Russian artistic craft. History of folk crafts
12.02.2017 13.02.2018
Russian folk crafts- a form of folk art in which Russian traditional customs, which originated many centuries ago, are clearly visible. Products of Russian crafts combine the uniqueness of Russian traditional culture.
Murals:
-Gzhel- rich Russian folk craft of ceramics (porcelain) production and a type of Russian folk blue and white painting from the Moscow region.
-Gorodets painting- Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the mid-19th century in the area of the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In 1936, an artel was founded (since 1960, the Gorodets Painting Factory), producing souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin, V. V. Putintsev.
-Zhostovo painting- Russian folk craft of artistic painting of tin trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow region, since 1825. The main motif of Zhostovo painting is a simple floral bouquet in which large garden and small wildflowers alternate.
-Mezen painting- a certain type of painting of wooden spinning wheels and utensils - ladles, boxes, bratins, which developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the village of Palashchelye on the banks of the Mezen River.
-Palekh miniature- a folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, egg capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted. Typical subjects of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. The works are usually done on a black background and painted in gold.
-Tagil tray- Russian folk craft for the manufacture and artistic varnish painting of metal trays, existing in the city of Nizhny Tagil, a unique, original phenomenon of Russian culture. It is believed that Tagil painting is the predecessor of Zhostovo painting. The Tagil tray craft is one of the brands of Russian culture, known far beyond the borders of Russia.
-Fedoskino lacquer miniature- a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
-Khokhloma- an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. Traditional Khokhloma ornaments - red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and other animals are often encountered.
Fabric products:
-Vologda lace- Russian lace woven on bobbins (wooden sticks); widespread in the Vologda region since the 16th–17th centuries. All the main images in interlocking Vologda lace are made of dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly writhing braid; they clearly appear against the background of patterned latticework, decorated with patterns in the form of stars and rosettes.
-Yelets lace- a type of Russian lace that is woven using bobbins. It has existed since the beginning of the 19th century. The center is the city of Yelets (Lipetsk region). It is believed that Yelets lace is thinner and lighter than Vologda lace.
-Mtsensk lace- a type of Russian lace that is woven with bobbins, developed in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region.
-Orenburg downy scarf - a knitted scarf made from the down of Orenburg goats and a base (cotton, silk, etc.). The down knitting industry originated in the Orenburg region in the 18th century. Cobweb and stole are very thin scarves, like cobwebs. Thin cobwebs usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of a product is often determined by two parameters: whether the product fits through a ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.
-Pavlovo shawls (shawls)- printed woolen scarves are traditionally black or red, with a voluminous floral pattern. The production was created in the middle of the 19th century in Pavlovsky Posad. Read more about Orenburg and Pavloposad shawls.
Toys:
-Abashevskaya toy- Russian clay toy. An artistic craft that was formed in Spassky district, now Spassky district of the Penza region.
-Bogorodskaya toy- Russian folk craft, which consists of making carved toys and sculptures from soft wood (linden, alder, aspen). Its center is the village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district, Moscow region of Russia.
-Dymkovo toy- Russian clay toy, painted and kilned. The name comes from the place of production - the settlement of Dymkovo, Vyatka province (now Kirov region). Along with other products of folk crafts, it is considered one of the symbols of Russian craft.
-Zhbannikovskaya toy- Russian folk craft in the villages of Zhbannikovo, Roimino, Ryzhukhino and others in the Gorodets district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The peculiarity of the Zhbannikov toy is that the body of all the figures resembles a clay pyramid on three base legs.
-Kargopol toy- Russian clay toy. An artistic craft widespread in the area of the city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region.
-Kozhlyanskaya toy is a Russian folk clay whistle toy. The name comes from the place of manufacture, the village of Kozhlya, Kurchatovsky district, Kursk region.
-Matryoshka- a Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted hollow doll, inside of which there are similar smaller dolls. Traditional matryoshka paintings often depict peasant girls in traditional outfits. Recently, the possible range of painting themes has been unlimited, ranging from fairy-tale characters to Soviet leaders. Matryoshka is one of the most popular souvenirs for foreign tourists in Russia.
-Stary Oskol clay toy- Russian folk art craft in the Starooskolsky district of the Belgorod region. Known since the beginning of the 18th century.
-Filimonovskaya toy- Russian clay toy. Old Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region.
“Fire” is a word that has long denoted any activity through which a person lives. Many have heard the expressions “fishing” or “folk craft”. How did the meaning of this word develop? What types of activities does it apply to?
Definition of the concept
The first meaning of the word “fishing” is the extraction of something. It was often used as a synonym for the word "deed". It denoted the main occupation of a person, which served as a source of existence for him. This could be hunting, fishing with the subsequent sale or exchange of what was obtained.
