Dwellings of the peoples of Transcaucasia. Dwelling of the peoples of Central Asia

Moldova is a sovereign and independent, indivisible, democratic, rule of law state with a republican parliamentary form of government. M. actually became parliamentary republic Since 2000, early parliamentary elections in accordance with this amendment to the Constitution were held on February 25, 2001. The 1994 Constitution is in force.

Until 1998, the territory of Moldova was divided into 40 districts, according to the 1998 reform - into 10 districts and the autonomous territorial entity (ATU) Gagauzia. In 2002, a new law on the administrative-territorial structure was adopted, which passed the examination of the Council of Europe. M. returned to the regional division of the territory that existed before 1998: into 32 districts, 60 cities, 912 villages, ATU Gagauzia with 32 settlements (in the unrecognized PMR 147 settlements). Most big cities- Chisinau, Beltsy, Bendery, Comrat, Tiraspol.

The head of state is the president; on April 4, 2001, V. Voronin was elected to this post. The highest legislative body is the unicameral parliament. Chairman of the Parliament - Evgenia Ostapchuk. The highest executive body is the government, the Prime Minister is V. Tarlev.

The President is elected by Parliament for 4 years by secret ballot with a 3/5 vote of elected deputies and for no more than 2 consecutive terms. Parliament is elected on the basis of popular elections using a mixed majoritarian-proportional system - 51 deputies from party lists and 50 deputies from single-mandate constituencies. The term of office of parliament members is 4 years. The president nominates a candidate for prime minister and, in accordance with a vote of confidence from parliament, appoints the head of government.

In 1991-2003, three presidents were elected: M. Snegur (term of government 1991-96), P. Luchinsky (December 1996 - February 2001), V. Voronin (from February 2001). The heads of government under Snegur are A. Sangeli, I. Chubuk, under Lucinschi - I. Chubuk, I. Sturza, D. Bragish.

According to the Law on Local Self-Government (2003), local governments - local councils and prima-ry. District local councils (first level), rural, communal, city councils (second level) are popularly elected, the chairman of the district is elected by district councilors. Local control is carried out by territorial bureaus of the State Chancellery. The head of the ATU of Gagauzia is the bashkan. On May 25, 2003, elections took place (3rd campaign after 1995, 1998) to the new local authorities authorities in 32 districts of M. 11,935 councilors and 898 mayors were elected. The Communist Party received 48.03%, i.e. 367 seats, in councils and more than 50% of mayoral positions. Bloc “Social-Liberal Alliance” - Moldova Noastra - 21.03% (189 mandates), PPCD - 9.53, Democratic Party- 6.98, SDP-SLP bloc - 3.69, Democratic Agrarian Party - 2.035, independent candidates - 5.32%. 51 seats in the Chisinau Municipal Council were received by 6 parties with more than 2% of the votes (Party of Communists - 43.59%).

A multi-party system has developed in Moscow. Officially registered 26 political parties and socio-political movements. The largest and most influential are the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM - the ruling party since 2001), party leader - V. Voronin, Christian Democratic People's Party, leader Iu. Rosca, Democratic Party, leader D. Diacov, Revival and Harmony Party, leader M. Snegur, Liberal Party, Party of Socio-Economic Justice, Social Liberal Party, Social Democratic Party, Social and Political Movement “Equal Rights”, Party of Socialists and

etc. As a result of the early parliamentary elections (February 2001), there were three factions in parliament - the PCRM faction (71 seats out of 101), its leader V. Stepaniuc, and two factions from right-wing opposition parties - the Social Democratic Alliance (19 seats), its leader - former prime minister Braghis, and the faction of the Christian Democratic People's Party (11 seats), its leader is Rosca.

Leading business organizations: Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Union of Industrialists, Business Center, Club business people Timpul.

A series has been created public organizations: Confederation of Trade Unions, Confederation of Free Trade Unions "Solidarity", National Confederation of Patronage, which includes independent, professional organizations in various fields of activity. Elements of civil society: the practice of annual signing of a collective agreement between trade unions and the authorities, as well as constant dialogue between the president and representatives of civil society of all social strata to achieve consensus in society.

Since 2001 domestic politics determined by the programmatic guidelines of the new government. The main task is to consistently implement policies taking into account the election promises of the communists to “revive the country, boost the economy”, follow the strategy of eliminating erroneous decisions in the past, achieving sustainable economic growth and overcoming poverty in the economic sphere, in political life- achieving political stability and civil harmony, resolving the Transnistrian conflict, withdrawal Russian troops located on the territory of Transnistria since the military conflict and the unification of the country.

M.'s foreign policy is determined national interests countries. According to the Constitution, M. maintains “permanent neutrality.” Goals foreign policy: strengthening state sovereignty and territorial integrity, increasing M.’s authority in the international arena, developing diplomatic relations and mutually beneficial ties with all countries of the world. Special attention is focused on cooperation with the strategic partner of the Russian Federation and with neighboring countries - Ukraine and Romania. The long-term strategic goal is integration into European structures, membership in the EU.

