Indigenous peoples of the southern Urals. Traditions of the peoples of the Urals

PEOPLES OF THE MIDDLE URAL, SVERDLOVSK REGION: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Mari, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Udmurts, Belarusians, Armenians, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Chuvash, Kyrgyz, Mordovians, Jews, Kazakhs, Gypsies, Moldavians, Chinese, Georgians, Greeks , Poles, Komi-Permyaks, Yezidis, Lezgins, Koreans, Bulgarians, Chechens, Avars, Ossetians, Lithuanians, Komi, Latvians, Ingush, Turkmens, Yakuts, Estonians, Kumyks, Dargins, Mansi Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls are Russian Hungarians. The original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, in addition to the Tatars and Mari, the Mansi have a compact settlement, whose settlements are located in the north. The Mansi are characterized by a very specific settlement network, which is a reflection of a semi-nomadic way of life - very unstable and changeable. In the Verkhoturye district of the Perm province at the beginning of the 20th century. there were 24 settlements of the Voguls (Mansi), in which about 2 thousand people lived [see: Chagin, 1995.85]. In 1928, 7 Mansi villages were noted in the Tagil district of the Ural region. But, apparently, this is an incomplete list. In archival documents, 36 nomadic villages were noted in 1930, and 28 in 1933. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”. The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Youth is looking for better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. In the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775), the Bashkirs accepted the most Active participation. During this period he became famous national hero Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. In total, on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region in the 20th century. 39 settlements with a Mari population were noted, located on the territory of the Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. This is indigenous small people RF. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. In total, 88 settlements were identified in the Sverdlovsk region in which Tatars lived, of which 12 had a mixed Bashkir-Tatar population, 42 had a Russian-Tatar population, and one had a Mari-Tatar population. Tatar villages are concentrated mainly in the southwest of the Sverdlovsk region - in the Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. The nested type of settlement in general is still preserved, and a number of village councils can be identified, which mainly consist of Tatar villages: Russko-Potamsky, Talitsky, Azigulovsky, Ust-Manchazhsky, Bugalyshsky, etc. Mordva in the Middle Urals during the second half of the 20th century. is characterized by a particularly dispersed distribution. In the Sverdlovsk region in 1939 there were 10,755 people, and by 1989 - 15,453 people, and 89.7% of them were city residents. There are no areas of compact Mordovian residence in the rural areas of the Sverdlovsk region. In 1989, 2 settlements were registered here: the village. Keys of Sysertsky district and village. Khomutovka of Pervouralsk, in which a mixed composition of the population is noted, consisting of Russians and Mordovians. Of great interest is the study of the dynamics of Kazakh rural settlements. In 1959 there were 44 of them, and in 1989 - 6. In total, in the territory of the Middle Urals in the second half of the 20th century. 98 auls are registered, which is significantly more than Tatar or Mari villages. We can identify a number of regions where the largest number of Kazakh settlements is observed - the south and southeast of the Sverdlovsk region (Kamyshlovsky, Baikalovsky, Irbitsky, Pyshminsky, Sukholozhsky, Kamensky districts). In the northern and western regions of the region, Kazakh settlements are practically not found. The Middle Urals is currently a region inhabited by representatives of almost 100 nationalities. Geographically, it covers mainly the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, with the exception of its northern regions, as well as part of the Perm and southern Chelyabinsk regions.

Introduction

The history of the Chelyabinsk region is the history of all the peoples who have inhabited its territory since ancient times. Ethnographers note the ethnic complexity and heterogeneity of the population of the South Ural region. This is due to the fact that the Southern Urals from ancient times served as a kind of corridor along which in the distant past the “great migration of peoples” took place, and subsequently waves of migration rolled in. Historically, three powerful layers formed, coexisted and developed on this vast territory - Slavic, Turkic-speaking and Finno-Ugric. Since time immemorial, its territory has been an arena of interaction between two branches of civilizations - sedentary farmers and nomadic pastoralists. The consequence of their interaction over thousands of years was the heterogeneous ethnographic and anthropological composition of the local population. There is one important aspect population problems. In strict accordance with the definition of the concept “aboriginal” (“indigenous people”), there is no reason to consider any people in the region as indigenous. All peoples currently living in the Southern Urals are newcomers. The peoples who settled here at the earliest different time, chose the Urals as their permanent place of residence. Today it is impossible to divide the peoples into indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants of the region.

The purpose of my work is to tell about the Nagaibakh people who inhabit our region, their language and culture.

Historical view of the population of the Southern Urals

The first written information about the peoples of the Southern Urals dates back to ancient times; information about the South Ural peoples also belongs to Arab and Persian authors of the 9th-10th centuries, but this news is laconic and vague.

In ancient times and early Middle Ages in the Urals, which connected Europe and Asia, complex ethnic processes. Here is the ancestral home of the Hungarians, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Bulgarians, Komi and Mansi.

From the 7th to the 9th centuries, the influx of nomadic tribes from the steppes of the Aral Sea region and Kazakhstan into the territory of the Southern Urals increased, largely associated with the movement of the well-known ethnopolitical associations of the Magyars, Pechenegs, and Gorkhas. Then relatives of the Kimaks, the Kipchaks, appear here - former inhabitants Southern Siberia, - later well known in Rus' as the Polovtsians, and in Europe as the Komans.

The Kipchaks were the main inhabitants of the South Ural steppes in the 13th-14th centuries. Individual groups These tribes established themselves in the Southern Urals and subsequently took part in the formation of the Bashkir and Kazakh peoples.

The Mongol invasion brought new groups of nomads to the Southern Urals, in particular from Altai.

In the 16th century, free risk-taking people appeared on the banks of the Yaik River (Ural), who developed and settled the wild steppes and created here a very interesting and original “Cossack republic” with an elected form of government.

After the Russian conquest of Kazan, the conquest of Siberia and the liberation of the Bashkirs from dependence and subordination to the Golden Horde khanates, the territory of the Southern Urals officially became part of Russian state.

