Bashkir crafts. Decorative and applied arts of the Bashkirs

Master classes on crafts were held in Ufa. An amazing miracle awaits those who decide to study ancient and eternally young crafts.

The Chamber of Crafts of the Republic of Belarus, thanks to the support of the Administration of the Urban District of Ufa and the Ufa City Fund for the Development and Support of Small Business, conducted six master classes in various areas of craft art.

The main goal of organizing training events was the preservation and development of trades and crafts, including through the transfer of knowledge and skills by craft bearers to all interested people!
When learning the basics of music or foreign language, suddenly there comes a moment when previously unfamiliar notes-signs turn into a wonderful melody or letters- in Shakespeare's sonnets.
The same amazing miracle awaits those who decide to study ancient and eternally young crafts: weaving, patchwork, felting, folk toy and many others.
169 people attended the master classes. These are young people interested in organizing entrepreneurial activities, unemployed people, teachers working with children and adolescents, active women older age.
All participants expressed a wish to continue training.

On the second master class taught the basics of patchwork sewing.

A master class on the basics of patchwork was held at the Ufa Vocational Lyceum No. 10. Its organizers were the Chamber of Crafts of the Republic of Belarus, the administration of Ufa and the Ufa City Fund for Support of Small Business. The lesson was conducted by Stella Markova, a member of the Union of Artists of Russia.

In 1985, Stella Yulievna graduated from the art and graphic department of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University. She works in various artistic textile techniques (patchwork, quilt, applique). The artist shared the secrets of her craft with the event participants and taught the basics of this fascinating craft. Markova's style is characterized by a traditionally simple but strictly verified composition.

Patchwork - enough ancient look crafts, but not as much as weaving. It is available in all countries of the world. It was because of the thrift of the peasants that patchwork was preserved, said Stella Markova. – People did not throw away used items and preserved pieces of fabric, but often used them, for example, sewing blankets. Previously, such blankets in villages were considered a sign of poverty.

Today, patchwork and quilting are perceived as original, complex art. Compared to the traditions of European sewing, the Russian tradition has the simplest assembly. These are squares and triangles, selected in a certain color scheme. Modern Russian products have their own “face”; the breadth of the Russian soul is visible in them. Unfortunately, today few authentic examples of ancient patchwork products have survived.

Once you start quilting, it is very difficult to stop. I myself have been doing this business for more than ten years, but every time I discover new sewing technologies. It is impossible to master the technique in one day. This is a painstaking task. On average, it takes at least two to four months to produce a product,” said Stella Markova.

For a master class on patchwork sewing Many residents of Ufa came. Among them were women of different ages. So this one interesting view creativity is popular.

Source "Education. Way to success"

As part of the crafts training program in Ufa, a master class “Folk ritual doll” was held

The making of a souvenir doll “Angel” was demonstrated by a master decorative artist applied arts Elena Oskotskaya.
Here's what she says about herself:
I am an interior and landscape designer, a bit of an artist, and recently I have become interested in making dolls. Or rather, I made dolls as a child from papier-mâché and scraps. It turned out a little rough, but, unlike store-bought ones, they had individuality. Then I grew up, graduated from school, entered the chemistry department of Bashkir State University and for a long time forgot not only about dolls, but also that I could draw.
A discovery for me was a material that recently appeared in our country called “plastic” or polymer clay. This unique material allows you to make very fine details and conveys the features of human skin well. It is especially interesting for me to make dolls with portrait resemblance. I try to capture in a person not so much the proportions of his face, but rather those characteristic features that reveal his essence. At the same time, my dolls are always kind and cheerful, because you can find cute and charming features in every person, which is probably why their “originals” like them.
I also really like to see a person’s reaction when they first meet their little copy. If I am not present, the person who ordered the doll usually tells me what impression the gift made. The reaction is sometimes completely unexpected: for example, one stern lady, who occupies a rather large position in the bank, shed tears when presenting a gift, and the employees who later entered her office saw her playing with a doll like a little girl. The not very sentimental young man reacted in the same way. But mostly, of course, people laugh, and the giver of the doll, in my opinion, feels no less pleasure from his gift than the recipient.
I make my dolls from photographs (full face, profile, three-quarters and full length) from polymer plastic and wire frames. I make clothes from fabric. For my hair I buy chignons, Chinese “hairy” hairpins, and sometimes I have to invent something special. For example, gray curly hair I made it from synthetic rope, sometimes woolen threads or fur are used. Together with the customer, we come up with clothes and surroundings, because it is not interesting if the doll just stands or sits. Therefore, you have to become a furniture maker, a hairdresser, a guitar maker, you can’t even list who else. The most difficult thing is to figure out how and what to make, for example, a bath basin or a car steering wheel. Or, for example, you have to surf the Internet to study in detail what hockey skates or a microphone look like.
On average, it takes two weeks to make a doll. It happens that the resemblance does not come out right away and I redo the head two or three times.
I am proud that my dolls live with Yuri Shevchuk, Ksenia Sobchak, as well as several dozen other people and, I hope, bring them joy.
The participants of the master class also received real joy when their “own angels” appeared in their hands.
Materials from the Internet newspaper BASHVEST were used.