According to the Constitution, Moldova is a neutral state and does not participate in any military blocs or military-political formations. Total number national army 8.5 thousand people Armed forces include motorized rifle, artillery units, air defense, aviation, combat and logistics support units. In service there are 209 transport aircraft, 150 mortars, 6 helicopters, 5 transport aircraft, 6 MiGs. Age military equipment on average 10-15 years.

The Republic of Moldova has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established on April 6, 1992). On May 13, 2002, the basic political Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova came into force.

The Republic of Moldova is an independent state in southeastern Europe. Its territory is 33.7 thousand square meters. km., and the capital is Chisinau.

The population of the Republic of Moldova is 4.4 million people. (1995), including: 65% - Moldovans, 13% Ukrainians, 12% Russians, 3.5% - Gagauz.

The official language of the Republic of Moldova, according to its Constitution, is Moldovan. Religion is mainly Orthodoxy.

After the declaration of independence of the Republic of Moldova (August 27, 1991), a few months later the collapse of the USSR occurred. Thus, in December 1991, the almost 70-year history of the Soviet empire, called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, tragically ended.

A great political achievement is that...
the leaders of Gagauzia managed to reach an agreement with the government on the conditions of autonomy: the regions were guaranteed local government, Gagauz became one of the three official languages- along with Moldavian and Russian. On December 23, 1994, Parliament adopted the Law on Special Legal Status Gagauz Yeri. In accordance with Moldovan legislation, the People's Assembly of Gagauzia received limited legislative powers. Supreme official became the Bashkan, elected for four years. Türkiye has provided and continues to provide significant assistance to Gagauzia.

Using funds received from Turkey, for example, a water supply system was built, which made it possible to largely eliminate the problem of providing high-quality water to residents of settlements throughout the south of the country. A Moldovan-Turkish lyceum was also opened in Ceadir Lunga, whose graduates can study at Turkish universities.

By the end of the nineties, Moldova faced a severe crisis. It was caused by a sharp drop in trade turnover with Russia after the default on August 17, 1998, a decrease in industrial production and a reduction in GDP, a devaluation of the leu by 50%, and an increase in food prices by 20-40%. Half of the citizens average salary did not exceed 20 dollars. The adopted budget was adopted with the expectation of IMF loans, which arrived with delays. Then prices for utilities and some goods rose by 70%.

In July 2000, the most important amendment to the Constitution was made, providing for the country's president to be elected by parliament. A decade later, we saw what this could lead to - a confusing situation when politicians do not want to come to an agreement and the country has been living with an acting government for several years. president. On September 5, 2009, the amendment to Article 78 was put to a referendum, but due to low turnout it was declared invalid.

The tragic events on the Dniester in 1992 have been making themselves felt for about 2 decades. In 2003, the country had real chance finally resolve the Transnistrian issue. With the development of the so-called According to Kozak’s memorandum, we have never been so close to resolving the Transnistrian issue, because everyone has already become accustomed to the idea that there should never be a repeat of ’92.

The 2003 memorandum was designed for drastic changes in all spheres of life in Transnistria - relative freedom of action, independent development. But at the very last moment did not work out. Already when the city was blocked from public transport, and everything was ready for the signing of the Kozak memorandum, they were only waiting for the arrival of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Since then, the parties have not been so close to any concrete steps in resolving the Transnistrian issue.

As a result of this failure, relationships became even more complicated. Thus, operators in Chisinau and Tiraspol resort to mutual shutdown of communication channels.

Commenting then on the reasons for communication interruptions, the so-called. The Minister of Information of Transnistria Belyaev reported that on July 19 at 2 a.m. Moldtelecom turned off the channels originating from Transnistria, but since it was impossible to find out the reason for the shutdown, Interdnestrcom, in turn, turned off the communication channels originating from Moldova. Later the connection was restored, then stopped again. And she never appeared again. Moldtelecom explained its actions by the financial losses incurred by the national operator, providing communications with Moldova to subscribers in Transnistria.

A year later, in July 2004, Chisinau demanded that Transnistrian economic agents undergo customs clearance in Moldova. In response to the refusal, the Moldovan side stopped supplying wagons to the left bank of the Dniester for loading products and did not allow cargo to go to Pridnestrovian enterprises. Then trains began to bypass Transnistria altogether. Then Tiraspol declared sections of the road and railway transport facilities located in the region to be its property. And from September 1, 2004, all trains going from Chisinau through Transnistria to Ukraine and further to Russia are completely canceled.

The Moldovan economy was often predicted to default. About the same thing was predicted for her in 2009, when the financial crisis broke out all over the world and the Alliance for European Integration came to power. The position of prime minister was called the firing squad, the kamikaze position, and so on. Everyone was waiting with rapture that everything was about to collapse. But it didn't happen. Quite unexpectedly for everyone, Europe began to help us; in just a couple of years, Prime Minister Vladimir Filat held so many negotiations at the highest levels that there were not so many in five years. In general, there was no talk of any delays in pensions or salaries.