In the 18th century, the Orenburg Cossacks formed in the Southern Urals - a very unique association of people different nationalities: Russian Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Nagaibaks, Cheremis, and many other representatives of various peoples inhabiting our country. And although the Orenburg Cossacks were multinational, the Cossacks always remained only Cossacks - they were never divided along national, religious or any other basis. In certain historical periods, Cossacks made up up to 80% of the region's population.

A feature of the socio-economic development of the Southern Urals of this period was that factories were built only with the money of free entrepreneurs, and not with government funds, as was the case in the Middle Urals.

The influx of settlers to the Southern Urals increased after the Patriotic War of 1812. The tsarist government, in connection with the construction of thirty new fortresses, is moving here infantry soldiers, Cossacks from the Perm, Samara and western districts of the Orenburg province. In memory of the places of battles of the Cossacks, in the Chelyabinsk region there is settlements Borodinskoe, Leipzig, Ferchampenoise, Berlin Paris, Varna, Chesma, Rymnikskoe, Tarutino and others.

The richness of the history of the Southern Urals is also impressive with processes on an all-Russian scale. At different times, Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek visited here, laying claim to the Russian crown. Emperor Alexander I personally came to see the greatness of the South Ural gold placers. Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev did not bypass the South Ural region; the great Russian poet Pushkin and Dahl, who compiled the “Dictionary of the Great Language,” which is used to this day.

Thus, we have shown that the formation ethnic structure Chelyabinsk region is due to many factors:

• · development and collapse of the ancient Ural community;
• · advance to the West through the Urals by Finnish Ugric peoples;
• · the dominance of Volga Bulgaria and its collapse;
• movement from the southwest to the Urals Indo-European peoples;
• · penetration of the Turks;
• · Russian colonization of the Ural lands.

Territorial transformations in the Southern Urals began almost immediately after the 1917 revolution. An important stage in the creation of an administrative-territorial structure was the decision of the XII Congress of the RCP (b) in April 1923 “On zoning”. In accordance with the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 10th convocation dated November 3, 1923 in the Urals, the Ural region was created as an experiment, which included four provinces - Ekaterininskaya, Permskaya, Tyumenskaya and Chelyabinskaya with the center in Yekaterinburg. Subsequently, territorial transformations in the Chelyabinsk region continued until 1943.

The process of radical changes in the legal status of the Chelyabinsk region dates back to the second half of the 80s and is determined by three stages in which the region acquired the legal status of a subject Russian Federation.

The first covers the period from the second half of the 80s until the signing of the Federal Treaty in March 1992.

The second stage, which lasted until the new Constitution of the Russian Federation came into force on December 25, 1993, ended with the region acquiring the legal status of a state-territorial entity with the rights of a subject of the Russian Federation. The third stage is the modern period of post-constitutional development.

Today, the Chelyabinsk region, in accordance with Part 1 of Art. 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is included in the Russian Federation as a subject of the Russian Federation. This provision is also recorded in the Charter (Basic Law) of the Chelyabinsk Region. The modern region includes 24 districts, 23 cities of regional significance, 7 cities of regional significance, 30 urban-type settlements, 257 rural administrations.

The Chelyabinsk region is one of the largest regions of Russia in terms of population. The population of the region is 3,312.6 thousand people.

Over 110 peoples live in the region, including:

As we can see from the data presented, the Chelyabinsk region presents a very motley picture in ethnic terms. The main population of the region is represented by Russians. The second largest population is the Tatars, the third are the Bashkirs. It is noteworthy that the national composition of the region is in some respects identical to the national composition of the Russian Federation.

The territorial picture of the residence of the peoples of the region is as follows: the Tatars are compactly settled in the north and south of the region, the Bashkirs are in the west, the Ukrainians are in the south of the region (in rural areas), the Germans live in the west and south of the region (in mining towns). Other nationalities are not exactly settled in the region.

During the period from 1989 to 2010, the structure of the national composition of the region's residents changed slightly. One of the reasons for changes in the population of individual nationalities is natural increase or decrease.

For comparison, we will show data from the 1989 population census and the 2010 micro-census (as a percentage of the entire population of the region).

According to the data, the Chelyabinsk region is distinguished by the stability of its national composition. Russian population dominates in the area and is one of the important reasons stable situation in the region in the interethnic sphere.

From the above data it is clear that the Chelyabinsk region is home to peoples whose political and legal status is defined as small peoples and national minorities. Let's consider them in relation to the research topic.

cultural ritual holiday Nagaybak

Characteristic cultural form according to existing classifications by nationality. Nagaibaki

Scientists believe that the Nagaibaks are descendants of the Kazan, or more precisely, Arsk Tatars. Arsk Tatars are named after their place of origin. 52 versts from Kazan on the high right bank of the Kazanka River is the city of Arsk (Arskaya outpost).

Arsk is also mentioned in the third version, which tries to combine the first two. According to it, in 1533, the 18-year-old daughter of the Nogai Murza Yusuf Suyembike became the wife of the Kazan Khan Zhangarei. Her father sent her to Kazan, accompanied by 600 single horsemen. These warriors lived at the Arsk outpost and assimilated (became like) the Tatars.

In the 16th century, after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan the Terrible, the Ar Tatars were baptized and deported to the territory of Bashkiria. In those places where the Arsky Tatars were resettled, the Bashkir Nagaibak roamed; one of the new settlements, and then the entire nation, received his name.

IN XVII-XVIII centuries Relations between the Nagaibaks and Russians with the indigenous Bashkirs who lived next door were difficult and often turned into clashes. The situation was complicated by constant raids of nomads from the Kyzyl-Kaisat Horde, that is, from the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Villages were plundered, residents were taken into slavery in Central Asia. To protect the south of Russia, by order of the first kings of the Romanov dynasty, they began to build the Zakamsk defensive line, stretching to Stavropol. It included the fortresses of Ufa, Birsk, Menzelinsk, Nagaibakskaya and Eldyatskaya. The local population, including the Nagaibaks, carried out military service, although they were assigned to the peasant class and paid tribute to the treasury - yasak.