Home crafts and handicrafts received significant development among the Bashkirs. Processing wood, leather, wool, making fabrics, clothing, shoes, felt were important addition on a farm that served for the consumption of the producers themselves. At the same time, elements of the division of labor associated with the development of crafts arose. This was especially noticeable in metalworking.

S.I. Rudenko, who thoroughly researched material culture Bashkir people, wrote that long before entering Russia, the Bashkirs themselves made iron arrowheads and spears, knives, etc., and subsequently guns.

Besides simple products Bashkirs, one could find many valuable weapons and horse harnesses. We find plaques covered with complex patterns on most antique leather quivers and rays. The belt parts of horse harnesses, and sometimes wooden saddle bows, were covered with hammered iron.

The Bashkirs had their own metal craftsmen - blacksmiths and jewelers. There were few of them, since metal processing required special knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, the needs of the Bashkirs metal products were mainly satisfied by the products of their masters.

The great importance of metal in the economy and military affairs gave rise to a respectful attitude towards it, which grew into a religious cult. According to the Bashkirs, iron, especially sharp iron, can ward off and repel diseases and pathogenic evil spirits, and protect against misfortunes. Other properties were attributed to silver products. For example, women were supposed to wear silver bracelets when milking mares and cows; this protected the milk, the animal, and the woman herself from spoilage. In general, white metal was especially revered by the Bashkirs and other related Turkic nomads. Women's bibs and headdresses were abundantly decorated with silver scales, pendants and plaques.

The cult of metal is reflected in the system of personal names among the Bashkirs. Timer “iron, iron”, altyn “gold, golden”, are found in both men’s and female names(Timer-bay, Timerbika, Baytimer, Biktimer, Altynbay, Altynbika). Names based on the word “bulat” were given only to men - Bulat, Timerbulat, Baybulat, Bikbulat.

The Bashkirs made tools from wood, wooden parts of weapons, vehicles, various kinds of vessels and household items.

Crafts for processing animal raw materials were associated with steppe pastoral traditions. The Bashkirs produced leather, furs, and felt. Furs and leather were used to make clothing, shoes, military and hunting equipment, and harnesses. Quivers, bows, various cases and bags were decorated with embossed patterns and metal plates. The felt was decorated with embroidery and appliqué with patterns using the indentation technique.

Weaving also became widespread. Yarn was obtained by processing hemp, nettle, flax and wool. They wove canvas, rough cloth, and rugs. Hemp canvas was the most common. Linen canvas was very rare.

Pile carpet weaving was not widespread. The economy of the Bashkirs was mainly subsistence. Nevertheless, they maintained trade relations with Volga Bulgaria, Central Asia, and the Middle East. In exchange for livestock, furs, and honey, they purchased cotton and silk fabrics, weapons, jewelry, oriental sweets, as well as colored stones, corals, pearls, and shells, which were used in the manufacture of women's jewelry. Of course, expensive eastern goods were available only to the wealthy elite of the tribal nobility.

According to R. Kuzeev, N. Bikbulatov, S. Shitova.

Mavlyutova Z.A.

The life and development of the peoples of Russia is based on centuries-old socio-historical experience and cultural potential. At the same time, the ethnocultural image of each nation, while maintaining its fundamental properties, is at the same time constantly enriched through creative cooperation and the exchange of achievements with other peoples. This is clearly confirmed by the history of the development of Bashkir decorative and applied arts. Finno-Ugric, East Slavic, Turkic peoples have long interacted in the Volga-Ural region ethnic groups, a unique social, religious and cultural situation has developed. Political changes in the socio-economic sphere since the 16th century, when the region became part of Russia, determined a number of features of material and spiritual culture, historical memory and ethnic self-awareness of peoples.

The decorative art of each ethnic group is closely connected with its spiritual culture, since it participates in the formation of the environment in which the life of the people takes place. Folk art enriches the worldview of people through the most large-scale representations, reflects the model of the world, which is embodied in certain compositions and motifs, plots and forms. Currently, there is an intensive revival of traditional crafts and types of decorative and applied arts - both in the professional sphere and directly in the everyday practice of people.

Thus, the paths of development of Bashkir folk art and the formation of its subject environment depended on natural and climatic conditions and the existing historical and cultural situation. The natural environment determined special forms and principles for arranging living space, clothing and items needed in everyday life. At the same time, historical development made adjustments to individual components of folk art. Under the influence of the development of production, changes in the social structure of the population, and living conditions, new types of products and techniques for their execution, new features in the design of clothing and housing appeared.

Active contacts between the Bashkir population and neighboring peoples affected the introduction of new forms and elements in all areas of traditional art. With the adoption of Islam, new elements of a religious nature appear in folk art, organically fitting into familiar structures (prayer rugs, skullcaps, turbans, sayings from the Koran in the interior). The comparative rarity of plot motifs in Bashkir decorative and applied art is also associated with the influence of Islam, which prohibited the depiction of humans and living beings.

