Decorative and applied arts made of wood. Decorative and applied arts
Olga Makeenko
"Decorative applied arts as a means of introducing children to folk culture"
Introduction
Folk culture is one of the important elements of any nation, since it carries within itself the experience of past generations, which has developed over centuries. Folk culture reflects the life and skills of our ancestors, which are reflected in one way or another arts.
Studying folk culture should be included in the compulsory curriculum children. After all, it is from childhood that people develop habits and skills. In order for the concept of the world to develop correctly, art necessary from the very early years to form in the minds of children ideas about the world around them, as well as talk about the history of both the country as a whole and the region in which they live. Children are our continuation; the future of both the family, the city, the country and the world as a whole depends on how we raise them.
"Guides" in this case, parents as well as teachers will speak. Future teachers of pedagogical schools, heads of kindergartens and preschool education methodologists need to know the basic methods and techniques for managing various types of activities. children preschool age. Among Of these types of activities, the visual arts occupy a large place.
Folk culture is traditional culture , which includes cultural layers different eras , from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people cultural connections and mechanisms of life. Such non-literate culture, which is why tradition is of great importance in it as a way of transmitting information vital to society.
There are several ways in which learning is possible children's folk culture. These include literature, cinema, and fairy tales. This includes paintings, games and much, much more.
In this work we will consider decorative and applied arts as a means of introducing children to folk culture. To achieve a given goal, you will first need to consider the basic concepts of this topic. This concept, its main directions and types; concept folk culture; And means of introducing children to folk culture.
Represents a section decorative arts , which covers several branches of creativity dedicated to the creation of artistic products and intended mainly for everyday use. Works arts and crafts can be: various utensils, furniture, weapons, fabrics, tools, as well as other products that are not works according to their original purpose art, But acquire artistic quality due to the artist’s labor applied to them; clothing and all kinds of jewelry.
From the second half of the nineteenth century to scientific literature classification of industries established arts and crafts:
1. Depending on the material used (ceramics, metal, textiles, wood);
2. Depending on the execution technique (carving, printed material, casting, embossing, embroidery, painting, intarsia).
The proposed classification is associated with the important role of the design and technological principles in decorative and applied arts and its immediate connection with production.
It simultaneously belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works arts and crafts inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era are closely connected with the corresponding way of life, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences.
Works arts and crafts form an organic part of the subject environment, with which a person comes into daily contact, and with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, and character constantly influence state of mind a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that influence his attitude towards the world around him. Works arts and crafts aesthetically saturate and transform Wednesday, surrounding a person, and, at the same time, seem to be absorbed by it, since they are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (a set of furniture or a service, a suit or a set of jewelry). Due to this, ideological meaning works arts and crafts can be understood most fully only with a real understanding of these relationships between the subject and environment and man.
Decorative and applied arts arose at the earliest stages of the development of human society, and for many centuries has been the most important, and for a number of tribes nationalities main area artistic creativity.
According to another source, arts and crafts- this is the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc., as well as artistic processing of old objects (furniture, clothes, weapons, etc.). Also, as in the previous designation, masters arts and crafts a wide variety of materials are used - metal (silver, gold, platinum, bronze, as well as various alloys, wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics) and etc.
Making products from clay is called ceramics, from precious stones and metals - jewelry art. In process works of art from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or printed material (a paint-coated wooden or copper board is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer, obtaining an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. Painting ceramic dishes is called vase painting.
Art products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with patterns and carvings, and made primitive jewelry from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied ancient people’s ideas about beauty, the structure of the world and man’s place in it.
Traditions of the ancient art continue to appear in folklore and in products folk crafts.
Thus, based on the above, let us note the main points. So the term arts and crafts conventionally combines two broad genera arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and related to pure art, numerous manifestations decoratively-applied creativity mainly have practical use in Everyday life. This is a distinctive feature of this type art.
Works arts and crafts have certain characteristics: aesthetic quality, designed for artistic effect and used for home and interior decoration.
Kinds decorative arts: sewing, knitting, burning, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic leather processing, patchwork (sewing from scraps, artistic carving, drawing, etc. In turn, it should be noted that some types arts and crafts are subject to their own classification. For example, burning is the application of a pattern to the surface of any organic material using a hot needle, and It happens: wood burning, fabric burning (guilloché, making appliqués by burning using special apparatus, hot stamping.