In 1732-1740, the Bashkirs rebelled, they fought for their independence from the Russian state. Russians, Kalmyks, and other peoples suffered from the rebellion. The Nagaibaks took the side of the Russians. For this, Empress Anna Ioannovna freed them from paying yasak, assigned them to the Cossack class and endowed them with lands that previously belonged to the Bashkirs.

The newly minted Cossacks had to carry out military service, providing themselves with weapons and ammunition. First, the governor Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov, the father of the great commander, was sent to the Nagaibaks. Three years later Cossack circle They chose the first chieftain.

Nagaibaks did not stand aside from terrible events, associated with the invasion of Russia by Napoleonic troops, and stood up to defend the Motherland. IN Patriotic War 1812, 332 Nagaibak Cossacks took part. They distinguished themselves in all major battles with the French on Russian soil and in the foreign campaign of 1813-1814. The Nagaibaks fought near Berlin and Kassel, participated in the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig, and in the capture of Ferchampenoise-on-Marne and Paris.

In 1842 they had to move again. By order of Nicholas I, in order to separate the warring Kyrgyz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs) and Bashkirs and establish trade route to Asia, in 1835-1837, a road was laid from Troitsk to Orsk new line fortresses and guard villages with a length of more than 400 miles. Our heroes were moved here, to the land of the present Nagaybak region, from Bashkiria, having collected their belongings and livestock within 24 hours. The settlers were given free land for use and timber for their huts.

On the territory of the region, villages 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 24 and 31 were founded. In 1843, they were named after the places of victorious battles of the Russian army, in which the Nagaibaks participated: Kassel, Ostrolenka, Ferchampenoise, Paris, Trebia, Arsi. Now these villages unofficially also have second, purely Nagaybak names: Kiley (Kassel), Sarashly (Ostroleka), Balykly (Paris).

In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Nagaibak Cossacks took part in military campaigns in the Turkestan region and fought valiantly in the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars.

Like most Cossacks, the Nagaibaks were wealthy people. In the years civil war They fought mainly on the side of the “white” army. Later, as a result of the policy of dispossession and decossackization, many of them were subjected to repression and ended up in exile. Clothes, things, documents reminiscent of the Cossack past were destroyed. As a result, little evidence about the life of Nagaybak villages has survived to this day.

In 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a decree that eliminated the Cossacks as a class and made them peasants again. In December 1927, the Nagaybak district was organized as an administrative unit. Nagaibaks were recorded in passports and counted in population censuses as Tatars or Russians.

Wandering from place to place could not but leave a mark on the consciousness, memory and culture of the people. Too often the Nagaibaks had to abandon the houses and lands on which their ancestors lived and move to the uninhabited steppes on the unsafe border of the state. But these difficulties only united the Nagaibaks. The symbiosis of several nationalities gave the Nagaibaks an extraordinary appearance. Their appearance has Turkic features, but more often they are slender, thin, fair-haired and light-eyed. If you talk to the Nagaibaks, listen to their speech, it is easy to notice their originality.

IN Soviet time Nagaibaks valiantly defended the Fatherland in various parts all branches of the military. They took part in the operation in the area of ​​Lake Khasan in 1938 and in the battles near the Khalkin-Gol River in 1939, in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940. 4,653 Nagaibaks fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and contributed to the Victory.

Seventy soldiers of the Nagaybak region performed international duty in Afghanistan, five remained in that war.

Only in the second half of the 20th century did a revival begin national identity and Nagaibak culture.

Covers an area of ​​3.1 thousand square kilometers

It consists of 38 settlements, including 9 rural settlements and 1 urban settlement.

The center of the district is the village of Ferchampenoise.

Large settlements: the village of Yuzhny, the village of Ostrolensky, the village of Paris.

The population of the district is 20,925 people (2010 census data)

National composition of the population:

Nagaibaks - 7656 people;

Russians - 10,239 people;

Tatars - 1256 people;

Ukrainians -361 people;

Mordovians - 655 people;

Kazakhs - 3445 people;

Bashkirs - 335;

Belarusians - 213 people and others;

Since February 1928, a socio-political publication, the newspaper “Vskhody”, has been published in the region. http://www.vshodi-nagaibak.ru/ - electronic version of the newspaper

The cultural life of the Nagaybak region today is thriving: 26 libraries, 32 clubs, 5 centers, 6 museums, 3 children's art schools with branches, 14 folk artistic groups. Festivals and competitions are regularly held in the area itself, as well as far beyond its borders. It has already become traditional to hold a regional festival folk art"Nagaybak Spring".

Nagaybak district is a permanent participant in the regional folklore festival traditional creativity " Spring waters", the purpose of which is to preserve and popularize original culture. The motto of the festival is “If we forget traditions, we lose ourselves.”

In 2000, the Nagaibaks hosted an international book fair, which would do honor to any capital.

Nagaibaks earned a lot of awards and prizes in the most various fields folk art. Among them is the Diamond Star for the quality of Nagaybak national cuisine(Mexico City, 1996). Rural ensembles “Sak-Sok”, “Sarashly”, “Chishmelek”, “Gumyr” glorified folklore and national culture Nagaybakov not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Folklore ensemble "Sarashly" from the village of Ostrolenka received a diploma at the international festival Turkic-speaking peoples. A laser disc with recordings of songs performed by them was released in Holland.

Recently, Nagaibak villages have become a place of pilgrimage for Russian and foreign tourists. There is a lot to see here!

On June 24, 2005, a cell phone tower was inaugurated in the village of Paris, designed in a form resembling a small copy Eiffel Tower in France. Today this tower is business card village and the entire Nagaybak region.

Lyubov Fedyakova

Summary of GCD on local history with children of the preparatory group

"Peoples of the Middle Urals"

(teacher L. I. Fedyakova, kindergarten No. 329, Yekaterinburg).

Target: To develop in children an interest in their native land as a part of Russia: in people of different nationalities living in their native land.

Tasks: 1. Introduce children to the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region.