Thus, there were fishing, sealing, whale and other industries. But fishing is not necessarily hunting. The word referred to logging, mineral mining, and various crafts such as weaving, pottery, wood carving, etc. Thus, the concept means either getting what nature has created, or creating something with your own hands in order to provide for yourself and your family.
“To do something” meant to engage in fishing. Later, the phrase began to be used in a figurative meaning with a negative connotation and meant engaging in fraud or something vile and reprehensible.
From fishing to industry
The oldest trades are fishing, beekeeping and hunting. In the northern regions, the main means of survival was whaling, hunting seals, deer and fur-bearing animals. In the Far East, maral root, ginseng and other medicinal plants, berries and mushrooms were collected. Gold prospecting or gold mining became more and more popular. They were engaged in cone cutting, weaving, shoemaking, jewelry and blacksmithing, and extracted mumiyo.
Gradually, mining and production volumes increased. In the 19th century, factories and factories arose, replacing single manual labor with machine production of products. The word “fishery” grew into “industry”. Large mining enterprises have appeared that are engaged in mining, oil production, etc.
Weaving grew into the textile industry, shoemaking into the shoe industry, carving and woodworking were reflected in the furniture industry. Despite this, some crafts remain to this day.
Applied arts
Applied arts and crafts are called folk crafts. It is part of tradition and culture and often has a narrow regional character, characteristic only of a certain area
A long-standing Russian craft is Gzhel - blue painting of white porcelain products. It originated in the villages of the Gzhel volost of the Moscow province in the 18th century. Other famous Russian folk arts: Khokhloma, Dymkovo toys, Gorodets wood painting, embroidered Pavlosadov shawls and the making of Tula samovars.
Making nesting dolls has also become a folk craft. The activity became popular thanks to the artist Malyutin, who showed his invention at the Paris World Exhibition in 1900. The doll is firmly entrenched in Russian culture and is associated with Russia in all countries of the world.
From time immemorial, the Russian land has been famous for its craftsmen, people capable of creating and creating real beauty with their own hands. Through the art of folk crafts, the connection between the past and the present is traced.
Russian folk crafts are represented by porcelain production, decorative painting, clay toy making, knitting of down scarves, and lacquer miniatures. The soul of the people lives in Russian works of art.
Gzhel
Unusual blue-white porcelain dishes captivate the eye, enveloping them in a smoky mist - this is the famous Gzhel - folk ceramic craft. The picturesque region of Gzhel near Moscow is located 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is known and popular not only in Russia, but also far beyond the country’s borders. The blue fairy tale, embodied by the masters of Gzhel in elegant teapots, cups, jugs, vases and plates, pleases the eye and warms the soul. A traditional ornament decorating porcelain products is blue and light blue flowers, leaves, cereals, and a Gzhel blue rose. Large dishes are decorated with blue paintings of strange birds and depictions of everyday scenes. The history of Gzhel porcelain begins in the 14th century with the production of household items, tiles and tiles. Then there was a difficult path to majolica dishes, faience, and in the 19th century Gzhel craftsmen began to make dishes from porcelain. Today in Gzhel they produce not only dishes, but also toys, fireplaces, and chandeliers. Masters paint their products only by hand, putting their skill and soul into every stroke.
Khokhloma
Since ancient times, people have been striving to decorate their homes and household items. In the city of Semenov, which is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region, wooden utensils have been decorated with painting since ancient times. This is how “Golden Khokhloma” appeared - the art of painting on wood. The technology of painting with gold paints appeared in the 17th century, and since then, strange flowers have lived on a golden background - bright scarlet and brooding black. Golden ornaments decorate wooden furniture. Painted spoons and matryoshka dolls are known all over the world. Today, craftsmen offer not only painted wooden dishes, but also children's furniture, candlesticks, and decorative dishes. A special varnishing technology imparts elegance and special color to wood products. By drying the varnished product in ovens at high temperatures, the product acquires a special golden-honey hue.
The symbol of Russian artistic crafts has become the Matryoshka - a wooden toy in the form of a set of several painted dolls, hollow inside. The Matryoshka appeared about 100 years ago in the city of Sergiev Posad. Traditional painting of Matryoshka dolls - outfits of peasant girls of ancient Rus'. Modern Matryoshkas “wear” a wide variety of outfits; paint colors and painting options make her image unique.
