The difference between design and decorative arts. Arts and crafts
A graphic designer specializes in design environment by means of graphics. It works with signs, billboards, posters, signs, signs and diagrams that we see in large quantities around, and also takes care of the readability of the information we need, such as Internet sites, magazines, newspapers, leaflets, book and CD covers, restaurant menus, product catalogs, business cards, as well as packaging of products, manufactured goods and graphic design of shop windows.
An interior designer is a specialist in creating new projects for a harmonious environment to improve human living conditions.
A clothing designer is a light industry specialist who develops sketches of new clothing models.
Font design is the most inconspicuous and at the same time the most responsible work in the field. graphic design and visual communications. Creating signs that encode and transmit information is a high-class skill.
The visualization designer works in the field of architecture and interior design. But this specialty is also quite often found in the field of graphic design, especially in packaging design studios. The visualization designer develops the project and, in addition to other documentation and drawings, provides the customer with its visualization, made using three-dimensional programs.
The art of beautiful writing, which a calligrapher masters, still finds its connoisseurs.
Landscape designer - specialist in art organization gardens, parks, personal plots.
Layout designer is a master in creating models of existing or planned buildings and structures.
The craft of a puppet maker is a game, art and handicraft at the same time.
Machine embroidery master is a specialist in working with an embroidery machine.
Wicker weaving is an ancient profession that is experiencing a new flourishing.
Hand embroidery- a type of applied art in which images are made by hand with a needle or crochet.
A mosaic artist is an artist or master of decorative and applied arts who works using the mosaic technique.
An artistic bookbinder is a master bookbinder who creates bindings and covers for books.
From English VIP - Very Important Person. Such a specialist monitors the clothes and shoes of the VIP person who hired him, and also takes care of the dressing room and manages household chores related to the wardrobe.
A glassblower is a craftsman who creates products from heated glass mass using blowing and other techniques.
The job of a technical designer is in many ways similar to the job of a prepress specialist. The only difference is that a pre-press specialist often works directly in a printing house, while workplace A technical designer is almost always located only in an advertising agency or design studio.
Phytodesigner (Designer – florist)
A phytodesigner is a specialist in landscaping and interior decoration using plant compositions.
decorative applied creativity origami
Decorative and applied arts means specific form artistic creativity in the field of creating household items, which is based on manual artistic labor. It is manual artistic labor that serves as the watershed that helps, on the one hand, to separate design from arts and crafts, and on the other hand, to distinguish two spheres in art itself that characterize it current state: its craft and industrial forms.
Creating works of arts and crafts is a very labor-intensive and multi-stage process. It differs from the work of a painter, sculptor, composer, actor not only in the different material of artistic creativity, but also in the different volume of the implementation process artistic design. Unlike painters, musicians, actors, who use ready-made material, an applied artist, before creating a product, must prepare the material and think over the technology for its processing. An artist of arts and crafts requires a lot of applied knowledge and skills, without which his plans cannot be realized. The master must remember that between the idea and execution lies a long and complex technological process.
If you imagine all creative process in the form of three stages: the idea, the implementation process, the result of creativity, it will become clear that it is at the intermediate stage of the implementation process that all metamorphoses occur contemporary art. More and more advanced technology begins to dictate its conditions to the artist. These demands, wedging into the usual creative process, push the artist himself further and further away from the result of his work, increasing the gap between them. The degree of alienation of the artist from the product of his labor is what differentiates the activities of a designer and the activities of an arts and crafts artist.
In his practical activities the designer is not able, due to the complexity of the objects he must design, to carry out the entire process independently. He is just one of many individuals working to improve the subject. The process of implementing the designer’s general plan is clarified and calculated by a number of people. Thus, there is a kind of “depersonalization” of the subject of the designer’s activity. As for the applied artist, here the creative process and its implementation have a more direct connection. In arts and crafts, the artist participates in all three stages of creating an object. This participation can act both in terms of direct participation and in terms of recommendations for production, which is mastering the product sample proposed by him. In addition, the goal of an applied artist’s creativity is to create a work of a certain type of art, while the designer’s goal is to update the forms of an object in accordance with modern aesthetic standards and improve its structural and functional properties. This is the main difference between arts and crafts and design. But, besides the differences, there is also a special continuity between them.