2. Folk culture
Previously, a definition of the concept has already been provided folk culture. I repeat, folk culture is traditional culture, which includes cultural layers of different eras - from ancient times to the present, the subject of which is people- collective personality, which means the unification of all individuals of the collective by a community cultural connections and mechanisms of life. This non-literate culture, and therefore tradition is of great importance in it, as a way of transmitting information vital to society. This definition is quite comprehensive, but not the only one. Let's turn to other sources.
Under culture understand human activity in its most diverse manifestations, including all forms and methods of human self-expression and self-knowledge, the accumulation of skills and abilities by man and society as a whole. Culture is a set of stable forms human activity, without which it cannot reproduce, and therefore cannot exist. Culture is a set of codes, which prescribe a person a certain behavior with his inherent experiences and thoughts, thereby exerting a managerial influence on him. Source of origin culture human activity is conceived.
Concept " people"in Russian and European languages is a population, a collection of individuals. Also, people is understood as a community of people who have recognized themselves as an ethnic or territorial community, social class, group, sometimes representing the entire society, for example, at some decisive historical moment (national liberation wars, revolutions, restoration of the country, and so on, with similar (general) beliefs, ideas or ideals.
This community acts as the subject and bearer of a special holistic culture, excellent for its vision of the world, ways of embodiment in various forms of folklore and directions close to folklore cultural practice, which often dates back to antiquity. In the distant past, its bearer was the entire community (clan, tribe, later ethnic group (people) .
In past, folk culture determined and consolidated all aspects of life, customs, rituals, regulated relationships among community members, family type, upbringing children, the nature of the home, ways of developing the surrounding space, type of clothing, attitude towards nature, the world, legends, beliefs, language, artistic creativity. In other words, it was determined when to sow grain and harvest crops, drive out livestock, how to build relationships in the family, in the community, and so on. At present, in a period of increasing complexity of social relations, many large and small social groups of formal and informal types have appeared, a stratification of social and social cultural practice, folk culture has become one of the elements of modern multilayer culture.
IN folk culture creativity anonymously, since personal authorship is not realized, and the goal of following the model that is adopted from previous generations invariably prevails. This sample is, as it were, “owned” by the entire community, and the individual (storyteller, master craftsman, even very skillful, perceiving patterns and standards inherited from ancestors, identifies with the community, realizes his belonging to locus culture, ethnic group, sub-ethnic group.
Manifestations folk culture is the identification of oneself with one’s own by the people, its traditions in stereotypes of social behavior and action, everyday ideas, choice cultural standards and social norms, orientations towards certain forms of leisure, amateur artistic and creative practice.
An important quality folk culture in all periods there is tradition. Traditionality determines its value-normative and semantic content folk culture, social mechanisms of its transmission, inheritance in direct communication from face to face, from master to student, from generation to generation.
Thus, folk culture is culture, created over thousands of years, through natural selection, by anonymous creators - people of labor, representatives people who do not have special or professional education. Folk culture consists: religious (Christian, moral, everyday, labor, recreational, gaming, entertainment cultural subsystems. This culture recorded in folklore, folk crafts , exists in customs and way of life, in the decoration of the home, in dance, song, clothing, in the nature of nutrition and education children(folk pedagogy) .Folk culture there is a basis for national culture, pedagogy, character, self-awareness. Introducing children to the origins of folk culture means preserving traditions people, continuity of generations, growth of his spirit.
3. Means of introducing children to folk culture.
Due to the characteristics of age, for communion A child needs a special approach to any of the skills. Basically, a game is used for this, since it is most interesting for kids. During the game, children become interested in the subject, which allows them to reveal the most significant elements without imposing them on the child, but easily and not forcedly. Games are chosen based on their useful information about culture of the people, in whose territory he lives, or the one about which he needs to talk. Features are explained during the game nationalities, they can also be laid down in the rules. For example, you can organize a game - competition: who will notice more details, who will list more familiar colors, shades or objects presented in the picture, and so on. This game stimulates their cognitive activity, develops children’s powers of observation, and teaches them to formulate and express their thoughts.