2. Develop children’s ideas about the features ( appearance, national costumes, traditional activities) and cultural traditions representatives of different nationalities native land, Middle Urals.

3. Cultivate respectful, friendly feelings towards people of other nationalities.

Progress of the lesson:

What do we call Motherland?

The land where you and I live!

Children, name your homeland? (children's answers).

Name the region in which we live. (Middle Urals).

Tell me, what is the name of our region? (Sverdlovskaya).

Look at the map of the Sverdlovsk region, it is rich in coniferous and deciduous forests, wild animals. We found out and marked it on the map Beautiful places and sights of our region. And today we will talk about the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region.

Look at each other, are we all the same? (No.) That's right, because among us there are Udmurts, Maris, Tatars, and Russians.

How are we different from each other? (eye color, hair, skin).

Each nation also speaks its own language.

What language do Russians speak? (in Russian).

And the Tatars? (in Tatar). Yaroslav R. please say a few words in Tatar.

What language do the Udmurts speak? (in Udmur). Listen to a poem in the Udmur language, Angelina will tell it. IN.

The peoples of our region know two languages: their national and Russian, since they live in big country– Russia, and the Russian language is the state language.

To get to know the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region better, we will now watch the presentation.

1 slide. Russians.

Consider the Russian national costume. Tell us what kind of clothes Russian people wore.

What national holidays were celebrated? (Epiphany, Maslenitsa, Easter, etc.)

2 slide. Tatars.

Children, how is the Tatar costume different from the Russian one?

Who knows Tatar national holidays?

Most famous Tatar holiday– this is Sabantuy. Celebration of the completion of spring field work. The main, most beloved and most popular view The only remaining competition on Sabantui is sash wrestling. They also conduct horse racing, sack fighting, tug of war, sticks, climbing on high poles with a prize hanging on top, etc.

At the same time, competitions of singers and dancers are held.

3 slide. Bashkirs.

Look how unusual the Bashkir national costume is? What is it decorated with?

Bashkirs are known as wonderful farmers, excellent livestock breeders and skilled beekeepers.

Bashkir national holidays:

Kargatuy is a crow festival, held in March, dedicated to the spring awakening of nature. On this day, porridge was cooked in milk in large cauldrons. While the porridge was cooking, girls and young women decorated the trees with colorful ribbons, rings, and bracelets. There were rugs spread under the trees, and bright woven tablecloths in the center of them. Festive treats were laid out on them.

Jiyin – summer holiday. Sports competitions were organized.

3 slide.Mari- this is very ancient people, they have been known since the 6th century. The traditional occupations of the Mari are agriculture, animal husbandry, beekeeping, and hunting.

The national Mari costume is decorated with embroidery. Pay attention to the headdress, how it differs from other national costumes.

The Mari have maintained a reverent attitude towards nature. The forest is sacred to them. There is a belief that the forest is ruled by the goddess, or mistress, of the forest. Therefore, during any forestry work, it is customary to leave a piece of pancake or flatbread on a stump as a gift to the mistress of the forest.

4 slide. Udmurts. The traditional occupation of the Udmurts is agriculture and animal husbandry.

Now look at how beautiful the Udmur national costume is. What did you like about him?

Udmurian folk holidays: Gyryny Poton - the holiday of the first furrow. On the day of the holiday, horse racing was held. It was believed that whoever is the winner will finish the spring plowing earlier. The girls gave towels to the winner of the equestrian competition, and ribbons were woven into the mane of his horse.

Goron Bydton – completion of spring work.

At Udmur holidays, the most common musical instrument was the gusli.

5 slide. Chuvash.

Do you like the Chuvash national costume? Tell us how the Chuvash dress.

In ancient times, the Chuvash were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Domestic animals were highly valued on the farm. It was customary for the Chuvash to swear by them. During such an oath, a hand was extended over the animals. They believed that if the oath was false, the animal would get sick and die.

Chuvash folk holidays:

Akatui is a holiday of sowing. Adults and children competed in running and organized horse races.

Chukleme – completion of harvesting work.

6 slide. Mordva.

Now look how beautiful the Mordovian national costume is. Mandatory attribute of Mordovian women's suit– a beautiful belt – pulai. Let's say it all together - pulai.

The Mordovians were mainly fishermen, plowmen, livestock breeders and hunters. All Mordovian holidays are associated with their economic activities.

Slide 7 Khanty and Mansi.

In the Far North live the brave, hardworking people- Khanty and Mansi. Let's look at their clothes. Khanty clothes are very warm. Why do you think?

That's right, because it's very cold in the north! Clothes are made from reindeer skins, because, first of all, they must be warm and comfortable. The Khanty and Mansi are dressed in fur pants and a fur shirt with a hood, called a kukhlyanka. Let's all repeat this new word for you together.

Look, National clothes decorated with fur and embroidery. Patterns representing fish, deer and birds were often embroidered on clothing.

8 slide. All nationalities in our region live in peace and harmony; we have no national hostility. All nations respect each other.

Game "Travel on the map of the Sverdlovsk region." Guys, now we will go on a trip around our region and paste small pictures of peoples in the places where they live.

Every nation, when creating a national costume, sought to make it beautiful, because in the old days such clothes were worn only on holidays.

Andrei D.’s grandmother came to visit us - she is Mari. Look, guys, what a beautiful festive national costume she is in. Do you like it? Grandma will tell us about the Mari children's games that she played when she was little.

Children play with their grandmother Mari folk game"Pire den pacha-vlak" - "The Wolf and the Lambs." Rule of the game:

They choose a wolf, a sheep, and the rest - lambs. A sheep and lambs are walking along the path, and a wolf meets them. The sheep asks:

Mom tyshte yshtet (What are you doing, wolf)

Tendam vuchem (Waiting for you) - the wolf answers.

Does Molan take memnam into account? (And why)

Pacha-vlakym kochkash. (To eat your lambs.)

After these words, the wolf catches the lambs. The lambs should stand behind their mother, holding hands. They play until the wolf catches all the lambs.