Orenburg downy shawl
Knitted scarves made from goat down are an ancient craft that originated in the Orenburg region 250 years ago. Handmade scarves, knitted by craftswomen, are light as feathers and warm as the palms of a mother. Down scarves live a long time and are passed on from generation to generation, warming their ancestors with their warmth and accumulated energy. Russian craftswomen make three types of scarves: shawls, cobwebs and stoles. They are different in shape, knitting density, color and pattern. Down scarves not only fulfill their direct purpose - to insulate and warm, but are also an exclusive decoration. Openwork light shawls and white cobwebs will become an adornment for any woman, emphasizing her grace and delicate taste.
Dymkovo toy
The settlement of Dymkovo, Vyatka province (now Kirov region) became the birthplace of clay toys, painted and baked in a kiln. Dymkovo clay toy is a symbol of Russian craft. Toy craftsmen create various images: riders on horses, elegant young ladies, painted birds. A clay toy is considered a talisman against evil. Since ancient times, toys in Rus' have been participants in ancient rituals. The life of the people and the characteristic features of Russian nationality can be traced in the shapes of toys, paintings and decorative patterns.
Palekh miniature
Palekh is a center of icon painting, located near the city of Ivanovo. Currently, the folk craft “Palekh miniature” has been developed in the city of Palekh to replace the existing school of icon painting. The painting of lacquer miniatures preserves the traditions of ancient Russian art and the skill of icon painters. Miniature lacquer painting is done with tempera on papier-mâché. Boxes, brooches, ashtrays and pincushions are usually painted in gold on a black background. Russian lacquer miniatures are distinguished by the grace of their forms, the skill of the artist’s fine brush, and the poetry of their images.
The filigree jewelry technique is an openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are decorated with small silver or gold balls (grains) and enamel. Artistic metal processing - filigree - has been known for a long time. This artistic and applied art appeared in the 9th century. The finest wire, skillfully twisted, makes each product unique. A wide variety of filigree types allows you to create truly examples of artistic craftsmanship. Brazed filigree involves soldering wire and grain onto sheet metal, volumetric filigree is used for three-dimensional objects - cups, vases, trays, openwork filigree - lace made of wire with soldered grain. The filigree openwork filigree burns and shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow, scattering gold, silver and copper sparks around.
Kasli casting
Garden furniture, trellises, tombstones, household items, sculptures made of cast iron and bronze, made at the Kasli Iron Foundry (Southern Urals), become a work of art. The traditions of Kasli casting include complex technologies for molding and casting products, hand-chasing, and graphic clarity of the silhouette. The plant was built in the 18th century, and since then the iron foundry has been a center for casting highly artistic products. Openwork lattices, slabs with ornaments, bas-reliefs and sculptures, plates and candlesticks are not inferior in quality and artistic value to the best world samples. Famous sculptors and artists, graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, worked at the plant. With their participation, many projects were developed and implemented, incl. production of memorial plaques with portraits, monuments, architectural casting for the Moscow metro.
Folk arts and crafts- the work of folk craftsmen, based on collective experience, art workshops that develop local cultural traditions, including those producing souvenirs (for example, toys).
Craft- small-scale manual production, based on the use of hand tools, the personal skill of the worker, which allows the production of high-quality, often highly artistic products, which find not only aesthetic, but also practical application.
artistic craft- based on collective experience, a culture of professional labor skills and technical techniques for artistic processing of various materials (leather, metal, wood, etc.).
Folk arts and crafts have a wide range of products. Folk arts and crafts go back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts, thanks to which basic necessities were created. Rural crafts have been known since ancient times, in fact, appearing at the moment when humanity needed new tools and household items. In different regions and areas, among different peoples, culture and art differed, therefore, their crafts also differed.
Products are considered folk craft as long as the process of their production is not put into automation or mass production of an industrial or factory type. The skill of making one or another type of artistic product in folk arts and crafts has been passed down from generation to generation.
Russian folk crafts in Russia
Fedoskino miniature- a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow. The favorite motifs for painting by Fedoskino miniaturists were popular subjects at that time: “ threes", "tea parties", scenes from Russian and Little Russian peasant life. Most valued caskets And caskets, decorated with complex multi-figure compositions - copies paintings by Russian and Western European artists.
“Fedoskino lacquer miniature” is painted with oil paints in three or four layers - shading (general sketch of the composition), writing or re-painting (more detailed work), glazing (modeling the image with transparent paints) and highlighting (completing the work with light paints that transmit highlights to subjects). The original Fedoskino technique is “through-writing”: a reflective material - metal powder - is applied to the surface before painting, Gold leaf or gold leaf, or inserts are made from mother of pearl. Showing through transparent layers glaze colors, these linings give the image depth and an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature painting, products are decorated with “filigree” (an ornament made of miniature pieces of foil of the desired shape laid out on wet varnish), “tsirovanka” (scratching a design using a pattern on varnish placed on top of a sheet of metal on the surface of the product), “tartan” (a complex mesh , applied with liquid paints using a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.