For many years before the advent of design, arts and crafts created the basis and prepared for its arrival. The formation of a method of creativity in design is still taking place due to the knowledge and techniques of artistic creativity accumulated through arts and crafts. Thus, a kind of interchange takes place between them: from design and arts and crafts creativity comes more and more advanced techniques and technology; in turn, arts and crafts opens up great artistic possibilities for design.
DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS
Decorative applied arts - view creative activity to create household items designed to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. Very diverse technical and artistic techniques manufacturing of products: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. Main characteristic feature the subject of DPI is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied arts have national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.
Folk arts and crafts is one of the time-tested forms of expression aesthetic perception man of the world.
An important component of decorative and applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organization artistic work based on collective creativity, developing cultural local tradition and focused on the sale of craft products.
Key creative idea traditional crafts - affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya; (illustrations 2-8)
Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya,
Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;
Artistic stone processing - hard and soft stone processing,
Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya,
Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature,
Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel (enamel painting on metal), Zhostovo metal painting,
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy,
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
Fabric painting - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls,
Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weave, Gold embroidery.
In Russia there are more than 80 types of folk applied art, revived and traditionally based. These are: artistic embroidery, Russian artistic varnishes, ceramics, art painting for fabric, clay, wood, etc. Today in Russia there are 12 educational institutions, which prepare students in the most complex traditional areas of folklore applied culture, these include: Semenov School, Ural School of Arts, Lomonosov School of Bone Carving, Torzhok School of Gold Embroidery, Mstera Art and Industrial School, etc.
Decorative and applied arts. Folk art.
1. Since ancient times, it has been common for man to strive for beauty in
the objective (material) world around him. For this purpose, embroidered patterns were applied to simple fabrics, and ceramics were decorated with ornaments. Hardware cast in shaped molds, covered with chasing and notching. The pattern and decoration seemed to be “attached” to the object, and it became more beautiful, richer, more elegant. It retained its utilitarian (practical) basis, its usefulness, but now one could simply admire it, show it off as a landmark. And such an object was valued not only for the fact that it was simply useful, but also for its design, for the skill of decoration, the nobility of the material and the subtlety. Later, in the 19th century, this area of artistic development objective world defined as "applied art".
Applied arts serves practical purposes and at the same time
decorates our life, creates a certain emotional mood.
Decorative arts. Became widespread during the era
slavery. This is the desire of people to decorate themselves with necklaces, bracelets,
rings, pendants, earrings, etc. Later, items appeared
clothing decorations, and then home decorations, such as carpets, on
which were no longer sitting or reclining, but were hung on the wall for beauty, or floor vases - also not for flowers and not for water or wine, but for
decoration of the front halls. Here beauty came first. Their
The only “benefit” was that they were beautiful. This is art in the 18th -19th centuries.
called decorative(from the French word “decor” - “decoration”). Products
decorative arts exist only to decorate a room,
clothes or person. If design items are produced in millions
circulation, applied art - in the thousands, then decorative items –
tens, or even units. In them the artist shows, first of all, his
individual taste. The most important thing in works of decorative
art - general artistic expression, the beauty of the thing as a whole. Applied and decorative types arts demonstrate the taste and imagination of the artist, they reflect the material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
Applied and decorative arts in many cases complement each other
friend. In this case they talk about decorative and applied arts.
Decorative art is one of the types of plastic arts.
Decorative art is a work that, along with architecture,
artistically shapes surrounding a person material environment and
brings into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.
Kinds decorative arts : arts and crafts,
design, theatrical and decorative, monumental and decorative,
design.
Folk art.
Behind these words there is a big and important phenomenon: folk poetry and
theater, music and dance, architecture and fine arts. Folk art is the foundation on which the edifice of world artistic culture has grown.
Distinctive features folk art:
1. Folk art works are different beauty and benefit.
2. Technical skills and found images are transferred from
generation to generation. Because of this, consolidated for centuries
tradition selects only the best creative achievements.
3. Collectiveness of creativity . Everything in the work is dictated
centuries-old tradition: choice of material and methods of its processing,
the nature and content of decorative decoration.
The amazing cheerfulness of folk art - from consciousness
own strength, because behind every thing is the talent, work and unanimity of many people, ideally an entire people. Beauty also comes from this source. And of course from native nature, from whom the master learns.