In the second half of the 1980s, in Moldova, as in other union republics, a massively supported nationalist Popular Front emerged, which in August 1989 convinced the Supreme Council to give the Moldovan language the status of a state language and restore the Latin alphabet. Against this background, on December 3, 1989 and January 28, 1990, local referendums were held in the city of Rybnitsa and the city of Tiraspol on the autonomy of Transnistria and the creation of the Transnistrian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (more than 90% of those voting were in favor of this decision). The Declaration of Sovereignty adopted on June 23, 1990 by the Supreme Council (SC) of the MSSR was accompanied by a campaign condemning the transfer of Bessarabia to the jurisdiction of the USSR in 1940 and calls for reintegration with Romania. As a response, on August 19, 1990, the Gagauz minority in the south of the republic proclaimed the creation of the “Republic of Gagauzia”. Also in the summer of 1990, referendums were held on the territory of Transnistria (the Left Bank industrial region with a center in the city of Tiraspol and a population of 650 thousand people, mainly Russians and Ukrainians) on the creation of the Transnistrian Moldavian SSR. On September 2, 1990, in Tiraspol, the Second Extraordinary Congress of Deputies of all levels of Transnistria proclaimed the formation of the Transnistrian Moldavian SSR. Official Chisinau considered these actions illegal. At an emergency session of the MSSR Supreme Council in early September, the chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Council, Mircea Snegur, was given broad powers to establish direct presidential rule in regions that violate the constitution. Interethnic tension only intensified after the Moldovan nationalist leadership ignored the results of a public referendum (March 1991) on the preservation of the USSR. The overwhelming majority of the Russian and Ukrainian population of the republic openly opposed the official course of the Moldovan leadership to strengthen sovereignty and, in contrast to the actions of official Chisinau, supported it in August 1991.

State Emergency Committee. After the failure of the coup, the republic declared independence. Against this background, the position of supporters of rapid unification with Romania weakened, and the group that advocated this step within the Popular Front went into opposition to the supporters of independence led by M. Snegur.

In December 1991, armed clashes occurred between Moldovan military-police forces and the armed forces of Transnistria (the first clash dates back to November 2, 1990). In March-August 1992, clashes escalated to armed conflict with the use of heavy weapons and aviation (from the Moldavian side). The intensity of hostilities decreased after the intervention of the command of the Russian 14th Army stationed in Transnistria. The ceasefire was achieved as a result of the signing on July 21, 1992 by the President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin and the President of the Republic of Moldova M. Snegur of the Agreement on the principles of the peaceful resolution of the conflict in Transnistria.

In August 1994, a new constitution was introduced in Moldova, which established a presidential-parliamentary form of government. In 1995, at a referendum in Transnistria, a new constitution was also adopted, and the first independent elections to local authorities and the Supreme Council were held. In fact, at this time of the trajectory political development Moldova and Transnistria have diverged significantly.

At the end of February 2001, in early elections to the parliament of Moldova, the communists led by V. Voronin won (more than 50% of the votes), who became president of the republic in April 2001. Certain hopes for intensifying the settlement of the conflict in Transnistria and relations with Russia, which were associated with the regrouping of political forces in Moldova, did not materialize. Already in January 2002, the government's plans to give the Russian language official status (with corresponding compulsory teaching in schools) caused massive months-long protests. As a result, the government abandoned its previously announced plans. Subsequently, the opposition resorted to mass protests against any plans to establish closer relations with Russia.

In July 2004, Moldovan schools in Transnistria were closed, teaching in which was conducted using the Latin alphabet rather than the Cyrillic alphabet. In response, Moldova introduces economic sanctions against Transnistria Moldavian Republic and withdraws from the negotiation process to resolve the conflict.

In the elections held in parliament on April 4, 2005, V. Voronin was re-elected to the presidential post. 75 parliamentarians voted for it (out of 76 who took part in this procedure).

At the beginning of 2006, relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated. First, Gazprom stopped supplying gas because Moldova refused to purchase gas at the new prices. In March 2006, Russia introduced a ban on the supply of Moldovan wine (lifted for a significant part of producers in the fall of 2007), causing virtual paralysis of the republic's wine industry. At the same time, a “customs crisis” broke out in relations between Moldova and Transnistria as a result of the entry into force of new customs rules, supported, among other things, by the EU: from now on, all cargo from Transnistria passing through the territory of Ukraine must be marked by Moldovan customs. Transnistria considered this step an act of declaring a blockade of the republic and an attempt to “strangle” it economically.

In 2007-2008, thanks to meetings at top level The dialogue between Russia and Moldova has intensified. On April 11, 2008 (for the first time in seven years), a meeting took place between the President of the Republic of Moldova V. Voronin and the President of the PMR I. Smirnov.

In early April 2009, after the announcement of the results of the parliamentary elections in Chisinau, protests took place against the Communist Party, which, according to preliminary data, achieved victory in the elections. The protests escalated into riots, during which significant damage was caused to the parliament building and the presidential residence. President Voronin called the unrest an “attempted coup” and accused Romania of organizing it.

The opposition demanded a recount of the election results, and the Constitutional Court made a corresponding decision. As a result of the recount, the Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova received 49.48% of the votes and went into opposition.