In addition to the game, it is possible to use drawing and painting. Landscape painting is one of the most lyrical and emotional genres of fine art. art, this is the highest level of artistic exploration of nature, recreating its beauty with inspiration and imagery. This genre promotes emotional and aesthetic development children, fosters a kind and caring attitude towards nature, its beauty, awakens a sincere, feeling of love for one’s land, one’s history. Landscape painting develops the child’s imagination and associative thinking, sensual, emotional sphere, depth, awareness and versatility of perception of nature and its depiction in works art, the ability to empathize with the artistic image of a landscape, the ability to correlate its mood with your own.
Identification of abilities children and their correct development is one of the most important pedagogical tasks. And it should be decided taking into account age children, psychophysical development, educational conditions and other factors. Development of abilities children to fine arts Only then will it bear fruit when teaching drawing is carried out by the teacher systematically and systematically. Otherwise, this development will follow random paths, and the child’s visual abilities may remain in their infancy.
Children love trying new things. It is important not to spoil the child’s attitude towards creativity, as this can affect his future life. You need to allow him to reveal his capabilities and not scold him if something doesn’t work out. After all, people have been programmed since childhood preferences: some people like to draw, some find themselves in music, others will become humanitarians. Taking this into account, it is necessary to use different methods in teaching children, so that they themselves determine for themselves what they like, otherwise in the future, in choosing a profession, factors imposed from outside will become decisive, and not what is really interesting and what is worth devoting their life to. Take possession of the entire amount funds and the methods of representation that make up visual literacy, the child cannot. The teacher’s knowledge of the features of expressive means each art helps to establish, which of them can be realized and mastered by the child and which are inaccessible to him.
Thus, the main goal of the development of preschool education is the formation of the child’s personality, the development of his creativity. In classes with children, the main task of the teacher is to attract their attention to the picture, sculpture or another work and hold it. Children are more willing to be interested in paintings if the teacher manages to awaken their imagination and include the children in the game. For example, you can ask them to imagine themselves in the place of the characters in the picture, discuss what each of them would do in the place of the depicted character, what emotions they would experience, and in what words they would describe their state. In general, get the child to tell you about himself in the situation depicted.
Conclusion
Introducing children to arts and crafts This is an introduction to traditional household items. Children learn how and why this or that thing was used, and try to use it themselves. In addition, children are encouraged to consider decorative patterns, explains symbolic meaning individual elements of the ornament. It is important to draw the child’s attention to the repeatability of patterns and individual elements on different objects, and to tell what traditional ways of decorating things are characteristic of different regions of Russia.
In classes that are devoted to traditional folk crafts, children learn the basic principles of constructing an ornament and learn to correctly perform repeating elements. Samples for children's modeling and painting can be traditional dishes, toys and other household items.
In order to introducing children to art educational and creative activities are used, which involves visiting a variety of painting exhibitions, sculptures, folk art and so on. Tours can be conducted, but they are intended children, over five years of age. Exhibition exhibits, the viewing of which is accompanied by explanations from the guide, consolidate the knowledge and skills acquired in aesthetic education classes.
Decorative and applied arts is in close relationship with folk culture. This type art embodies folk culture. By using arts and crafts, you can study folk culture.
Decorative and applied arts contains a large amount of information that is useful for children in the process of studying the history of one’s own or another country, nation or community. How decorative and applied arts as a means of introducing folk culture is one of the most effective and interesting.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 + to quote book
The article was written based on materials from the “Country of Masters” website (mostly).
Studying the recently discovered site “Country of Masters” and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied creativity techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.
*Techniques related to the use of paper:
1. Iris folding (“Rainbow folding”) is a paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular cards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776
2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture - either there is an increase in volume additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15
5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting it like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561
7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)
*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302
1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen cleaner and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750
4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687
5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and image creation:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218
1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technology was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to produce recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be done in one color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling the mosaic is very important for mental development child.
Maybe from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, seeds maple, pasta, any natural material(scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663
8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452
9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures(both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068
11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced view.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700
12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is palm painting. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and original culture people. In Russian folk art There are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - ancient Russian folk craft, originated in early XIX century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. Exists with mid-19th V. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements Khokhloma - red juicy berries of rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which binder the color is wax. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136
2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk decorative and applied art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. By decorating your home and home with handmade products or children's toys that are convenient for everyday life, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418
3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, wool threads, metal embossed plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This is the use of various materials and structures for the purpose of strengthening expressive possibilities very close to another image medium - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - the new kind arts and crafts. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from “palms”. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346
2. Assembly (French assemblage) - technique visual arts, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has been around since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of products from vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324
8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, details or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers vary in type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984
9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670
10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique piece you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and others school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: air balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salty dough, paper, polystyrene foam, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats and fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631
12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399
13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318
14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736
15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
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Decorative and applied arts.