Folk art can be a source of ideas and inspiration
professional artists.
3. Ornament
Great importance in folk art is given to ornament, which
decorates an object or is its structural element.
Ornament (from the Latin “ornamentum” - “decoration”) - pattern,
built on rhythmic alternation and combination of geometric or
visual elements. The main purpose of the ornament is to decorate
surface of an object, emphasizing its shape.
Types of ornament: geometric, natural, animalistic.
Works of decorative and applied art reveal
material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
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Arts and crafts(from Latin deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of decorative and applied creativity can have practical use in everyday life.
Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In academic literature since the second half of the 19th century century established classification of branches of decorative and applied arts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different varieties tree) etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.
TYPES OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS
TAPESTRY -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”
BATIK - hand painting on fabric using reserve compounds.
On fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixative is used, called reserve (reserve composition, paraffin-based, gasoline-based, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.
HEEL -(stuffing) - a type of decorative and applied art; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color designs on fabric manually using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.
Forms for heeling are made from carved wood (manners) or typesetting (typesetting copper plates with nails), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When printing, a paint-coated form is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “printing”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of colors.
Printmaking is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many nations: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.
Printing is low-productivity and has almost completely been replaced by printing designs on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece products (curtains, tablecloths). The characteristic patterns of folk printing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.
BEADING - type of decorative and applied arts, handicrafts; creating jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, wire weaving with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and creative arts (mosaics, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative capabilities, and beadwork will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that beading technology is original in nature.
EMBROIDERY - well-known and widespread handicraft art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as: cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest matters- cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
KNITTING - the process of making fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to a type of weaving.
Crochet
Knitting
MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic. - braid, fringe, lace or Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
LACE MAKING - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, wool and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven with bobbins, crocheted, tambour and machine.
CARPET WEAVING – the production of artistic textiles, usually with multi-colored patterns, serving primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. Artistic Features carpets are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio of border and the central field of the carpet, the ornamental set and composition of the pattern, and the color scheme.
QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English. quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
The finished spirals are given different shape and thus quilling elements, also called modules, are obtained. They are already the “building” material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, costume jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.
This technique does not require significant material costs to begin its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since to achieve a decent result you need to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of rolling high-quality modules.
SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - scrapping, book - book, literally "book of scrapbooks") - a type of handicraft art that consists of making and decorating family or personal photo albums.
This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a unique way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photographs and other mementos of events for a long time for future generations.
CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling.
In the narrow sense, the word ceramics means clay that has been fired.
The earliest ceramics were used as dishes made from clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (mechanical engineering, instrument making, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other areas.
MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicatedto the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
JEWELRY ART - is a term that denotes the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the entire set of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended primarily for the personal decoration of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or item to be unambiguously classified as jewelry, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry; artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it should not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.
In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions specializing in “jewelry,” a slang version of the word “jewelry” is often used.
Although it is believed that the concept of “jewelry” includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of “costume jewelry” includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we see, at present the difference between jewelry and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred , and the assessment of whether a given product is classified as jewelry or costume jewelry is each time made by experts individually in each specific case.
LACQUER MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, etc. is a type of decorative, applied and folk art. Such painting is called varnish because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also the most important means artistic expressiveness of the work. They add depth and strength to the colors and at the same time soften and unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.
The homeland of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and South-East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. The sap of the lacquer tree was used to cover cups, boxes, and vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.
This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, and countries Central Asia, where in the XV-XVII centuries. Lacquer miniatures made with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects were popular. European masters significantly simplified the technology and began to use oil paints and varnishes.
In Russia, artistic varnishes have been known since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small factory of papier-mâché lacquerware in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskino). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique techniques for Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.
Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, little capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted.
Fedoskino miniature - type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, little boxes, pincushions, etc. are painted.
ART PAINTING ON WOOD
Khokhloma - An ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, done in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting, it is not gold, but silver tin powder that is applied to the tree. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect.
Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. Exists since mid-19th century in the area of the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In 1936, an artel was founded (since 1960, the Gorodets Painting Factory), producing souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin.
Mezen painting - Palaschel painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel from Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although graphic motifs of similar painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century, made in the Mezen region.