Lesson summary:

What peoples live in the Sverdlovsk region? (Children's answers)

Our country, guys, is strong in its unity and friendship. different nations. Even in our group there are Tatars, Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, and we all live in harmony, we never quarrel!

Publications on the topic:

There has long been a popular saying: “The Urals are the supporting region of the state.” What is “Ural”? Let's take a look at Wikipedia: “The Urals is a geographical region.

Abstract of GCD on local history for the preparatory group

The Urals are known as a multinational region with rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others.

The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, near the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

Mari (Cheremis)

The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. How did the ethnic community develop by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD? The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of this people. After the defeat of Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.

They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan under the name "Oremiscan". The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was considered offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Udmurts

The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of the mixing of Finno-Perm and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD. The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: the southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and the northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to the Vyatka, Cheptsa and Upper Kama region after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.

The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts were representatives of the Chumoitlin and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, by the 16th century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. The Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant relocations Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “skates” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. What are ancient figurines worth? mythical creatures, cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

Essay
in the discipline "History of the Urals"
on the topic : "ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLES OF THE URAL"

Content

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….....3
1. General information about the Ural peoples……………………………………………………...4
2. Origin of the peoples of the Urals…………………………….................... .................... ..8
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… ……………………………...15
References……………………………………………………………..16

Introduction
The ethnogenesis of modern peoples of the Urals is one of the pressing problems of historical science, ethnology and archeology. However, this question is not purely scientific, because In the conditions of modern Russia, the problem of nationalism arises acutely, the justification for which is often sought in the past. The radical social transformations taking place in Russia have a huge impact on the life and culture of the peoples inhabiting it. The formation of Russian democracy and economic reforms are taking place in conditions of diverse manifestations of national identity, the intensification of social movements and political struggle. At the heart of these processes is the desire of Russians to eliminate the negative legacy of past regimes, improve the conditions of their social existence, and defend the rights and interests associated with a citizen’s sense of belonging to a particular ethnic community and culture. That is why the genesis of the ethnic groups of the Urals should be studied extremely carefully, and historical facts should be assessed as carefully as possible.
Currently, representatives of three language families live in the Urals: Slavic, Turkic and Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Somadian). The first includes representatives of Russian nationality, the second - Bashkirs, Tatars and Nagaibaks, and finally, the third - Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Udmurts and some other small nationalities of the Northern Urals.
This work is devoted to the consideration of the genesis of modern ethnic groups living in the Urals before its inclusion in the Russian Empire and settlement by Russians. The ethnic groups under consideration include representatives of the Uralic and Turkic language families.

1. General information about the Ural peoples
Representatives of the Turkic language family
BASHKIRS (self-name - Bashkort - “wolf head” or “wolf leader”), the indigenous population of Bashkiria. The number in the Russian Federation is 1673.3 thousand people. In terms of population, Bashkirs occupy fourth place in the Russian Federation after Russians, Tatars and Ukrainians. They also live in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, and Sverdlovsk regions. They speak Bashkir; dialects: southern, eastern, the northwestern group of dialects stands out. The Tatar language is widespread. Writing based on the Russian alphabet. Believing Bashkirs are Sunni Muslims.
The main occupation of the Bashkirs in the past was nomadic (jailaun) cattle breeding; were distributed hunting, beekeeping , beekeeping, poultry farming, fishing, gathering. From crafts - weaving, felt making, production of lint-free carpets , shawls, embroidery, leather working (leatherworking), wood working.
In the 17th-19th centuries, the Bashkirs switched to agriculture and settled life. Among the Eastern Bashkirs, a semi-nomadic way of life was still partially preserved. The last, single trips of villages to summer camps (summer nomadic camps) were noted in the 20s of the 20th century. The types of dwellings among the Bashkirs are varied; log houses (wooden), wattle and adobe (adobe) predominate; among the eastern Bashkirs in the past there was a felt yurt ( head “tirm?”), plague-like stances (kyush)
The traditional clothing of the Bashkirs is very variable, depending on the age and specific region. Clothing was made from sheepskin, homespun and purchased fabrics; Various women's jewelry made of corals, beads, shells, and coins were widespread. These are bibs (yaga, hakal), cross-shoulder decorations-belts (emeyzek, daguat), backrests (inhalek), various pendants, bracelets, bracelets, earrings. Women's headdresses in the past were very diverse, including the cap-shaped "kashmau", the girl's cap "takiya", the fur "kama burek", the multi-part "kalyabash", the towel-shaped "tastar", often richly decorated with embroidery. a very colorfully decorated head cover "kushyaulyk".. Among men's - fur "kolaksyn", "tyulke burek", "kyulyupara" made of white cloth, skullcaps, felt hats. The shoes of the Eastern Bashkirs "kata" and "saryk", leather heads and cloth shafts, ties with tassels are original. Kata and women's saryks were decorated with appliqué on the back. “Itek”, “Sitek” boots and “Sabata” bast shoes were widespread everywhere (with the exception of a number of southern and eastern regions). Pants with wide legs were a mandatory attribute of both men's and women's clothing. Very elegant top women's clothing. it is often richly decorated with coins. sleeveless camisoles with braiding, appliqué and a little embroidery on “elyan” (robe) and “ak sakman” (which also often served as a head cover). decorated with bright embroidery and edged with coins. Men's Cossacks and chekmeni "sakman" half caftans "bishmet". The Bashkir men's shirt and women's dresses differed sharply in cut from those of the Russians. Although they were also decorated with embroidery and ribbons (dresses). It was also common among Eastern Bashkirs to decorate dresses along the hem with appliques. Belts were an exclusively male item of clothing. The belts were woven wool (up to 2.5 m in length), belted. cloth and sashes with copper or silver buckles.
NAGAYBAKI (Nogaibaki, tat. nagaib?kl?r) - ethnographic group Tatars , living mostly in Nagaibak and Chebarkul regions Chelyabinsk region. Language - Nagaybak. Believers - Orthodox . According to Russian legislation, they are officiallysmall people .
Number of 2002 census- 9.6 thousand people, of which 9.1 thousand are in the Chelyabinsk region.
In the Russian Empire, Nagaibaks were included in the classOrenburg Cossacks.
The regional center of the Nagaibaks is the village Ferchampenoise in the Chelyabinsk region.
The Nagaybaks, called “newly baptized Ufa people,” have been known since early XVIII century. According to various researchers, they are of either Nogai-Kypchak or Kazan-Tatar origin. By the end of the 18th century they lived in the Verkhneuralsk district: Nagaibak fortress (near the modern village Nagaibaksky in the Chelyabinsk region), village Bakaly and 12 villages. In addition to the Nagaibak Cossacks, Tatars lived in these villages. Teptyari , with whom the Cossacks had intensive marriage ties.
Some of the Nagaibaks lived in the Cossack settlements of the Orenburg district: Podgorny Giryal, Allabaital, Ilyinsky, Nezhensky. At the beginning of the 20th century they finally merged with the local Tatar population and moved into Islam.
Nagaibaki of the formerVerkhneufimskyThe districts retained their identity as a community separate from the Tatars. During the census 1920 - 1926 they were counted as an independent “nationality”. In subsequent years - like the Tatars. At 2002 census - separate from the Tatars.