The principles of formation of the composition of Bashkir clothing and the peculiarities of its functioning correlated it with housing and objects of decorative and applied art. The space of the home and objects served as a background for her, against which clothes stood out due to the concentration of all decorative means. The use of natural materials that were at hand helped to fit the costume into a specific setting and bring it together with other products. The spatial environment also shaped all kinds of household products. For example, the presence of forests and sustainable traditions of economic activity ensured the development of wood processing and the use of tree species growing on the territory for this purpose. Hence the variety of wooden dishes and utensils among the Bashkirs.

A traditional Bashkir house is a round lattice yurt, the design and interior decoration of which met the requirements of a semi-nomadic way of life. The yurt had a folding base consisting of bars and a dome, which were fastened together with leather straps and covered with felt on top white. The entrance opening was closed by a double-leaf wooden door. Under the hole in the dome there was a place for the hearth.

The interior space of the yurt was divided by a curtain - sharshau into two halves - the male one, where the guest place of honor was located, and the female one. Each of them in a certain way decorated.

Sharshaws were woven from linen or cotton yarn. The patterns on them were made with colored wool, garus, and cotton threads were also used. In the central part, in the area of ​​​​the guest place, the most valuable items in the life of nomads were placed - chests with property and bedding, felt mats and rugs, as well as the most colorful items of clothing. To the side, to the left of the entrance, on the women's side, there were utensils and dishes decorated with ornaments. In the men's quarters, horse harnesses and weapons – bows, quivers, hunting bags – decorated with patterns and silver plates were hung on the walls. By their arrangement, they organized the interior space of the home, at the same time being a means of artistic decoration. Yurts stopped being used at the beginning of the 20th century, so to see the peculiar decoration of the Bashkir nomadic dwelling Today it is possible only in local museums.

Decorative finishing of the house, its decoration carved platbands, valances and friezes, the design of façade pediments became widespread only in the 19th – early 20th centuries. in connection with the transition of the Bashkirs to permanent settlement. Decorative motifs and images, composition techniques and methods of their execution were derived from several sources. The most important of them were the established traditions of folk ornamentation, through which the long-established decorative and aesthetic views of the Bashkir people were transmitted. However, folk art mutually enriched. So, from Russian and Tatar peasants, the Bashkirs borrowed a lot of construction equipment, principles of village development and estate planning, and methods of decorating houses.

Many carved decorations on Bashkir houses repeat the patterns on the platbands, friezes, and pediments of Russian peasant houses. To a large extent this is the result of borrowing or influence. However, it must be emphasized that the Bashkir master carvers did not adopt all patterns, but mainly those decorative elements for which they were prepared by the internal development of their culture. Bashkir ornamentation organically included, first of all, those patterns that coincided with development trends fine arts Bashkir people.

In particular, the artistic design of platbands among the Bashkirs relied heavily, especially in the more distant past, on traditional folk ornaments and on the established technique of applying patterns to wooden objects. The pattern applied with paint often repeated the patterns common on items of embroidery, weaving, and appliqué.

Throughout eastern Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals there are platbands made using the ancient mortise technique. There is usually one pattern associated with this technique - a semicircle with rays extending out like a fan, depicting the rising sun. Sometimes a full solar circle is placed in the center of the window board, surrounded by smaller rosettes, freely scattered over the entire area of ​​the board. The main decorative load was borne by the wide top of the casing, on which the entire “cosmogonic” ornament was concentrated. Solar patterns made using the trihedral or lance-notched technique were also used in the design of Bashkir gates.

Solar ornament is one of the widespread themes in the art of many nations. They were used to decorate frames or wooden household items among the Udmurts, Komi, Ob Ugrians, and Altai peoples. Platbands are well known in central Russia and often decorate the houses of the Russian population of the Southern Urals. This pattern has been present in Bashkir art since ancient times, decorating mainly traditional household items. The Bashkirs often painted platbands with a solar pattern, and the coloring, like wooden utensils, was dominated by green color.

size-medium wp-image-1959" src="http://futureruss.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/htmlimage-300x224.jpg" alt=""Bashkir women", cutting board ( wood, painting, varnish), 2002, Ufa

The main area for the production of artistic tableware was the mountain and forest regions of the Urals. Here, at the junction of tracts of birch and linden forests - the main raw material for making tableware - most of the thin-walled ladles and elegant tepans preserved in the collections of museums in Bashkortostan were created, surprising our contemporaries with the complexity of the design and the thoroughness of the workmanship.

A favorite theme of Bashkir carvers was the image of a bird’s head, in some cases reminiscent of a black grouse or wood grouse, or a duck. Perhaps there once was a ritual of worshiping the bird. In the summer, women gathered near the river, drank tea, sang songs, and danced. Zoomorphic images are most clearly visible in the products of Bashkir craftsmen in the area of ​​the upper reaches of the river. White. Buckets in these places are characterized by a hemispherical shape, the end of the handle looks like a crest on the head of a fairy-tale bird.