Zhostovo painting, Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver) and the master works on several trays at once.
The main motif of the painting is a simple floral bouquet in which large garden and small wildflowers alternate.
According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.
Trays are shaped like round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval, etc.
Palekh miniature, Typical subjects of Palekh miniature are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted in gold.
Dymkovo toy, Dymkovo toy is a handmade product. Each toy is the creation of one master. Making a toy, from modeling to painting, is a unique and creative process, never repeated. There are not and cannot be two absolutely identical products. Each toy is unique, unique and inimitable.
For its production, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figures are sculpted in parts, individual parts are assembled and sculpted using liquid red clay as a binding material. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth and neat surface.
After complete drying for two to fifty days and firing at a temperature of 700-800 degrees, the toys are covered with tempera white in two or three layers (previously whitewashing was done with chalk diluted in milk). Previously, toys were painted with tempera paints mixed with eggs and kvass, using sticks and feathers instead of brushes. The painted toy was again covered with beaten egg, which gave the faded aniline paints shine and brightness. Today, aniline dyes and soft core brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to a variety of compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed with diamond toys made of gold leaf or gold leaf, glued on top of the pattern.
The most common subjects: nannies with children, water carriers, rams with golden horns, turkeys, roosters, deer and, of course, young people, buffoons, ladies.
Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien to the Dymkovo toy. All of it is an overflowing fullness of the feeling of the joy of life. She is especially good in pairs and in a group with others, in close proximity to her brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River.
Kargopol toy Craftsmen sculpted toys from the remains of clay, without giving them any special meaning. Clay horses, harnesses, figurines of people and animals were inexpensive, were not in particular demand, and they were sculpted more for their own pleasure than for the sake of making money. Initially, toys, like dishes, were “scalded.” After firing, the hot product was immersed in a “chatterbox” - a thick flour solution. Burnt flour left a black lace pattern on the light surface of the vessel or toy. Decorated with scratched archaic ornaments, in their artlessness such toys were more reminiscent of the works of Stone Age artists. More expensive glazed dishes and toys were also made. In the early 1930s, the pottery industry gradually faded away, and the production of toys ceased even earlier. Only a few craftsmen continued to make them.
The earliest of the Kargopol toys that have survived to this day can be considered the works of Ivan Virenturg and Ekaterina Abdulaeva Druzhinin, who worked in the 1930s-1940s. These are mainly single figures of peasants and ladies, painted with lime, soot and colored clays. They are roughly sculpted, and their flat faces and generalized details of figure and clothing are reminiscent of ancient stone women. The painting of the figures combines ovals, circles, crosses, spots, also reminiscent of ancient ornamental motifs.
The modern Kargopol toy is less archaic. While preserving traditional forms, today's masters make it more elegant, sometimes more clearly emphasizing details, generously painting with oil and tempera, however, avoiding excessive variegation. In addition to human figures, Kargopol residents sculpt horses, cows, bears, deer, heroes of fairy tales and epics. One of the most popular characters in the Kargopol toy was and remains Polkan - half horse, half man (originally half man, half dog) with a thick beard, wearing orders and epaulettes. Among other fairy-tale heroes there is a lion, the Sirin bird, and a horse with two heads.
While preserving tradition, Kargopol toy makers come up with new forms and themes for their works. This is how multi-figure compositions appeared - troikas, carts, hunts, etc. They are decorated not with a faded pattern drawn with colored clay on a limestone background, but with bright tempera painting.
Abashevskaya toy - whistles, depicting animals, often taking phantasmagoric fabulous look. The figurines have an elongated body with short, widely spaced legs and a long graceful neck. Deeply scratched eyes stand out on the small, carefully sculpted head. The heads of goats, deer, and rams are crowned with curved, sometimes multi-tiered horns. Lush bangs, curly beards and manes are clearly modeled, their contours, outlined by a stack, have a strict pattern and high relief.
The whistles are painted with bright enamel colors - blue, green, red, in the most unexpected combinations. Individual details, such as horns, can be painted in silver or gold. Sometimes parts of the figures remain unpainted and contrast sharply with the striking spots of enamel. Under the hands of a master, ordinary pets turn into fabulous creatures.
Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving, artistic craft of wood carving,
In the Kudrinskaya workshop, a special style of ornamental carving was formed, successful combinations of flat-relief carving with geometric carving were found, and the principles of the organic use of carved decor in utilitarian objects were laid down. The products of Vornoskov and his followers - ladles, boxes, barrels, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases, covered with rhythmic floral patterns, are distinguished by a variety of tinting that emphasizes the natural beauty of wood. The floral patterns are based not only on examples of carved peasant products and home decor, but also on ornamental headpieces of early printed books. The development of the ornament of Kudrinsky masters went from the combination of individual elements - twigs, curls, rosettes - to integral ornamental compositions covering the entire product.