Decorative and applied arts (DAI)- the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating homes, architectural structures, parks, etc.
The entire life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped different deities, objects - grass, sun, bird, tree. In order to “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, ancient man, when building a house, always supplemented it with “amulets” - relief, window frames, animals and geometric signs that have symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a stripe of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar; all the dishes also had a ritual ornament.
But since ancient times, it has been characteristic of man to strive for beauty in the objective world around him, so images began to acquire an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate the item more than to carry any magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with chasing and notching.
Decorative and applied arts include and artistically executed furniture, dishes, clothing, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptures decorative finishing interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained glass, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, lampshades, decorative statues, etc. - which form part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.
The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest forms of art. For many centuries it developed among the people in the form of folk artistic crafts.
Embroidery. It has its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. They embroidered on linen, cotton, and woolen clothing. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silks, in India, Iran, and Turkey - with gold. They embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within one country there were completely different types embroideries depending on the area and the nationality living there, such as red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motifs and colors often depended on the purpose of the item, festive or everyday.
Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or finish. An extremely interesting application in folk art, especially the peoples of the North. Appliques are used to decorate panels, tapestries, and curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.
Stained glass. This is a decorative composition made of colored glass or other material that transmits light. In classical stained glass, individual pieces of colored glass were connected to each other by spacers made of the softest material - lead. These are the stained glass windows of many cathedrals and temples in Europe and Russia. The technique of painting on clear or colored glass with silicate paints, then fixed by light firing, was also used. In the 20th century stained glass windows began to be made from transparent plastics.
Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.
Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wood, ceramics, metal and other products. Paintings can be either narrative or ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.
Ceramics. Products and materials made from clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from an area in Greece that has been a center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics are also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.
Lace. Openwork thread products. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into hand-made (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitted) and machine-made.
Weaving from birch bark, straw, wicker, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art (known since Neolithic times). Weaving was mainly used to make dishes, furniture, car bodies, toys, and boxes.
Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some image is made on a smooth surface. Wood carving was the most widespread in Rus'. It covered the frames of houses, furniture, and tools. There is carved sculpture made of bone, stone, plaster, etc. Many carvings relate to jewelry (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).
Arts and crafts
Decorative arts section; covers a number of creative industries that are dedicated to the creation of artistic products intended primarily for everyday use. Works of decorative and applied art can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, as well as other products that are not the original purpose of works of art, but acquire artistic quality thanks to the application of the artist’s labor to them; clothes, all kinds of jewelry. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century. a classification of branches of decorative and applied art was established by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood, etc.) or by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principles in decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production. Solving in the aggregate, like architecture, practical and artistic problems, decorative and applied art simultaneously belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of decorative and applied art are inseparable from the material culture of the contemporary era and are closely related to the corresponding way of life, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences. Constituting an organic part of the objective environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of decorative and applied art, with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, and character, constantly influence a person’s state of mind, his mood, and are an important source of emotions that influence his attitude to the world around him. Aesthetically saturating and transforming the environment surrounding a person, works of decorative and applied art at the same time seem to be absorbed by it, since they are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (service, furniture sets , suit, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological meaning of works of decorative and applied art can be understood most fully only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships between the object and the environment and man.
The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in decorative and applied art, the beauty of the material, the proportional relationships of the parts, and the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, products made of glass or other untinted materials without decoration). Here the special importance for decorative and applied art of purely emotional, non-figurative means of artistic language is clearly demonstrated, the use of which makes decorative and applied art similar to architecture. The emotionally meaningful image is often activated image-association(by comparing the shape of a product with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other product - a bell, a baluster, etc.). Decor, appearing on a product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often thanks to its decor household item becomes a work of decorative and applied art. Having its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting with the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple form of the object and the elegant, festive painting of the surface are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image. In the decorative and applied arts, ornaments and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine art (sculpture, painting, and, less often, graphics) are widely used to create decor. Means of fine arts and ornament serve in decorative and applied arts not only to create decor, but sometimes penetrate into the form of an object (furniture parts in the form of palmettes, volutes, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fruit, bird, animal, figure person). Sometimes an ornament or image becomes the basis for the formation of products (lattice pattern, lace; pattern of weaving fabric, carpet). The need to harmonize the decor with the form, the image with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of visual motifs, to the convention of interpretation and combination of natural elements (for example, the use of motifs of a lion's paw, eagle wings and swan's head in the design of a table leg) .
The synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested in the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles. Works of decorative and applied art are designed to be perceived by both sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of texture and plastic properties of a material, the skill and variety of techniques for processing it receive the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in decorative and applied art.
Having emerged at the very early time development of human society, decorative and applied art for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of artistic creativity. The most ancient (belonging to the prehistoric era) works of decorative and applied art, covering the widest range of ideas about the world and man, are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material and to the aesthetics of embodied labor, to the rational construction of form, emphasized by decor. This trend was maintained in traditional folk art ( cm. also Folk arts and crafts) up to the present day. But with the beginning of the class stratification of society in the stylistic evolution of decorative and applied art, its special branch begins to play a leading role, designed to serve the needs of the ruling social strata and responding to their tastes and ideology. Gradually, interest in the richness of material and decor, their rarity and sophistication is becoming increasingly important. Products that serve the purpose of representation are singled out (objects for religious rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to enhance their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of constructing the form. However, until the middle of the 19th century. masters of decorative and applied arts maintain the integrity of plastic thinking and a clear understanding of the aesthetic connections between the object and the environment for which it is intended. The formation, evolution and change of artistic styles in the decorative and applied arts proceeded synchronously with their evolution in other forms of art. Tendencies of eclecticism in the artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century. lead to a gradual impoverishment of the aesthetic quality and emotional and figurative content of decorative and applied art. The connection between decor and form is lost, an artistically designed object is replaced by a decorated one. The dominance of bad taste and the depersonalizing effect on the decorative and applied arts of intensively developing mass machine production ( cm. Art industry), artists tried to contrast unique objects made according to their designs in conditions of craft (W. Morris's workshops in Great Britain, Darmstadt Artists' Colony in Germany) or factory (Werkbund) labor, to revive the emotional-imaginative integrity and ideological content of an artistically meaningful environment ( cm. Modern). These attempts were developed on new ideological and aesthetic foundations after the October Revolution of 1917, which opened up prospects for creating an artistically meaningful environment for the work and life of the broadest masses. Her ideas and goals inspired artists who saw art as one of the most effective means of revolutionary agitation (for example, the so-called propaganda porcelain of 1918-25). The task of creating comprehensive decoration for a worker’s apartment, workers’ dormitories, clubs, canteens, comfortable work clothes, rational equipment for the workplace, designed for mass factory production, opened the way for creative quests constructivists in the USSR, functionalists in Germany (with m. Bauhaus) and other countries, which in many ways preceded the emergence of design. Bringing the formal-technological side to the forefront in artistic creativity in the early 1920s. led to its absolutization, the identification of artistic creativity with the production of things, the denial of the role of decor in the creation artistic image works of decorative and applied art. The revival of folk crafts in the USSR and the awakening in the 30s. interest in the Russian artistic heritage played a prominent role in the development by Soviet masters of decorative and applied arts of a number of technological and artistic traditions of the past. However, the approach to works of decorative and applied art with the standards of easel art, the pursuit of splendor of products, which made itself felt especially strongly in the late 40s and early 50s, noticeably slowed down the development of decorative and applied art. Since the mid-50s. in the USSR, along with the search for functional and artistic-expressive forms and decor for everyday household things produced in a factory, artists are busy creating unique works in which the emotionality of the image is combined with a variety of techniques for processing simple materials, with the desire to reveal the full richness of their plastic and decorative capabilities . Such works (as well as elegant, unique works of folk decorative and applied art due to their handicraft) are intended to serve as visual accents in an artistically organized environment, formed mainly by factory-made artistic products that are less individualized in form and objects that are created on the basis of a designer’s design. design.
About individual branches, varieties and types of decorative and applied arts techniques cm. articles Batik, Vase, Fan, Embroidery, Tapestry, Toy, Inlay, Intarsia, Ceramics, Carpet, Forging, Lace, Varnishes, Majolica, Marquetry, Furniture, Printing, Notching, Carving, Decorative painting, Glass, Terracotta, Embossing, Fabric and , Porcelain, Faience, Filigree, Crystal, Embossing, Niello, Tapestry, Enamels, Jewelry.