South Bashkir craftsmen decorate their ladles with a straight or zigzag border. In the Orenburg Regional Museum, ladles and a koumiss bowl, decorated on both sides with twisted handles connected by a wooden chain, have been preserved. The style of the carving suggests that it came from the same workshops that made the ladles. Honey bowls were rarely decorated with carvings; if an ornament was used, it was discreet and consisted of a narrow strip of shallowly embedded triangles or corners located one above the other.

A special place among wooden products produced in the Western Urals is occupied by chains of up to 100 links, decorated with a ring with an inscribed figure of a running animal. In some cases the animal resembles a marten or a fox, in others it resembles a wolf or a bear. The animal figures are clearly depicted, and the dynamics of their movement are emphasized with great skill.

Wooden products made in traditional technique undoubtedly constituted a special layer of spiritual culture and applied art of the Bashkir people.

In this regard important event in the development of folk traditions and their use in the manufacture of artistic products and souvenirs was the founding of the Agidel production association in 1963.

It included scattered enterprises of the art industry: a carpet weaving factory, an embroidery and knitting workshop in Ufa, and the Birsk factory of wooden souvenirs and toys. The artists of the experimental workshop "Agidel" in their work continue to rely on the traditions of Bashkir decorative and applied art and the art of other peoples of Russia. They use folk ornament, traditional form products, characteristic color combinations.

“Agidel” came to its creative takeoff through years of searching for large and small finds. These years can be called a kind of prologue in the history of “Agidel”.

In 1974 – 1975 A huge restructuring of production unfolded; the creative enthusiasm of adherents of the revival of the ethnocultural direction in the decorative and applied arts developed against the backdrop of far from flattering conversations of its opponents at different levels. But at the exhibition in Moscow “Agidel-76” the Bashkir Art Association gained its own style and official recognition.

In 1974-1977 New branches of wood painting were created in the Agidel association. From known back in the 17th century. Khokhloma painting borrowed only the technology of painting itself. Khokhloma painting, as is known, is distinguished by a characteristic combination of gold with black, red, green, sometimes brown and orange. Images of plants and berries, fruits, birds and fish form a whimsical patterned ornament. All this is inherent in a truly popular understanding of beauty and has its roots in the rich artistic culture of Ancient Rus'.

Bashkir craftsmen, relying on already developed technological techniques, themselves developed the shapes of products and their decorative structure, color, composition, and ornament. The range of products is quite diverse - these include various sets of dishes for kumys, honey, bishbarmak, katyk, as well as many individual items: spoons, glasses, dishes for utilitarian and decorative purposes.

Applied art, while remaining a sphere of manifestation of the artist’s bright individuality, turns into collective creativity. This has been reflected in the revival of numerous artistic crafts that convey the beauty and harmony of folk art through utilitarian objects and souvenirs.

The development of Bashkir decorative and applied art is currently being carried out in different, but unfortunately complex, ways. In rural conditions, the individual creativity of local craftswomen continues to improve. Art crafts are developing on the basis of folk traditions. National art is reflected in the work of Bashkir architects and artists. Each of these areas has its own history and difficult development.

So, in modern conditions labor-intensive production does not find a place. The skills of leather stamping and artistic metal processing, previously necessary in the manufacture of horse harnesses and weapons, have been lost; the making of patterned seat holders and felts, and the weaving of multi-colored braid for yurts have been forgotten. Carved and painted stands for chests and bedding are rare. For a long time they have not woven large curtains - sharshau, nor have they made swearing linen for clothing. At the same time, embroidery (chain and satin stitch), carpet weaving, patterned knitting, and braided weaving continue to develop.

IN Lately In Bashkir creativity, based on the technology of Fedoskino miniature painting, original lacquer miniature painting was developed. The introduction of this industry in Bashkiria is justified by the fact that the culture of fine arts and its own school of easel painting have already developed. Combining its best features with tradition decorative arts gave an interesting artistic result.

So, the most important task contemporary applied artists - not only to study and carefully preserve folklore elements in art, but also to develop it further. You can just repeat folk traditions in patterns and shapes, or you can create completely new ones. The traditions of applied art of the Bashkirs, which originated many centuries ago, are carefully preserved by artists and craftsmen working today in the State Unitary Enterprise “Agidel”. Their products combine beauty and functionality, a unique flavor of folklore and applicability in everyday life.

Working in conditions market economy, the team needed to make large-scale changes and mobilize forces for the further development of all types of diversified activities of the enterprise, for which reform was carried out while maintaining all directions production activities, the main types of which are the production of products with embroidery for table and bed linen, home furnishings, as well as a group of clothing; production of turning products with painting in the national ornamental tradition; papier-mâché and turning products with lacquer miniature paintings; hand painting on fabric, hot and cold batik; wood carving (volumetric and planar); national musical instruments: saz, dumbra, kyl-kubyz, kurai. Manufacturing remains a special trade Bashkir yurts– wooden structures – frames, the interior of which, at the request of the customer, is decorated with traditional home furnishings produced at the enterprise.