ART PAINTING ON METAL
Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.
Enamel - (Old Russian finipt, khimipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lasting and does not fade over time, and enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.
The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.
Limoges enamel - (fr.émail de Limoges), formerly known as the Limoges work ( fr.Œuvre de Limoges, lat. Opus lemovicense) is a special technique for processing enamel products, called champlevé enamel, which appeared in the middle of the 12th century in the French city Limoges, historical province Limousin. Having received the deepest recognition in the states Western Europe, enamellers stopped using this technique in the mid-14th century.
Subsequently, starting from the end of the 15th century, in France appeared new technology making enamel objects - artistic enamel, or also known as painted enamel. Very quickly, artistic enamel, like champlevé enamel, at one time, began to be produced exclusively in Limousin workshops.
Currently, when producing enamel products, some craftsmen use classical techniques, while others use technology updated with modern advances.
ART PAINTING ON CERAMICS
Gzhel - one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. More broad meaning The name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in " Gzhel bush" “Gzhel Bush” is located approximately sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now “Gzhel Bush” is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts.
Dymkovo toy - Vyatka toy, Kirov toy - one of the Russian folk clay arts and crafts. It originated in the trans-river settlement of Dymkovo near the city of Vyatka (now on the territory of the city of Kirov).
There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy. Bright, elegant Dymkovo toy became a kind of symbol of the Vyatka land.
Filimonovskaya toy - ancient Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district Tula region. According to archaeologists, the Filimonov craft is more than 700 years old. According to other data, about 1 thousand years.
ARTISTIC CARVING
Stone carving (Glyptics)(from Greek glypho - cut out, hollow out) - the art of carving on colored and precious stones, gemmah. One of the most ancient arts.
Wood carving - a type of decorative and applied art (carving is also one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning), as well as art in general.
Bone carving - a type of decorative and applied art. In Russia, it is distributed mainly in the Northern regions: Arkhangelsk region (Kholmogory carved bone), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamal carved bone), the city of Tobolsk (Tobolsk carved bone), Yakutia and Chukotka (Chukchi carved bone)
ART TREATMENT OF LEATHER - 1) A type of decorative and applied art, the production of various items from leather for both household and decorative art purposes; 2) textile industry, decoration of clothing, footwear, leather goods. Techniques:
EMBOSSING- There are several types of embossing. In industrial production, various stamping methods are used, when the pattern on the skin is squeezed out using molds. In the manufacture of artistic products, stamping is also used, but typesetting stamps and embossing are used. Another method is embossing with filling - cutting out elements of the future relief from cardboard (lignin) or pieces of blinders and placing them under a layer of pre-moistened yuft, which is then pressed along the contour of the relief. Small parts squeezed out without lining due to the thickness of the skin itself. When it dries, it hardens and “remembers” the relief decor. Thermal stamping is the extrusion of decor on the surface of the leather using heated metal stamps.
PERFORATION- or carving is one of the oldest techniques. Actually, it boils down to the fact that using punches of various shapes, holes are cut out in the leather, arranged in the form of an ornament. This technique is also used to create complex compositions like stained glass or arabesque (for example, in jewelry, wall panels, etc.).
WEAVING- one of the processing methods, which consists of joining several strips of leather using a special technique. Jewelry often uses macrame elements made from “cylindrical” cord. In combination with perforation, weaving is used to braid the edges of products (used for finishing clothes, shoes, bags).
PYROGRAPHY- a new technique, but with an ancient pedigree. Apparently, the initial burning on the skin was side effect during thermo-stamping (the first mention in Russia from the 12th century, and in Europe from the 13th century), but then it was widely used as an independent technique. In its classic form, pyrography is the application of various ornaments to the surface of thick leather (blinders, saddle cloth). This was done using heated copper stamps and was used mainly for finishing horse harness. Modern pyrography owes its expressive capabilities to the invention of a burning device (pyrograph). With the help of pyrography, very thin and complex designs can be applied to the skin. It is often used in combination with engraving, painting, and embossing when creating panels, jewelry, and making souvenirs.