Bogorodskaya carving, Bogorodskaya toy- Russian folk craft, which consists of making carved toys and sculptures from soft wood (linden, alder, aspen). Its center is the village of Bogorodskoye (Sergiev-Posad district of the Moscow region). Bogorodskaya carving is performed using a special “Bogorodskaya” knife (“pike”).
One of the distinctive features of the craft has always been the production of moving toys. The most famous toy is “Blacksmiths”, usually depicting a man and a bear, who alternately hit an anvil. This toy, whose age, according to some sources, exceeds 300 years, has become a symbol of both Bogorodsk craft and Bogorodskoye itself, becoming part of the coat of arms of the village.
The Blacksmiths toy is over 300 years old. The Blacksmiths toy became a symbol of the Bogorodsk craft. All you have to do is move the planks and quick work immediately begins. The figures move in a clear rhythm, and hammers knock on the anvil in time. The “Chickens” toy, very similar in principle to “Kuznetsov”, is also a long-liver: children played with it back in the times of Pushkin and Lermontov. The intricate “fun” with balance is based on the idea of rhythm, to which the child is naturally sensitive. Their mechanisms themselves are simple, but their actions are effective. Sound enhances the dynamics of the toy.
Rostov enamel, Enamel(Old Russian finipt, khimipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lasting and does not fade over time, and enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.
The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, adding gold gives glass a ruby color, cobalt gives it a blue color, and copper gives it a green color. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.
Rostov enamel is a Russian folk art craft; has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov (Yaroslavl region). Miniature images are made on enamel using transparent fireproof paints, invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Toutin.
September 4th, 2017 , 10:26 am
I was looking for a complete list of folk crafts and couldn’t find it. It’s not complete on Wikipedia, so I decided to compile it myself. The structure of the text is a little strange, because it was originally compiled in the form of a table. The structure is as follows: Name/Place/Presence of factories, museums/Features.
If you remember anything else, write me and I’ll add it.
Toys
Wooden Toys
1. Bogorodskaya toy. The village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district. The factory and museum, although in disrepair. Wooden toy with movements. Bogorodskaya carving is performed using a special Bogorodsk knife “Pike”.
2. Mazyk (Shuya) toy. G. Shuya, Vladimir region. The craft has not survived. Russian folk craft consisting of making toys using an axe. Ofeni were made as amulets.
3. The Bird of Happiness. Arhangelsk region. Now produced in many places, even abroad. It is made from a single block, wood chips, without the use of glue or fasteners, by cutting thin petals and a special bending method; the petals of the resulting wings and tail can be connected with threads. Usually made from pine, spruce, fir or Siberian cedar wood.
Clay toys
4. Abashevskaya toy. S. Abashevo, Spassky district, Penza region. In decline. These are whistles depicting animals, often taking on a phantasmagoric fairy-tale appearance
5. Vyrkovskaya toy. village of Vyrkovo, Kasimovsky district, Ryazan region
Production has been interrupted. The toys were decorated with light brown glaze, as were household dishes. The fashioned toys were dried in Russian ovens in frying pans and covered with liquid glaze, which was a mixture of red lead and vitriol in water. Then the toys were burned in forges. Watering drips conveyed the spotted color of the animals.
6. Dymkovo toy. S. Dymkovo, Kirov region. In decline. To produce the Dymkovo toy, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figures are sculpted in parts, individual parts are assembled and sculpted using liquid red clay as a binding material. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth surface. Today, aniline dyes and soft core brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range of colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to a variety of compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed with diamond toys made of gold leaf or gold leaf, glued on top of the pattern.
7. Filimonovskaya toy. S. Filimonovo, Tula region. Museum, private production only. The bulk of the products of Filimonov craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. The images of people - monolithic, sparse in detail - are close to ancient primitive figurines. The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonov ladies smoothly turns into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, integral with the neck. In her round hands the lady usually holds a baby or a bird-whistle. The gentlemen are similar to the ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots. The heads of the figures are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brims. Interesting compositions are made from several figures, for example “Lyubota” - a scene of a meeting between lovers.
painting
On wood
8. Khokhloma painting. Volga region, Nizhny Novgorod region. Now there are 2 centers: Semenov and Semino. Factories, private. Painting school. It is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and golden tones on a black background.
9. Boretsk painting. S. Borok, Shenkursky district, Arkhangelsk province. Now without a place. From the descendants of Marfa Boretskaya, who fled to the Northern Dvina.