Literature: D. Arkin, The Art of Everyday Things, M., 1932; M. S. Kagan, On applied art, Leningrad, 1961; A. V. Saltykov, Selected works, M., 1962; A.K. Chekalov, Fundamentals of understanding decorative and applied art, M., 1962; A. Moran, History of decorative and applied arts from ancient times to the present day, translation from French, M., 1982; Magne L. et H. M., L "art appliqué aux métiers, v. 1-8, P., 1913-28; Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Völker, hrsg. Von H. Th. Bossert, Bd 1-6 , V., 1929-35; Marangoni G., Clementi A., Storia dell'arredamento, v. 1-3, Mil., 1951-52; Fleming J., Honor H., The Penguin dictionary of the decorative arts, L., 1977; Bunte Welt der Antiquitäten, Dresden, 1980; Lucie-Smith E., The story of craft, Ithaca (N.Y.), 1981.
(Source: Popular art encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)
arts and craftsCreation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc.), as well as artistic processing of utilitarian items (furniture, clothing, weapons, etc.). Masters of decorative and applied arts use a wide variety of materials - metal (bronze, silver, gold, platinum, various alloys), wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics), etc. Making products from clay is called ceramics, from precious metals and stones - jewelry art.
In the process of creating artistic works from metal, the techniques of casting, forging, chasing, and engraving are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or printed material (a paint-coated wooden or copper board is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer, obtaining an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. Painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.
Decorative and applied products should, first of all, be easy to use and beautiful. They create an objective environment around a person, influencing his state of mind and mood. Works of decorative and applied art are designed to be perceived by both sight and touch, therefore, identifying the beauty of texture and plastic properties of the material, and the skill of processing play a crucial role in it. In the form of a vase, a toy, a piece of furniture, in the system of their decorations, the master strives to reveal the transparency of glass, the plasticity of clay, the warmth of wood and the texture of its surface, the hardness of stone and the natural pattern of its veins. In this case, the shape of the product can be either abstract or reminiscent of a flower, tree, human or animal figure.
Various types of jewelry are widely used in jewelry. ornaments. Often it is the decor that turns an everyday object into a work of art (a Khokhloma bowl of a simple shape, painted with bright patterns in gold; a dress of a modest style, decorated with embroidery or lace). At the same time, it is very important that ornaments and figurative images do not contradict the shape of the product, but reveal it. Thus, in ancient Greek vases, patterned stripes separate the body (central part) from the leg and neck; painting of the body emphasizes its convexity.
Decorative and applied arts have existed since ancient times. Artistic products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with carvings and patterns, and made primitive jewelry from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied ancient people’s ideas about beauty, the structure of the world and man’s place in it. The traditions of ancient art continue to live in folklore and in products folk crafts. In the future, utensils for the performance of sacred rites and luxury items are distinguished, designed to emphasize the wealth and power of their owners. These products used rare, precious materials and rich decoration. Development of industrial production in the 19th century. made it possible to create works of decorative and applied art for the mass consumer. At the same time, the idea, sketch of the painting, form for production, etc. belonged to major masters, and the finished products were replicated by workers of factories and factories ( trellises based on sketches by famous masters, products from porcelain factories, etc.). The use of industrial technology marked the beginning of art design.
Man has always tried to embellish his life, introducing elements of aesthetics and creativity into it. Craftsmen, creating household items - dishes, clothes, furniture, decorated them with ornaments, patterns, carvings, and inlaid them precious stones, turning them into real works of art.
Decorative art, in fact, existed in prehistoric times, when people decorated their homes with rock paintings, but it was highlighted in academic literature only in the 50s of the 19th century.
Meaning of the term
The Latin word decorare translates as “to adorn.” It is this that is the root of the concept “decorative”, that is, “decorated”. Therefore, the term “decorative art” literally means “the ability to decorate.”
It is divided into the following component types of art:
- monumental - decoration, painting, mosaics, stained glass, carvings of buildings and structures;
- applied - applies to everything, including dishes, furniture, clothing, textiles;
- design - a creative approach to the design of holidays, exhibitions and shop windows.
The main feature by which decorative is distinguished from elegant is its practicality, the ability to be used in everyday life, and not just aesthetic content.
For example, a painting is a piece of fine art, and a carved candlestick or a painted ceramic plate is a piece of applied art.