Representatives of the Uralic language family:
MANSI (Voguly, Vogulich, Mendsi, Moans) - a small people in Russia , indigenous peopleKhanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. Immediate family Khanty and original Hungarians (Magyars). They speakMansi language, but about 60% consider Russian their native language. Total number 11432 people. (By 2002 census ). About 100 people live in the north of the Sverdlovsk region.
Ethnonym “Mansi” (in Mansi - “person”) is a self-name, to which is usually added the name of the area where it comes from this group(Sakv Mansit - Sagvinsky Mansi). In relation to other peoples, the Mansi call themselves “Mansi Makhum” - Mansi people.
NENETS (Samoyeds, Yuracs) -Samoyed people, inhabiting the Eurasian coastArctic Ocean from Kola Peninsula to Taimyr . In the 1st millennium AD e. migrated from the territory of the southern Siberia to the place of modern habitat.
Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are one of the most numerous. According to the results2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Traditional occupation - large herd olenev odstvo (used for toboggan movement). On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle.
Names of two autonomous okrugs of Russia ( Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets ) mention the Nenets as the titular people of the district.
The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. Tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous okrugs. Forest Nenets - 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Pelvis in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug andKhanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. A sufficient number of Nenets also live in the Taimyr municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
UDMURTS (formerly Votyaks?) - Finno-Ugric people living inUdmurt Republic, as well as in neighboring regions. They speak Russian language and Udmurt languageFinno-Ugric group Ural family ; Believers profess Orthodoxy and traditional cults. Within his language group, he, along with Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyryan is Perm subgroup. By 2002 census637 thousand Udmurts lived in Russia. 497 thousand people live in Udmurtia itself. In addition, the Udmurts live in Kazakhstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Ukraine.
KHANTY (self-name - hunti, hande, kantek, outdated name - Ostyaks?) - a small indigenous Finno-Ugric people living in the northWestern Siberia . In Russian their self-name Khanty translated as Human.
The number of Khanty is 28,678 people (according to the 2002 population census), of which 59.7% live inKhanty-Mansiysk Okrug, 30.5% - in Yamalo-Nenets District, 3.0% - in the Tomsk region, 0.3% - in the Komi Republic.
Khanty language together with Mansi, Hungarian and others constitute the Ugric group of the Ural-Yukaghir family of languages.
Traditional crafts - fishing, hunting and reindeer herding . Traditional religion - shamanism (until the 15th century), Orthodoxy (from the 15th century to the present).
2. Origin of the peoples of the Urals
Origin of the peoples of the Uralic language family
The latest archaeological and linguistic research suggests that the ethnogenesis of the peoples of the Ural language family dates back to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras, i.e. to the Stone Age (VIII-III millennium BC). At this time, the Urals were inhabited by tribes of hunters, fishermen and gatherers, who left behind a small number of monuments. These are mainly sites and workshops for the production of stone tools, however, on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, uniquely preserved villages of this time have been identified in the Shigirsky and Gorbunovsky peat bogs. Structures on stilts, wooden idols and various household utensils, a boat and an oar were discovered here. These findings make it possible to reconstruct both the level of development of society and trace genetic relationships material culture these monuments with the culture of modern Finno-Ugric and Somadian peoples.
The formation of the Khanty is based on the culture of the ancient aboriginal Ural tribes of the Urals and Western Siberia, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, and were influenced by the pastoral Andronovo tribes, with whom the arrival of the Ugrians is associated. It is to the Andronovo people that the characteristic Khanty ornaments—ribbon-geometric—are usually traced back. The formation of the Khanty ethnic group took place over a long period of time, from the middle. 1st millennium (Ust-Poluyskaya, Lower Ob cultures). Ethnic identification of the bearers of the archaeological cultures of Western Siberia during this period is difficult: some classify them as Ugric, others as Samoyed. Recent research suggests that in the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. The main groups of Khanty were formed - northern, based on the Orontur culture, southern - Potchevash, and eastern - Orontur and Kulai cultures.
The settlement of the Khanty in ancient times was very wide - from the lower reaches of the Ob in the north to the Baraba steppes in the south and from the Yenisei in the east to the Trans-Urals, including p. Northern Sosva and river Lyapin, as well as part of the river. Pelym and R. Conda in the west. Since the 19th century The Mansi began to move beyond the Urals from the Kama region and the Urals, being pressed by the Komi-Zyryans and Russians. From an earlier time, part of the southern Mansi also went north due to the creation in the XIV-XV centuries. Tyumen and Siberian Khanates - states of the Siberian Tatars, and later (XVI-XVII centuries) with the development of Siberia by the Russians. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Mansi already lived on Pelym and Konda. Some Khanty also moved from the western regions. to the east and north (to the Ob from its left tributaries), this is recorded by statistical data from the archives. Their places were taken by the Mansi. So, by the end of the 19th century. on p. Northern Sosva and river Lyapin there was no Ostyak population left, which either moved to the Ob or merged with the newcomers. A group of northern Mansi formed here.
Mansi as an ethnic group was formed as a result of the merger of tribes of the Ural Neolithic culture and Ugric and Indo-European (Indo-Iranian) tribes moving in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from the south through the steppes and forest-steppes of Western Siberia and the Southern Trans-Urals (including tribes that left monuments to the Land of Cities). The two-component nature (a combination of the cultures of taiga hunters and fishermen and steppe nomadic herders) in the Mansi culture continues to this day, most clearly manifested in the cult of the horse and the heavenly rider - Mir susne khuma. Initially, the Mansi were settled in the Southern Urals and its western slopes, but under the influence of colonization by the Komi and Russians (XI-XIV centuries) they moved to the Trans-Urals. All Mansi groups are largely mixed. In their culture, one can identify elements that indicate contacts with the Nenets, Komi, Tatars, Bashkirs, etc. Contacts were especially close between the northern groups of the Khanty and Mansi.
The newest hypothesis of the origin of the Nenets and other peoples of the Samoyed group connects their formation with the so-called Kulai archaeological culture (5th century BC - 5th century AD, mainly in the territory of the Middle Ob region). From there in the III-II centuries. BC e. Due to a number of natural-geographical and historical factors, migration waves of Samoyeds-Kulai penetrate to the North - to the lower reaches of the Ob, to the West - to the Middle Irtysh region and to the South - to the Novosibirsk Ob region and the Sayan region. In the first centuries of the new era, under the onslaught of the Huns, part of the Samoyeds who lived along the Middle Irtysh retreated into the forest belt of the European North, giving rise to the European Nenets.
The territory of Udmurtia has been inhabited since the Mesolithic era. The ethnicity of the ancient population has not been established. The basis for the formation of the ancient Udmurts were the autochthonous tribes of the Volga-Kama region. In different historical periods, there were inclusions of other ethnicities (Indo-Iranian, Ugric, early Turkic, Slavic, late Turkic). The origins of ethnogenesis go back to the Ananyin archaeological culture (VIII-III centuries BC). Ethnically, it was a not yet disintegrated, mainly Finno-Perm community. The Ananyin tribes had various connections with distant and close neighbors. Among archaeological finds quite common silver jewelry of southern origin (from Central Asia, from the Caucasus). Contacts with the Scythian-Sarmatian steppe world were of greatest importance for the Permians, as evidenced by numerous linguistic borrowings.
As a result of contacts with Indo-Iranian tribes, the Ananyin people adopted more developed forms of economic management from them. Cattle breeding and agriculture, together with hunting and fishing, took a leading place in the economy of the Perm population. On the edge new era On the basis of the Ananino culture, a number of local cultures of the Kama region grew. Among them, the most important for the ethnogenesis of the Udmurts was the Pyanoborskaya (III century BC - II century AD), with which an inextricable genetic connection is found in the material culture of the Udmurts. One of the earliest mentions of the southern Udmurts is found in Arab authors (Abu-Hamid al-Garnati, 12th century). In Russian sources, the Udmurts are called. Aryans and Ar people are mentioned only in the 14th century. Thus, “Perm” for some time apparently served as a common collective ethnonym for the Perm Finns, including the ancestors of the Udmurts. The self-name “Udmord” was first published by N.P. Rychkov in 1770. The Udmurts were gradually divided into northern and southern. The development of these groups took place in different ethnohistorical conditions, which predetermined their originality: the southern Udmurts have Turkic influence, the northern ones - Russian.