10. Gorodets painting. Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod region.
Now without a place. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
11. Mezen painting. Lower reaches of the Mezen River, Arkhangelsk region. Now without a place. The objects are densely dotted with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - “earth paint”, ocher. The main motifs of the geometric ornament - discs, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of triangular-notched carving.
12. Permogorsk painting. Permogorye is a region in the Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. Now without a place. The basis of the painting is a floral pattern. Three-lobed curved leaves with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers, as well as Sirin birds. In the 19th century, genre scenes from peasant life were usually included in the pattern. The color scheme is dominated by a white background and a red main pattern. Yellow and green background colors are complementary. A thin black outline is of great importance in painting. First, a black outline is applied to the white ground with a pen, then it is filled with color.
The range of painted objects is large - wooden and birch bark dishes; cradles, caskets, chests, and headrests were painted. Spinning wheels are the most painted.
13. P Olkhov-Maidan painting. A number of villages in the Nizhny Novgorod region. A toy factory, but more of a family business. Since the middle of the 19th century, in the village of Polkh-Maidan they began to produce unpainted turned wooden utensils, which were sold at fairs. From the beginning of the 1920s, apparently under the influence of similar products by Sergiev Posad masters, Polkhov-Maidan dishes began to be covered with a burnt outline pattern. Soon the burning began to be painted with oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol. Gradually, the burnt outline of the design is replaced by more economical and easy-to-perform inking.
14. Rakul painting. Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. D. Ulyanovskaya. Now without a place. In the painting, the main role is played by golden-ocher and black colors, accompanied by green and brown-red. The ornament is very large, mainly in the form of leaves, bushes and birds (magpies, chickens). Not only the outline, but also the details are painted in black. The fishery arose in the middle of the 19th century and began to fade in the 1930s.
On wood with varnish (lacquer miniature)
15. Mstera miniature. The village of Mstery, Vladimir region. Iconography Center. Looks like there's a factory. The painting has the abstract character of a kind of panel. A characteristic feature of Mstera painting is carpet decorativeness, diversity and sophistication of color shades with the unity of the overall tone of the composition. The color scheme is bluish-silver, ocher-yellow and red. The products combine floral and geometric patterns.
16. Palekh miniature. The village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. The factory and school are in general decline. Typical subjects of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. A number of compositions are based on the traditions of classical art. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted in gold.
17. Kholuy miniature. The village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. Only a museum. The main difference between Kholuy painting is the use of bluish-green and brown-orange tones.
18. Fedoskino miniature. Fedoskino, Mytishchi district, Moscow Region. Factory and school, where they also study Zhostovo painting and Rostov enamel. The original Fedoskino technique is “through writing”: a reflective material is applied to the surface before painting - metal powder, gold leaf or potal, or mother-of-pearl inserts are made. Translucent through transparent layers of glaze paints, these linings give the image depth and an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature painting, products are decorated with “filigree” (an ornament made of miniature pieces of foil of the desired shape laid out on wet varnish), “tsirovanka” (scratching a design using a pattern on varnish placed on top of a sheet of metal on the surface of the product), “tartan” (a complex mesh , applied with liquid paints using a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.
For metal
19. Tagil painting. G. N. Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. Museum, institute and 6 factories in the Ural cities. Still in decline. Predecessor of Zhostovo. In general, a very similar style. A special feature is the two-color brushstroke technique.
20. Zhostovo painting. Der. Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow Region.
There is a factory. On the rise, although recently it was still in decline. In the art of Zhostovo masters, a realistic sense of the living form of flowers and fruits is combined with a decorative generality, akin to Russian folk brush painting on chests, birch bark tues, spinning wheels, etc. The main motive of painting is a flower bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small field ones alternate flowers. Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver), and the master works on several trays at once.
According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.
The shapes of the trays are round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval and others.
21. Enamel. 2 main centers: Vologda and Rostov. In Vologda, multicolor enamel was used. Painting on a metal backing with enamel. Making works of art using glassy powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are particularly bright and pure in color.
The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives that use metal salts. For example, gold additives give the glass a ruby color, cobalt - a blue color, and copper - green. When solving specific painting problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muted.
Porcelain, ceramic, earthenware products with painting and enamel
22. Gzhel. Gzhel, Ramensky district, Moscow region. Bloom! Factories and private production. Blue on white. Nowadays, in addition to painting ceramics, painting on wood
23. Sysert porcelain. Sysert, Sverdlovsk region. Factory in bloom. Modeling and painting of porcelain products 80% of the technological process at the factory is manual labor.