Classification
Branches of this art form are classified according to:
- Materials used in the work process. It can be metal, stone, wood, glass, ceramics, textiles.
- Execution technique. The most various techniques- carving, inlay, casting, printed material, embossing, embroidery, batik, painting, wickerwork, macrame and others.
- Functions - an item could be used in different ways, for example, as furniture, dishes or a toy.
As can be seen from the classification, this concept has a very wide coverage. Closely related to artistry, architecture, design. Objects of decorative and applied art shape the material world surrounding a person, making it more beautiful and richer in aesthetic and figurative terms.
Emergence
Throughout the centuries, artisans have tried to decorate the fruits of their labor. They were skilled craftsmen, had excellent taste, and improved their skills from generation to generation, carefully guarding secrets within the family. Their cups, banners, tapestries, clothing, cutlery and other household items, as well as stained glass windows and frescoes, were distinguished by their high artistry.
Why did the definition of “decorative art” appear in the middle of the 19th century? This is due to when, during the rapid growth of machine production, the production of goods from the hands of artisans moved to factories and factories. Products have become standardized, non-unique and often unattractive. Its main task was only rough functionality. In such conditions applied fishing literally meant the production of a single product with high artistic value. Craftsmen applied their skills to create exclusive decorated household items, which, during the industrial boom, began to be in special demand among the wealthy sections of society. This is how the term “decorative and applied arts” was born.
History of development
The age of decorative art is equal to the age of humanity. The first discovered creative objects date back to the Paleolithic era and are rock paintings, jewelry, ritual figurines, bone or stone household items. Considering the primitiveness of the tools, decorative art in ancient society was very basic and rough.
Further improvement of the means of labor leads to the fact that objects that serve practical purposes and at the same time decorate everyday life become more and more elegant and sophisticated. Craftsmen invest their talent, taste, and emotional mood into everyday objects.
Folk decorative art is permeated with elements of spiritual culture, traditions and views of the nation, and the character of the era. In its development, it covers vast temporal and spatial layers; the material of many generations is truly immense, so it is impossible to line up all its genres and types in one historical line. The stages of development are conventionally divided into the most significant periods, within which the most striking masterpieces of decorative and applied art stand out.
Ancient world
The decorative art of Egypt is one of the most significant pages in the history of applied art. Egyptian craftsmen brought to perfection such artistic crafts as bone and wood carving, metal processing, jewelry making, making colored glass and faience, and the finest patterned fabrics. Leather, weaving, and pottery crafts were at their best. Egyptian artists created wonderful monuments of art that the whole world admires today.
No less significant in the history of applied art were the achievements of ancient Eastern masters (Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, Syria, Phenicia, Palestine, Urartu). The decorative art of these states was especially clearly expressed in such crafts as ivory carving, gold and silver chasing, inlay with precious and semi-precious stones, and artistic forging. A distinctive feature of the products of these peoples was the simplicity of forms, love of decor for small and detailed details and an abundance of bright colors. Very high level reached
The products of ancient artisans are decorated with images of plants and animals, mythical creatures and heroes of legends. The work used metal, including precious metal, faience, ivory, glass, stone, and wood. Highest craftsmanship achieved by Cretan jewelers.
The decorative art of the countries of the East - Iran, India - is imbued with deep lyricism, refinement of images combined with classical clarity and purity of style. Centuries later, fabrics evoke admiration - muslin, brocade and silk, carpets, gold and silver items, embossing and engravings, painted glazed ceramics. The luster and border tiles used to decorate secular and religious buildings are amazing. Artistic calligraphy became a unique technique.
The decorative art of China is distinguished by its unique originality and exclusive techniques, which had a serious influence on the works of masters from Japan, Korea, and Mongolia.
The art of Europe was formed under the influence of the decorative and applied arts of Byzantium, which absorbed the spirit of the ancient world.
Identity of Rus'
Folk decorative items were influenced by Scythian culture. Artistic forms have achieved great pictorial power and expressiveness. The Slavs used glass, rock crystal, carnelian, and amber. Jewelry making and metalworking, bone carving, ceramics, and decorative painting of temples developed.
A special place is occupied by pysankar-making, wood carving, embroidery and weaving. The Slavs reached great heights in these types of art, creating sophisticated, exquisite products.
National ornaments and patterns became the basis of decorative art.