Origin of the Turkic peoples of the Urals
The Turkization of the Urals is inextricably linked with the era of the Great Migration of Peoples (2nd century BC – 5th century AD). The movement of the Huns tribes from Mongolia caused the movement of huge masses of people across Eurasia. The steppes of the Southern Urals became a kind of cauldron in which ethnogenesis took place - new nationalities were “cooked”. The tribes that previously inhabited these territories were partly shifted to the north and partly to the west, as a result of which the Great Migration of Peoples in Europe began. It, in turn, led to the fall of the Roman Empire and the formation of new states Western Europe- barbarian kingdoms. However, let's return to the Urals. At the beginning of the new era, the Indo-Iranian tribes finally cede the territory of the Southern Urals to the Turkic-speaking ones and the process of formation of modern ethnic groups - the Bashkirs and Tatars (including the Nagaibaks) begins.
In the formation of the Bashkirs decisive role played by Turkic pastoral tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before coming to the Southern Urals, spent considerable time wandering in the Aral-Syr Darya steppes, coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oguz and Kimak-Kypchak tribes; here they are in the 9th century. record written sources. From the end of the 9th – beginning of the 10th centuries. lived in the Southern Urals and adjacent steppe and forest-steppe areas. The self-name of the people “Bashkort” has been known since the 9th century; most researchers etymologize it as “chief” (bash-) + “wolf” (kort in Oguz-Turkic languages), “wolf-leader” (from the totemic hero-ancestor). IN last years a number of researchers are inclined to think that the ethnonym is based on the name of a military leader known from written sources in the first half of the 9th century, under whose leadership the Bashkirs united into a military-political union and began to develop modern settlement territories. Another name for the Bashkirs, ishtek/istek, was presumably also an anthroponym (the name of a person is Rona-Tash).
Also in Siberia, the Sayan-Altai Plateau and Central Asia the ancient Bashkir tribes experienced some influence from the Tungus-Manchus and Mongols, which was reflected in the language, in particular in the tribal nomenclature, and the anthropological type of the Bashkirs. Arriving in the Southern Urals, the Bashkirs partly ousted and partly assimilated the local Finno-Ugric and Iranian (Sarmatian-Alan) population. Here they apparently came into contact with some ancient Magyar tribes, which can explain their confusion in medieval Arab and European sources with the ancient Hungarians. By the end of the first third of the 13th century, at the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the process of formation of the ethnic appearance of the Bashkirs was basically completed
In the X - early XIII centuries. The Bashkirs were under the political influence of Volga-Kama Bulgaria, neighboring the Kipchak-Cumans. In 1236, after stubborn resistance, the Bashkirs, simultaneously with the Bulgarians, were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and annexed to the Golden Horde. In the 10th century Islam began to penetrate among the Bashkirs, which in the 14th century. became the dominant religion, as evidenced by Muslim mausoleums and grave epitaphs dating back to that time. Together with Islam, the Bashkirs adopted Arabic writing, began to familiarize themselves with Arabic, Persian (Farsi), and then Turkic-language written culture. During the period of Mongol-Tatar rule, some Bulgarian, Kipchak and Mongol tribes joined the Bashkirs.
After the fall of Kazan (1552), the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship (1552–1557), which was formalized as an act of voluntary accession. The Bashkirs stipulated the right to own their lands on a patrimonial basis and live according to their customs and religion. The Tsarist administration subjected the Bashkirs to various forms of exploitation. In the 17th and especially the 18th centuries. The Bashkirs repeatedly rebelled. In 1773–1775, the resistance of the Bashkirs was broken, but tsarism was forced to preserve their patrimonial rights to the lands; in 1789 the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia was established in Ufa. The Religious Administration included the registration of marriages, births and deaths, regulation of issues of inheritance and division of family property, and religious schools at mosques. At the same time, tsarist officials were able to control the activities of the Muslim clergy. Throughout the 19th century, despite the theft of Bashkir lands and other acts of colonial policy, the economy of the Bashkirs was gradually established, restored, and then the number of people increased noticeably, exceeding 1 million people by 1897. In the end. XIX – early XX centuries. is happening further development education, culture, rise of national self-awareness.