Products are most often covered with underglaze painting with salts, less often with overglaze painting. Soft brownish-gray and light blue colors predominate. The themes of the ornaments are often Ural landscapes.
24. Kuznetsov porcelain. G. Likino-Dulevo, Orekhovozuevsky district, Moscow Region. Kuznetsov acquired many other factories where he used the same equipment. There is a museum and factory in Dulevo. On the rise. Kuznetsov porcelain was produced in impeccable technical performance and with exquisite decoration. By the end of the 19th century, production became widespread, images began to be made with stamps, stencils, layering and decalcomania. For decoration, scenes from porcelain paintings of the first half of the 19th century were used: romantic landscapes, genre scenes, bouquets of flowers framed by a stamped design in gold or other paint. The tones that were fashionable in those years were widely used: blue, pink, lilac and yellow. In addition, the emerging Art Nouveau style with images of nymphs, naiads and mermaids was used. Typical mass-produced porcelain dishes were decorated with flat painting with simple plant motifs: roses, daisies with the obligatory addition of tendrils and twigs (the so-called “rocks”).
25. Tavolozhskaya ceramics. Der. V and N Tavolgi, Sverdlovsk region. There is a factory and a private one. Black polished ceramics and green malachite ceramics. This technique uses low-melting enamels applied over high-temperature glazes with copper oxides, which gives the product a unique malachite color. Another technique traditional for this region is also widely used - hand-painted engobes using the flandrovka method.
26. Scopied ceramics. G. Skopin. Ryazan region There is a factory. The ceramic parts were formed on a hand-held machine, then joined with liquid clay and decorated with relief and pressed ornaments, dark brown glaze with the addition of manganese oxide, bright green with copper oxide, thick yellow with iron oxide and, less commonly, cobalt blue. During firing, grains of glaze melted unevenly, spreading picturesquely.
The products include jugs, candlesticks, kvass pots, kumgans, frames for mantel clocks and decorative sculpture of small forms (dragons, centaurs, fairy-tale lions, figures of fish, birds and domestic animals). The image of the Osprey bird, from whose name the name of the city came, was special.
Carving on wood, stone, bone, birch bark
27. Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. Abramtsevo estate, Kudrino. Sergiev Posad district. Now there is a factory in Khotkovo. Founded by Mamontov with artists, local peasants adopted it. Vornoskovsky's style especially stood out.
28. Tobolsk carved bone. Tobolsk, a factory where everything is done by hand. Instead of mammoth bone, there is an artificial one - a tarsus.
29. Ural stone carving. All pre-revolutionary large cities of the Urals. Even private production is flourishing in many villages. By the 19th century, a certain style of Ural stone carving had developed, and a permanent canon appeared for the production of elements in compositions. For example, leaves and roots were made from serpentine, Zlatoust jasper, ophite, and, less commonly, malachite. Each berry had its own stone. At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. and the 21st century, one of the most popular stories is the Ural folk tales of P. P. Bazhov. Based on its themes, products are made from malachite using metals (most often gilded bronze) and a scattering of various semi-precious semi-precious stones. The most popular of them are the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, Danila the Master at work.
30. Shemogodskaya carving. Shemogodskaya volost, Veliky Ustyug district, Vologda province. There is a plant and a museum in Veliky Ustyug. Ornaments of Shemogod carvers, called “Birch bark lace”. The Shemogod carving pattern usually consists of a creeping stem with elongated leaves and spirally twisted branches. At their tips there are round rosettes, berries, and trefoils. Often, craftsmen introduced geometric patterns from circles, rhombuses - “gingerbreads”, ovals, and segments into floral ornaments. The composition was built on the principle of clear symmetry. The design was completed with a border of leaves, triangles, wavy lines, and mesh. This ornament can include images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea. Another characteristic feature of this carving is the frames with geometric patterns surrounding the design.
Metal products
31. Filigree, filigree, granulation. There is no specific place. Known in Rus' since the 9th century! Type of jewelry technology for metal. An openwork or soldered pattern on a metal background made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are often complemented with grain (small silver or gold balls) and enamel.
32. Frost on the tin. Veliky Ustyug. Lost. Tin processing. A thin sheet of tin was processed in such a way that a durable floral pattern was formed on its surface, similar to the one with which frost “paints” windows in winter. The design had various shades - gold, orange with pearlescent tints, silver and malachite. Decorative boxes and secret chests were lined with this kind of tin, sometimes in combination with milled iron.
33. B Eliko Ustyug blackening on silver. Veliky Ustyug, Vologda region. Silver products. Ustyug blackening is always quite noticeably different from the works of Moscow and St. Petersburg masters: the plot engraving has a lot of weight; the pattern is very rich, with much denser color. The background made with strokes forms a kind of grid. Often the image is complemented by carved or chased details. In most cases, the general outline of the object is depicted, without fine detail.
