Native craftsmen. Project "folk craftsmen"

We consider it appropriate to begin our first story about weaving with a word about folk craftsmen and craftsmen who, from generation to generation, passed on the traditions of the original Russian arts and crafts to their students and followers. It was they who introduced elements of highly artistic creativity and invention into every simple household craft or item of peasant life. It is they - our teachers and mentors - who have preserved and brought to our time the age-old techniques and methods of weaving from willow twigs: “row by row”, “in a thread”, “in an overlay”, “in a cross”, “with a star”. They also explained to us the advantages of the number of even risers of the base of the bottoms and lids over the odd number, “ropes” of four rods over “ropes” of three rods, the addition of new rods with “butts from the right hand to the left”, weaving the sides of the basket with a “border”, weaving “ ropes of five rods" with and without a gasket, etc. That is why we begin our story with an appeal:

Remember the teachers of ancient folk art!

Shopping bag "Rook". Work by L. A. Belikova

There is little information about folk craftsmen and the organizers of basket weaving in Russia. And yet we can name here the names of those who, by creating nurseries and plantations for growing basket willows, contributed to the widespread spread and development of artistic weaving. For example, in the city of Novosil, Tula province, the owner of a nursery I. I. Shatilov not only raised willow trees and sold hundreds of poods of peeled (white) twig to basket weavers, but also carried on a wide trade in white and red willow cuttings for a ruble per 100 pieces. for its breeding on peasant farms. Similar activities were carried out by Krapivenskoye, Likhvinskoye, Romanovskoye, Okhtinskoye and other forest districts; willow nurseries existed in Saratov, at Skuratovo station, in Oboyansky district of Kursk province and in other places. The real promoter of basket fishing and willow cultivation was Fyodor Nikolaevich Makhaev, an instructor in basket weaving at the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture, as well as the Commission for the Study of the Handicraft Industry of Pre-Revolutionary Russia.

Maybe it was not worth writing about this in such detail, but we would like to emphasize the idea that our people have always perceived and perceive the past as a rich repository of experience, as material for reflection, for critical analysis of their own decisions and actions. He has always drawn and continues to draw inspiration from the past for present and future affairs.

Many authors, touching on this aspect of the matter, in their works on weaving give examples of how this national economic craft developed in Russia. Thus, the weavers of Kostroma and Kineshma, the village of Bogorodskoye, Nizhny Novgorod province, were especially famous for the quality and variety of their wicker products. At the end of the 80s of the last century, one of the first weaving schools in Russia was opened at the paper spinning factories of the Voznesenskaya manufactory (now Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region). The same schools arose in Kyiv and Poltava, in Cherkassy and near Kursk. In 1891, funded by a famous philanthropist S. G. Morozova at the station Golitsyno Moscow railway d. a zemstvo educational workshop on basket weaving was created under the leadership A.I. Berezovsky. Here weaving lessons were taught using Russian patterns supplied by the Moscow Handicraft Museum, as well as from albums and books published abroad at that time. The school of basket weaving in the village of Melekhovka, Tula province, was widely known, the founder of which was I. I. Tsigner.

Some authors call it one of the largest centers of Russian basket weaving in the 19th century. the village of Bolshie Vyazemy, Zvenigorod district, Moscow province, but this is not entirely accurate. The real kingdom of willow wickerwork belonged to a number of villages in the Perkhushkovsky volost. The Zvenigorod Historical and Architectural Museum, behind the high walls of the former Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, carefully preserves a magnificent collection of wickerwork, many of which are more than 150 years old. The most interesting information about people who were engaged in weaving baskets, armchairs, baby rattles, strollers, cradles, and screens from willow twigs is given by the statistical department of the Moscow provincial zemstvo government for 1882 in the book “Crafts of the Moscow province” (M., issue III, section II , pp. 35-39). It contains the surnames, first names and patronymics of more than 120 masters. And although their list is quite long, let’s name a few at random: Vasily Kuzmich Morozov - soldier-chairs and baskets, Markel Filippov Trenin - strollers, Vasily Ivanovich Belyukin - screens, Fedor Nikolaevich Vavarin, Ivan and Stepan Kirillovich Kurkov and many others.

Researchers note that local peasants have been engaged in basket weaving in the Perkhushkovskaya volost near Zvenigorod since ancient times and that this craft here was a form of family production, and only the heads of families were listed by name. In some cases, women were noted as elders. For example, Ekaterina Nikitina, a widow, Ustinya Kozminichna Kuznetsova, Daria Efimovna Kapitonova, etc. Naturally, other family members also participated in the weaving, and among them, the officials’ report says, “we came across girls 6-7 years old who took part in the weaving.”

