried out by the Chinese, who spoke the Weinakh language. Literally in the same years, I received from another person from Syria Additional Information that one of the Syrian Weinakhs specially traveled to China and met with Chinese who spoke our language. They informed him that there were six million of them in China. If we now return to the information of Agusti Aleman that 30 thousand Alans and members of their families were taken to China in the 13th century, then it becomes obvious where the Chinese who spoke the Weinakh language came from.
I may be asked the question: “On what are the assertions that Alans are Ingush based?” Acquaintance with the work of Agusti Aleman strengthened my confidence in the Ingush origin of the Alans. But for more than a year I was looking for the answer to this question and I believe that I found it on September 27, 2012 on the Internet. My next search on the Internet led me to an excellent work: “Bernard S. Bachrach, “The History of Alan in the West.” I should note that this book by an American professor was also translated into Russian by Ossetians.
Having presented a large number of facts from the combat and peaceful life Alans in Europe and other countries, Bernard Bachrach at the end of his book gave a list of Alan geographical names in Western Europe. I provide a photocopy of some of these names from the book, which will leave no doubt that the Alans are Ingush.
8. Aleyn, also called Alancourt-aux-Boeufs (Merthe-et-Moselle): Alanum, 836; Alanum, 936; Alannum, 965; Eilein and Alleyn, 1305.
9. Aleyncourt (Eisn): Halinkurt, 1168; Elleincourt, 1174; 1189 Alleyncourt.
10. Aleyncourt (Ardennes): Aleyncourt, 1229.
11. Aleyncourt (Or): Aleincuria and Alanicuria, both 1242; Eilancourt, 1303.
12. Aleincourt (Got-Saon).
13. Aleincourt, also called Aleincourt-la-Côte (Merg-et-Moselle).
14. Aleyns (Or); Fief aux Aleyns, 1334.For those readers who do not know the Ingush language, I will explain what the word KORT means in this case. The Ingush call the top of Mount Kazbek Bashloamkort. This name consists of three words bash-loam-court. Literally translated, this means melting-mountain-head. In semantic translation, this name means the top of a melting mountain. If we now turn to the geographical names indicated in the work of Bernard Bachrach, we will find that many objects in Europe have names containing the Ingush word kort (top). I believe that here too we're talking about about mountains or other hills located in different countries and various cities of Europe, called Alan by the Ingush.
Let me briefly cite another piece of information from the work of Bernard Bachrach. Older generation To assess the prowess of young people, the Ingush uttered the phrase: “Govar kantiy.” Understanding why this was said, the origin of this expression was not clear. Now the history of this expression has been reliably revealed. It turns out that Govar, or rather Gohar, was the legendary leader of the Ingush. He even took part in the appointment of the Emperor of Germany. Gohar’s outstanding qualities are also evidenced by the fact that for more than 40 years, until a very old age, he remained in the fighting ranks of the Alans. Bernard Bachrach writes about him: "For 25 years Gohar and his Alans remained loyal supporters of Rome, although their Burgundian neighbors rebelled several times and were suppressed by Aetius and his Hunnic allies."
Now about one more important information. Famous journalist On December 13, 2011, Vladimir Solovyov had a radio conversation with the President of the Institute of the Middle East, Evgeniy Yanovich Satanovsky. Without comment, I quote Solovyov’s question and Satanovsky’s answer.
Soloviev: We will continue in a few minutes. I will find out from Evgeniy Yanovich and the Slavs, who are they? When did they appear? And who was here before the Slavs?
Satanovsky: Let's, in addition to a simple thing, before all the people now living on earth lived on their lands, someone lived on these territories, it always happened that way. Of course, from those people who today live on the territory of the Russian Federation, which includes a gigantic amount of land, from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic seas, from the Arctic to the border Central Asia Perhaps the oldest autochthonous bearers of everything that exists are the Vainakhs. Not on purpose, as a compliment to Yevkurov or Kadyrov, but because, indeed, based on what archaeologists tell us, they settled in this high-mountainous corner of the Caucasus before all the others.
To those peoples, historians and politicians, who manage to claim that the Ingush live on lands that once belonged to the Ossetians, Cossacks and Kabardians should learn that the Ingush have been the masters of land and social status for thousands of years, not only in the North Caucasus, but also in many distant countries. One of the main proofs of this is the fact that the owners of the Daryal Gate, which were of great importance for world history, were Ingush for thousands of years. To protect these gates, Ingush towers were built on a large area Caucasus mountains, subsequently populated by other peoples.
By publishing this article, I appeal to Ingush youth, especially to students of the Faculty of History of Ingush State University, with a huge request to begin a large-scale research work to search for reliable historical materials about the life of the Ingush and their ancestors throughout the entire space of our planet Earth.