ENGRAVING- used when working with heavy, dense leathers (blinders, saddle cloth, less often - yuft). This is done like this: a pattern is applied to the front surface of the soaked leather using a cutter. Then, with a road worker or a graver (or any oblong-shaped metal object), the slots are widened and filled with acrylic paint. When dry outline drawing retains its clarity and lines - thickness. Another method is to use a pyrograph instead of a road builder. In this case, the color and thickness of the lines, as well as the depth of the engraving, are regulated by changing the degree of heat of the pyrograph needle.
APPLICATION- in leatherworking - gluing or sewing pieces of leather onto a product. Depending on what product is being decorated, the application methods differ slightly. Thus, when finishing items of clothing, decorative elements are made of thin leather (feather, chevro, velor) and sewn to the base. When creating panels, making bottles or souvenirs, appliqué fragments can be made from any type of leather and glued to the base. Unlike intarsia, when applying appliqué, it is permissible to connect elements “overlapping”.
INTARSIA- essentially the same as inlay or mosaic: image fragments are mounted end-to-end. Intarsia is performed on textile or wooden base. Depending on this, leather grades are selected. When working with a textile base, thin plastic leathers are used (opoek, chevro, velor and thin yuft), and when working on a board - heavy ones (blinders, saddle cloth). To achieve the proper quality, accurate patterns of all fragments of the composition are made from a preliminary sketch. Then, using these patterns, elements are cut out from pre-dyed leather and glued to the base using bone glue or PVA emulsion. The intarsia technique is used mainly to create wall panels, but in combination with other techniques it can be used in the manufacture of bottles, souvenirs, and furniture decoration.
In addition, the leather can be painted, it can be molded into any shape and relief (by soaking, gluing, filling).
ARTISTIC METAL PROCESSING
Metal-plastic - technique of creating relief images on metal. One of the types of decorative and applied arts. It differs from embossing in that it is produced exclusively on thin sheets of metal up to 0.5 mm thick by extruding the outline of the design with special tools (and not by striking, as in embossing), due to which smooth deformations of the metal are formed. A thicker sheet cannot be processed in this way, and a sheet thinner than 0.2 mm may tear. Metal-plastic has been used since ancient times to decorate furniture, make various decorative elements, or as an independent work of art.
Due to the simplicity and accessibility of the techniques, it was included in curriculum Soviet school in the 20s. However, then this technique was forgotten, and only recently has interest in it increased again.
Christian tin miniature - a modern type of Christian decorative and applied art for creating miniature sculptures of small forms. The craft appeared at the end of the 20th century in Russia against the background of the revival of the life of the Russian Orthodox Church after communist persecution. It represents a separate direction from military-historical tin miniatures, which uses a combination of Christian round sculpture, iconography and ancient technology of tin casting and metal-plastic.
Miniatures can depict figures of holy saints of God or scenes from biblical history. The figurines are not objects of cultic religious worship. Miniatures are a living tradition of the Byzantine art craft of carving ivory round sculpture, lost in the 12th century. The only difference is in the technical design.
This type of Christian creativity is perceived ambiguously in the church, since the icon is traditional in Orthodoxy. The rejection of sculpture in Orthodoxy is due to the fact that there were bans on sculpture in the church. But the most authoritative theorist of church art, L. A. Uspensky, notes: “ Orthodox Church not only has she never banned sculptural images, but... such a ban cannot exist at all, since it could not be justified by anything.” Since the first centuries, the Church has not rejected sculpture. This is evidenced by the fairly numerous statues of the “Good Shepherd” that have survived to this day.
Artistic forging - production by metal processing method, which has common name forging, any forged products, for any purpose, necessarily having the properties of a work of art.
Artistic casting from precious metals, bronze and brass
Artistic casting from cast iron
Coinage - the technological process of making a drawing, inscription, image, which consists of knocking out a certain relief on a plate. One of the types of decorative and applied arts.
It is one of the options for artistic metal processing.
The embossing technique is used to create dishes, decorative panels, and various jewelry.
Relief on sheet metal is created using specially made tools - embossing and punching hammers, which are made from both metal and wood.
For embossing work, metals such as brass, copper, aluminum and steel with a thickness of 0.2 to 1 mm, and in some cases gold and silver are used.
A relief or design can be minted by placing a sheet of metal on the end of a birch or linden ridge, on felt, thick rubber, a canvas bag with river sand, or a layer of plasticine or resin. In some cases, a lead plate is more convenient.