34. Kasli casting. G. Kasli, Chelyabinsk region. Cast iron products. The traditions of Kasli casting (graphic clarity of silhouette, combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights, coating of finished products with black paint of a special recipe - Dutch soot) developed in the 19th century.
Crystal products
35. Gusevsky crystal. G. Gus Khrustalny, Vladimir region. There is a museum, a factory and a college. There are paintings by Vasnetsov. Open again since 2013. Focuses on custom orders. In decline.
36. Dyatkovo crystal. G. Dyatkovo, Bryansk region. Focuses on custom orders. In decline. College and Factory Museum.
37. Pervomaisky crystal. Pos. Pervomaiskoye (Nikolskoye), Smolensk region. Crystal products In 2013, the plant's products were recognized as examples of folk art.
Embroidery, sewing, etc.
38. Vednovskaya line. S. Vednoe, Remeshkovsky district, Tverskaya province. Now without a place. It is distinguished by the use of small cells. The main color is white, sometimes with colored edging fabric, with a predominance of flooring, combined with hemstitching. The most famous Vednovsky hems are “bug”, “column”, “sheaf”, “goat”
39. Vologda lace. Vologda and region. All the main images in interlocking Vologda lace are made with dense, continuous, equal in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid, “wilyushka”; they stand out clearly against the background of patterned grids decorated with patterns in the form of stars and rosettes
40. Vyatka (Kukar) lace. Center in Sovetskoye (formerly Kukarka), Kirov region. Only private cooperatives now. Traditional paired measured laces of the Kirov region are very diverse in the use of stitching (lace element), simple nets, they often contain rhombic motifs and angular zigzag stripes. Braids with air loops give them a special pattern. In coupling laces, the central latticework is sometimes more active than the edge ornament. Star-shaped, sharp-toothed forms are characteristic of Kirov coupling lace, large and medium-sized piece objects. Complex patterned dynamic floral and foliage ornaments predominate, the decorative expressiveness of which is largely created by the different density of weaving of the parts of each element.
41. Yelets lace. Yelets city, Lipetsk region. Factory and private production. Bloom! Yelets lace is thinner and lighter than Vologda lace.
42. Kadomsky Veniz. Pos. Kadom, Ryazan region. Now a factory. A type of Russian needle embroidery in white on white, combined with lace. The rolls are made on a sewing machine, and then the brids that tighten the rolls are cut out by hand. Lace weaving is carried out on these bridges. This is the main difference from bobbin weaving.
43. Mtsensk lace. G. Mtsensk, Oryol region. Museum and studio. A lace making school has been opened. A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and rich, there are almost no background lattices used, so the pattern is more airy.
44. Orenburg shawl. Orenburg region. Factory and private Embroidery Three types: shawl, web and stole. Cobweb and stole are very thin scarves, like cobwebs. Thin cobwebs usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration.
45. Oryol list. Oryol Region. There is no separate factory. The listing includes a combination of “typing” and “painting.” The contours of the composition are outlined with a “chain stitch”.
The predominant color is red and its shades, achieved through the density of the flooring of various “branchs” - patterned fillings inside the contour. Blue was also added, and later (20th century) black, yellow, and green colors.
The characteristic features of the Oryol list are the unusual outlines of the pattern and a wide variety of brankas: “stack”, “crow’s eye”, “bag with poker”, “wave”, “drobnushki”, “pine”, “horseshoe”, etc.
46. Pavlovo Posad printed shawls. G. Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Region. Factory.
On the rise, large assortment, many stores. The design of Pavlovo Posad shawls developed from standard patterns characteristic of fabrics of the Moscow region and dating back to oriental shawls (“Turkish pattern”).
In the 1870s, there was a tendency to expand the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs. Preference was given to garden flowers, primarily roses and dahlias.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the final design of the style took place: a three-dimensional image of flowers collected in bouquets, garlands or scattered across a scarf on a black or red background, sometimes with the addition of ornaments and stylized plant elements. Scarves were made of translucent or dense woolen fabric.
47. Torzhok gold embroidery. Torzhok, Tver region. School, factory. Nowadays they are emblems for the army and church vestments. In the 19th century, for dense fabrics, mainly the “forged seam” and the “attached” seam along the flooring were used. The most characteristic were floral patterns, the main motif of which was a rose branch with flowers, buds and leaves, complemented by curls, tendrils, and sparkles, which softened the transition from the relief ornament to the background. In the late 1940s - early 1950s, elements of Soviet symbols - stars, sickle and hammer - also began to be introduced into plant patterns.