There are various hypotheses about the origin of Nagaibaks. Some researchers associate them with the baptized Nogais, others with the Kazan Tatars, baptized after the fall of the Kazan Khanate. The most well-reasoned opinion is about the initial residence of the ancestors of the Nagaibaks in the central regions of the Kazan Khanate - in Zakazanye and the possibility of their ethnic affiliation with the Nogai-Kypchak groups. In addition, in the 18th century. a small group (62 males) of baptized “Asians” (Persians, Arabs, Bukharans, Karakalpaks) dissolved in their composition. The existence of a Finno-Ugric component among the Nagaibaks cannot be ruled out.
Historical sources find the “Nagaibaks” (under the name “newly baptized” and “Ufa newly baptized”) in the Eastern Trans-Kama region since 1729. According to some sources, they moved there in the second half of the 17th century. after the construction of the Zakamskaya Zasechnaya Line (1652–1656). In the first quarter of the 18th century. these “newly baptized” lived in 25 villages of the Ufa district. For loyalty to the tsarist administration during the Bashkir-Tatar uprisings of the 18th century, Nagaibaks were assigned to the “Cossack service” according to Menzelinsky and others then being built in the area of ​​the upper reaches of the river. Ik fortresses. In 1736, the village of Nagaibak, located 64 versts from the city of Menzelinsk and named, according to legend, after the Bashkir who roamed there, was renamed into a fortress, where the “newly baptized” of the Ufa district were gathered. In 1744 there were 1,359 people, they lived in the village. Bakalakh and 10 villages of the Nagaybatsky district. In 1795, this population was recorded in the Nagaybatsky fortress, the village of Bakaly and 12 villages. In a number of villages, together with the baptized Cossacks, lived newly baptized yasak Tatars, as well as newly baptized Teptyars, who were transferred to the department of the Nagaybatsky fortress as they converted to Christianity. Between representatives of all noted population groups in late XVIII V. There were quite intense marital ties. After administrative changes in the second half of the 18th century. all the villages of baptized Cossacks became part of the Belebeevsky district of the Orenburg province.
In 1842, the Nagaibaks from the area of ​​the Nagaibak fortress were transferred to the east - to the Verkhneuralsky and Orenburg districts of the Orenburg province, which was associated with the land reorganization of the Orenburg Cossack army. In Verkhneuralsky (modern districts of the Chelyabinsk region) district they founded the villages of Kassel, Ostrolenko, Ferchampenoise, Paris, Trebiy, Krasnokamensk, Astafievsky and others (a number of villages are named in honor of victories Russian weapons over France and Germany). In some villages, Russian Cossacks, as well as baptized Kalmyks, lived together with the Nagaibaks. In the Orenburg district, the Nagaibaks settled in settlements where there was a Tatar Cossack population (Podgorny Giryal, Allabaytal, Ilyinskoye, Nezhenskoye). In the last district they found themselves in a dense environment of Muslim Tatars, with whom they began to quickly become close, and at the beginning of the 20th century. accepted Islam.
In general, the adoption by the people of a special ethnonym was associated with their Christianization (confessional isolation), long stay among the Cossacks (class separation), as well as the separation of the main part of the group of Kazan Tatars after 1842, who lived territorially compactly in the Urals. In the second half of the 19th century. Nagaybaki stand out as special ethnic group baptized Tatars, and during the censuses of 1920 and 1926 - as an independent “nationality”.

Conclusion

Thus, we can draw the following conclusions.
The settlement of the Urals began in ancient times, long before the formation of the main modern nationalities, including Russians. However, the foundation of the ethnogenesis of a number of ethnic groups inhabiting the Urals to this day was laid precisely then: in the Chalcolithic-Bronze Age and during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. Therefore, it can be argued that the Finno-Ugric-Somadian and some Turkic peoples are the indigenous population of these places.
In the process of historical development in the Urals, a mixture of many nationalities took place, resulting in the formation of the modern population. Its mechanistic division along national or religious lines is unthinkable today (thanks to the huge number of mixed marriages) and therefore there is no place for chauvinism and interethnic enmity in the Urals.

Bibliography

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2. History of the Urals: Textbook (regional component). – Chelyabinsk: ChSPU Publishing House, 2002. – 260 p.
3. Ethnography of Russia: electronic encyclopedia.
4. www.ru.wikipedia.org, etc.................