The company takes part in exhibitions held in the republic and abroad (Alma-Ata, Moscow, London, Izmir (Republic of Turkey), etc.). At the Russian folk arts and crafts fair “Ladya-2006”, “Agidel” was awarded a Diploma for preserving national traditions. Samples of products are stored in the enterprise museum, adjacent to works of old Bashkir masters brought by artists from ethnographic expeditions. The museum exhibits tell about the history and development paths of the State Unitary Enterprise BHP "Agidel".

Artists and craftsmen, with tireless hard work and professional skill, managed to preserve the spirit of their ancestors and national traditions Bashkir decorative and applied arts.

Literature

1. Vlasov I.V. Russians: folk culture (history and modernity). T.5. Spiritual culture. Folk knowledge. M., 2002. P.376.

2. Solovyova N.M. Russian souvenir. Easter eggs. M., 1997. P.7.

3. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkir village. Ufa. 1969. P.69.

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Hey, honest, unlucky people! Hey, you merchants, and service people! Turn quickly to the city - It’s not for nothing that they sound the alarm from the bell towers! “Fair” by V.S. Vysotsky

Since ancient times, many peoples had a wonderful custom: how to end autumn work in gardens and fields, so they put bread in bins and organized fun fairs. They sold the harvested crops and various handmade products, showed funny performances, and entertained with jokes - jokes.

And so, the Great Russian Fair began. It was attended by beauties from the most different corners Russia to show off the riches of their native land. A beauty from Bashkiria also came to see it.

It was a moon-faced girl unprecedented beauty with long black hair and thick eyelashes, slender, stately. She was dressed in the national costume of her homeland, wearing amazing jewelry made by Bashkir craftsmen. Undoubtedly, the young Bashkir girl was one of the most amazing girls at the fair. After all, we all know that Bashkiria is famous for its beloved beauties. But is it only them? Of course not.

The Bashkir girl came to show people from other parts of Russia not only her beauty, but also the folk crafts that have existed on the land of our wonderful Motherland for a long time.

In one hand, the beauty held a tray with different types of honey: linden, buckwheat, flower and sweet clover. But besides known species, which have already won the hearts of honey lovers, there are quite rare varieties in Bashkiria. For example, White Rose honey, made from wild rose hip nectar. Our beauty also brought it to the fair. From time immemorial, having preserved the traditions of beekeeping, Bashkortostan is famous throughout the world for its honey. People passing by a tray of honey felt the sweet aroma of linden trees that bloom profusely in Bashkiria, and flowers of unprecedented beauty that cover our land with a magnificent carpet.

The honey was poured into a wooden container, the making of which was also a Bashkir craft. Such dishes are reliable and durable.

On the girl’s other hand hung a hand-woven carpet with an amazing Bashkir ornament and a shawl made of goat down. Their labor-intensive production is another craft of the Bashkir people. Visitors to the fair could not stop admiring the beauty of these products.

Next to the beauty there was a table covered with a white tablecloth with floral patterns. In this ornament, people saw the greenery of endless forests, berries and flowers growing in abundance, Sun rays, warming our native land and the incredible blueness of the sky, symbolizing the purity of the thoughts of the Bashkir people.

On one side of the table there were Bashkir folk dishes. Guests of the fair were presented with beshbarmak, kaklagan (dried poultry and meat), kazy (horse sausage) and, of course, chak-chak, which the tasters especially liked. People enjoyed the extraordinary taste of these dishes, prepared by hospitable and cordial Bashkir hostesses.

On the other side of the table lay Bashkir folk musical instruments: kurai, kubyz and dombra. Their production is very painstaking and is also a Bashkir craft. And what wonderful sounds these instruments make: the murmuring of a mountain stream, the singing of sweet-voiced birds, the voice of the forests in which our Motherland is rich.

Our beauty made an indelible impression on the people who came to the fair, and showed that we, residents of Bashkiria, should be proud not only of the beauty of our Motherland, but also of its crafts. After all, people, their work, their skills, their golden hands are the main wealth of our region.

Fossil wealth of Bashkiria, especially non-ferrous metals, iron and Construction Materials, have long been widely used in the economy of the local population. The Bashkirs knew many ore deposits; they were familiar with primitive methods of metal processing. Information has been preserved that in the first quarter of the 18th century. the Bashkirs of the Nogai road smelted cast iron and iron; Bashkirs living along the river. Ai, they were developing silver ore, from which they made jewelry for horse harnesses. The Iletsk salt deposit was discovered by the Bashkirs even before joining the Russian state. In a number of areas of the Southern Urals, the population was searching for gold placers. However, the exploitation of natural resources was on a very small scale and barely went beyond domestic crafts.

More intensive development of mineral resources in Southern Urals started in mid-18th century V. In the 40s of the 18th century. Russian entrepreneurs built the Voskresensky (Tabynsky) plant - the first industrial enterprise on the territory of Bashkiria. Following Voskresensky, Preobrazhensky, Verkhotorsky, Arkhangelsky, Verkhniy and Nizhny Avzyano-Petrovsky, Beloretsky, Tirlyansky, Zigazinsky and other plants appeared. They were worked mainly by Russian peasants, brought by the factory owners from the central provinces of Russia. At the same time, the Bashkir population also played a significant role in the development of the mining industry. Entire Bashkir villages in the northern pre-Ural regions were involved in prospecting and mining work. From among the Bashkirs, a kind of industrial group of ore miners emerged, whose services were used by entrepreneurs and factory owners. The development of some ore deposits was entirely in the hands of the Bashkirs. They sold the mined ore to nearby factories. For example, the Bashkirs of the Taininsky volost concentrated in their hands the supply of copper ore to the neighboring Polevskoy plant. History has preserved the name of the Bashkir mine owner Izmail Tasimov, who gained fame with his petition in 1771 to the Senate to open a school in the Southern Urals to train mining specialists. The semi-nomadic pastoral population of the south and east was drawn into the commercial life of the region to a lesser extent, but in these areas, as nomadic cattle breeding declined and the bulk of the population was ruined, latrine trades associated with various auxiliary factory work began to develop.

The reforms of the 1860s, which cleared the way for capitalism, contributed to more intensive industrial development of Bashkiria. The expansion of mining and metallurgical production, which required wood fuel, led to the emergence of the timber industry. Since the end of the 19th century. The amount of timber harvested made it possible not only to meet the needs of local factories, but also to export it far beyond the Urals.

The factory industry associated with the processing of agricultural raw materials began to develop at a rapid pace. Small flour mills, distilleries, vodka, tanneries, lard refineries and other factories arose everywhere.

The development of industry was accompanied by the formation of the working class. Its basis was made up of Russian peasants, freed from serfdom and previously assigned to factories. Gradually, tens of thousands of bankrupt peasants from neighboring villages were involved in industrial production, and among them there were many Bashkirs. Bashkirs most often worked in the timber industry, in mines and gold mines, in much to a lesser extent in the metallurgical industry and in small enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. At factories, Bashkirs were used mainly for various auxiliary jobs that did not require qualifications: charcoal burning, transportation of ore, firewood, etc.

However, the involvement of the Bashkir population in industrial production was hampered by the long-term preservation of a semi-nomadic way of life over a large territory, and most importantly, the remnants of feudal-patriarchal relations. Even at the beginning of the 20th century. on permanent jobs Only 13.5 thousand Bashkirs were employed in industry. True, every year, under the pressure of need and hunger, the Bashkirs were hired for seasonal work: logging and rafting of timber, transportation of ore, and gold mining. The timber harvesters Pimenovs and Shchetinins alone recruited up to 5-6 thousand workers from Bashkir villages along the banks of the Ika and Sura.

The situation of workers in factories in Bashkiria was extremely difficult. Workers at South Ural enterprises earned two to three times less than workers at metallurgical plants in southern Russia. The money earned was barely enough to pay fines and cover debts to shopkeepers. Factory and especially mine workers lived with their families in old dugouts or planked barracks; Only some factories had small village-type settlements. In an even worse situation were the Bashkir workers, who were subjected not only to capitalist exploitation, but also to national oppression. Illiteracy, ignorance of the Russian language, and in many cases the temporary nature of the work allowed entrepreneurs to cruelly exploit Bashkir workers. While rafting timber, the Bashkirs had to stand in water, work 14 hours a day. There were no housing at summer logging sites. People died from exhaustion and hunger, but could not leave work, since they were obliged to work off the deposit they received from the entrepreneur in the spring. At the factories, the Bashkirs’ working day lasted 16-17 hours. “A Bashkir,” we read in one of the reports to the Orenburg governor-general, “becomes a serf in the hands of the factory administration, from whom it tries to extract as much benefit as possible, without caring whether his physical strength will bear the labor imposed on him or not.” "Difficult working conditions and cruel exploitation determined the strong solidarity of the Bashkirs with Russian workers, which was repeatedly manifested in many joint actions against the tyranny of factory owners.

Industrial development of Bashkiria at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. d its scale and direction were determined, on the one hand, low level the development of capitalism in Russia, on the other hand, the peculiar position of the Urals as an internal colony of tsarism. The existence of mining factories and mines in the Southern Urals, the emergence of the timber, light and food industries did not turn Bashkiria into a developed industrial region of Russia: the share of industry in the total economic output of Bashkiria before the revolution was only 13%.

With the victory of Oktyabrskaya socialist revolution broad prospects have opened up for the most rational use of the natural resources of Bashkiria. All plants, factories, and mines passed into the hands of the working people. From now on, the free worker became not only a creator, but also an owner. material assets. However, the young Bashkir Republic inherited from the past an economy destroyed by the war. In the Southern Urals, which became the arena of the struggle against the counter-revolutionary gangs of Dutov, Kolchak and local nationalists, almost all factories and factories were stopped, mines and shafts were flooded, and the surviving equipment was taken away by the White Guards during the retreat. The republic's industry actually had to be created anew. The pre-war level of industrial development in Bashkiria was achieved in 1928.

The Communist Party and the Soviet government, the Russian people provided the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with enormous assistance in the matter of industrialization. In just a decade, starting from 1929, the republic’s economy received about 2 billion rubles from the all-Union budget, most of which was used in industry and transport. The construction of many large industrial enterprises, in particular the Ufa cracking plant, was declared public construction projects of all-Union significance. The country's large factories supplied them with the necessary equipment and machinery and sent their engineers and technicians; skilled workers arrived in Bashkiria from Moscow, Leningrad and other cities. At the same time, many Bashkirs were trained at enterprises in central cities. .Thanks to everyone's help Soviet people Bashkiria is already in pre-war years turned into a developed industrial republic.

Modern Bashkiria is one of the country's large industrial regions. The industrial appearance of the republic is determined by the petrochemical industry. IN post-war period Dozens of new oil fields were discovered here, including such large ones as Shkapovskoye, Belebeevskoye, Arlanskoye, Sergeevskoye. In terms of oil production, Bashkiria was far ahead of oil-producing Azerbaijan and became the center of the “Second Baku.” The republic ranks first in the Soviet Union in oil refining. A large number of Chemical products are produced by the large Novo-Ufa and Novo-Ishimbay oil refineries and the Sterlitamak soda-cement plant. In the general plan of the struggle for “big chemistry”, adopted by the May Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1958, Bashkiria was given one of the first places. Already in 1962, the republic completed the construction of the first stage of the petrochemical giant - the Sterlitamak synthetic rubber plant, the construction of the Ufa synthetic alcohol plant was completed, and a number of production facilities were launched at the Salavat petrochemical plant.

Industrial sectoral centers of the republic have been identified. In the east (Beloretsk, Tilyan) ferrous metallurgy is developing. The center of the coal industry is the south. The oil refining industry covers the central, western and northwestern regions. The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the northern and eastern regions - along the banks of Ufa and Belaya. The main mechanical engineering and chemical enterprises are located in the cities of the central zone: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Ishimbay, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk. The products of Bashkortostan enterprises go to almost all economic regions of the Soviet Union and to many foreign countries. By 1962, the gross output of large industry increased 214 times compared to 1913.

The extensive use of local energy resources contributes to the great achievements in industry. A large amount of energy is provided by thermal power plants operating on gas fuel; in 1960, the construction of the Pavlovskaya hydroelectric power station on the river was completed. Ufa is one of the largest power plants in the Urals. Currently, Bashkiria produces twice as much electricity as in 1913 throughout Tsarist Russia.

The development of a powerful industry is accompanied by an increase in local workforce. By 1958, more than 800 thousand workers and employees were employed at the enterprises, of which almost 30% were representatives of indigenous nationalities. The influx of the Bashkir population into industry especially intensified in last decade. Accordingly, the proportion of the Bashkir population in the cities and workers' settlements of the republic is growing rapidly. Bashkirs work in the most important areas of the national economy: in factory shops, oil fields, mines, construction teams, etc. Many of them head individual production areas, workshops and laboratories. A great achievement is the formation of a national! technical intelligentsia. Many Bashkir engineers and technicians, trained by higher and secondary educational institutions of the country, work at factories, factories and construction sites.

During the years of Soviet power, working conditions at industrial enterprises changed dramatically. A regulated seven-, and in hazardous industries, a six- and five-hour working day, widespread use of technology, the introduction of comprehensive automation and dispatch, strictly< соблюдение санитарно-гигиенических условий намного повысили культу ру производства, значительно облегчили труд. Автоматизация основные процессов на многих нефтяных промыслах позволила при сохранении кру глосуточного производства организовать основные работы в дневное время

At the enterprises of Bashkiria there is a growing movement of innovators, fighters for technical progress. I regularly study many workers! technical literature, study in schools of advanced labor methods in correspondence and evening departments of technical schools and institutes. In recent years, a struggle has developed among workers for the title of shock workers of communist labor collectives. More than 3 thousand work brigades of the republic were involved in this struggle, hundreds of them have already been awarded this honorary title; The movement is growing rapidly, taking over entire enterprises and even cities.

The life of workers has changed radically. Workers and their families live in bright, comfortable apartments. Non-family residents live in factory dormitories, in spacious rooms for two to four people. Great assistance to working families is provided by consumer service enterprises, canteens, factory nurseries, and kindergartens. Factories and factories have clubs and libraries. In their free time from work, workers study in various educational institutions, visit people's cultural universities, current affairs clubs, creative clubs, and sports clubs.

Home production and crafts

Before the revolution, most Bashkir crafts did not go beyond home production. Weaving, knitting, sewing shoes and clothes, processing hides, dressing leather, wool. making leather (in the steppe southern regions) or wooden (in forest areas) utensils were made in almost every Bashkir household. Only women sewed clothes and shoes. The production of leather and wooden utensils was the work of men.

In the Bashkir cattle breeding farm great place was engaged in the processing of livestock products. With the transition to agriculture, these crafts gradually lost their former importance. The Bashkirs processed the skins in the same way as many other pastoral peoples: they were cleared of the remains of meat and dried in the sun in a stretched form, then rubbed with fresh cheese (yesh king) and fermented for several days. Sheepskins for sewing outerwear were smoked for two weeks in special dugouts from two rooms connected by chimneys; in one room (sokor) pieces of rotten wood were smoldering, in another (ydtyk) skins were hung. Leather was treated in a similar way. The Bashkirs did not use tanning. Leathers for making dishes were sewn together, filled with ash and dried. After the vessels acquired a certain shape, they were smoked. The leather from which shoes and belts were made was also treated with smoke.

Sheep wool was used to make woven ornamented carpets (balads), cloth, knitted products, felt for shoes, stockings and hats, felt bags (keye$). Felt was felted by hand, placing wool between two mats. In the southern regions, mats were tied around a shaft into which a horse was harnessed, and rolled along the ground until the felt fell off.

Wool was used for weaving, as well as threads obtained from plant fibers: nettle, wild hemp, and later from cultivated hemp and fiber flax. On looms with two or more healds, which moved with the help of footrests, cloth and carpets, simple and patterned canvas were woven. They sewed clothes from homespun canvas and motley fabrics, made towels, curtains, tablecloths and napkins.

Wooden products, especially dishes, occupied a large place in Bashkir culture. Pottery was not known to the Bashkirs. Ladles, bowls, spoons, scoops, etc. were hollowed out of birch growth and burl roots. They also made dishes with an inserted bottom: vessels of various sizes for storing food, tubs and buckets.

The Bashkirs have long been familiar with metal processing. The products of Bashkir blacksmiths and gunsmiths found distribution among the population of surrounding villages. Bashkir blacksmiths were engaged not only in forging metal, but also in fine jewelry work. Individual household items, metal parts of horse harness, and weapons, skillfully decorated with chasing, engraving and blackening, have been preserved. But from the 16th century, when the tsarist government, frightened by the popular movement in the Southern Khral, ​​forbade the Bashkirs to have forges, the jewelry craft began to disappear, and in the 19th century. rare Bashkir jewelers were engaged only in the manufacture of simple women's jewelry from silver and coins.

In the 19th century under the influence of the industrial development that began in the region, crafts related to wood processing became widespread: charcoaling, tar racing, tar smoking, making rims, arches, sleighs, carts, wheels, weaving mats. From the second half of the 19th century c., when cattle breeding in the Bashkir economy lost its former role, forestry became the main occupation of the Bashkir population in many villages in the mountainous regions.

Penetration into a Bashkir village commodity-money relations led to the development in certain areas of a rather narrow specialization of handicraftsmen. Yes, in the village. Tokyo Ufa district 103 yards were engaged exclusively in cooperage, selling products to visiting buyers. The eastern part of the Sterlitamak district and the Birsky district of the Ufa province became centers for the production of wooden utensils. These products were sold at local fairs and entered central Russian markets through buyers. At the beginning of the 20th century. Bashkir handicraftsmen appeared, engaged in carpentry. Harvesting timber and logs for building houses and selling them to treeless areas of Bashkiria have become almost the only means of subsistence for many Bashkir families along the banks of the river. Inzer and in the upper reaches of the Belaya.

IN Soviet time factory products - clothing, shoes, fabrics, household utensils, furniture - gradually replaced household and handicraft products. Now it is difficult to find leather workers, woodcarvers, and jewelers in Bashkir villages. Despite the fact that many Bashkir women know how to sew clothes, preference is given to factory-made products. At the same time, a strong place in the Bashkir folk life continue to be occupied by artistic weaving items. In the north of the republic they weave decorative towels, tablecloths, and curtains; in the west and south - mainly carpets, in the southeast - shawls. There is an Art Factory in Ufa that produces pile and lint-free carpets, panels, and runners. Artists and craftswomen of the plant widely use Bashkir folk ornaments in their work. Folk motifs are also reflected in the products of the Ufa factory of stitched embroidered products. In the south of Bashkiria, in the Zianchurinsky district, a workshop has been created where folk knitters and weavers are busy making down and woolen shawls.

Knitting is still widely developed. Socks, mittens, scarves, and scarves are knitted from goat down and sheep's wool. Further development received trades related to wood processing. In the mountainous forest areas there are many workshops producing rims, wheels, sleighs, and carts. Joiners and carpenters are united into collective farm construction teams. A factory of Bashkir souvenirs has been created in Birsk, producing wooden (birch burl) carved and painted honey jars, boxes, snuff boxes, women's jewelry, etc.