The largest number of people engaged in weaving, it turns out, was in the village of Malye Vyazemy - 70 people, who produced various wicker products worth 23,615 rubles per year, and in the village of Bolshiye Vyazemy - only 29 people, who had an annual production volume of 8,115 rubles. , or almost 3 times less. In the village of Sharapovka, nine men produced furniture, baskets and carts worth 5,850 rubles per year, in the village of Kobyakovo - seven men from the production of chairs and bottle braids had an annual income of 2,850 rubles, in the village of Butyn 4 people - 890 rubles. By the way, the information indicates that on average, basket weavers had 230 working days a year, and the duration of the working day was 11-12 hours. It is also characteristic that out of 80 different trades registered in the Moscow province, 60 trades were carried out by peasants of the Zvenigorod district.

Nowadays, we are accustomed to calling the Zvenigorod region nothing more than “Russian Switzerland” for the true splendor and beauty of the local nature. But in reality, it turns out that beauty is never passive: the beauty of nature gives birth to the beauty of the fruits of human labor and talent.

And let the readers forgive us for this lyrical digression from our main topic, it is organically intertwined with the subject of our hobbies, especially if we consider that, according to the same data from the zemstvo government in 1882, the villages of the Perkhushkovsky volost listed above produced 42,320 wicker products r., while in Kolomna and Ruzsky districts combined the production of wicker products was no more than 5,500 r.

Of particular interest to us are data on the costs and income of weavers of specific products. Thus, the cost of purchased materials and sticks for making ten wicker chairs by two people per week amounted to 4 rubles. 33 kopecks, and the proceeds from their sale (80 kopecks per chair) - 8 rubles.

The cost of weaving 20 flower baskets was 4 rubles. 36 kopecks, and income from sale (40 kopecks for 1 piece) - 8 rubles. Costs for 18 fruit baskets - 2 rubles. 40 k., and the income (25 k. for 1 piece) was 4 rubles. 50 k. A braid of 100 bottles brought a weekly income of 10 rubles. upon consumption of material and delivery of products to the customer 3 rubles. 35 k.

The work on the artistic braiding of bottles for the Moscow Rallet perfume factory was highly valued. The cost of the material was 75 kopecks, and the master received 7 rubles per week. 25 k.

When and how did basket fishing originate here?

We also found information on this matter in the materials of the zemstvo study. In 1830, the owner of his Zvenigorod estate, Prince D. V. Golitsyn and brought with him several baskets of artistic work from peeled rod, in order to force his peasants to weave the same. The first to try his hand was a certain Dove, the most famous master of weaving straw hats in the area at that time. After several unsuccessful experiments, he presented the prince with a basket made no worse than foreign models, for which he received permission to teach this art to everyone.

The peasants of the Golitsyn estate learned how to weave armchairs from a local peasant who worked for some time in a furniture workshop in Moscow and returned home due to poor health. And the braiding of bottles and bottles came from Dmitry Evdokimovich Maltsev during the Crimean War of 1853 -1856. So it is no coincidence that in the land of primordial craftsmen, an artel of basket weavers arose in 1899 - the Vyazma Folding and Consumer Society.

But it must be said that from this artel and the Golitsyn workshop to the consumer goods and industrial goods workshop of the Ivanteevsky forest selection experimental nursery is a huge distance. This workshop has been headed for many years by a magnificent master of artistic weaving from willow rod, Viktor Petrovich Zheleznoye.

Anyone who has been here could not help but notice that the workshop is essentially a model of a modern industrial enterprise. It is no coincidence that it was awarded the title “Workshop of high production culture and labor organization.” The workshop's annual sales volume is 440 thousand rubles.

I wonder what V. P. Zheleznova and his wife Lyubov Grigorievna were invited here from Kobyakovo more than 20 years ago to teach basket craft to the workers of the Ivanteevsky nursery to secure personnel here in the winter, taking into account the seasonal nature of their work. And if we mentioned above the names of the masters and founders of weaving of the last century, then the names of our contemporaries should be named and preserved in people’s memory.

For 1974-1979 Under the leadership of the Zheleznovs, the workshop team mastered the production and production of 49 samples of wicker products. Already in 1975, baskets and flower pots exhibited in the "Greening and Floriculture" pavilion of the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements were awarded a First Class Certificate, and in 1976 a number of household products and souvenirs were awarded a Diploma from the international exhibition AGRO-76. One can only be surprised at the inexhaustible imagination of Viktor Petrovich in creating new samples of wicker products while updating the assortment of the workshop’s products over the entire 3 years. We had the opportunity to be here many times and each time we observed one or another new product created by V.P. Zheleznov in production.

It is difficult to say how many people he taught his skills. One thing is documented for sure: on average, 90 people attended Zheleznov’s “universities” in the workshop per year, and only 36 of them were permanent employees of the workshop. The rest came to the workshop after finishing the summer-autumn work on the nursery plantations. Therefore, in winter, 110-120 people worked in the workshop, who weaved up to 1000 baskets and various souvenir and gift items in an 8-hour working day! Isn’t this a reward for the teacher for his patience and work?!

So, having inherited the passion and talent of the weavers of the famous villages of Bolshiye Vyazemy and Kobyakova, V.P. Zheleznoye brought grains of folk craft to the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry Mechanization, giving a second long life to the tree. Moreover, he successfully heads the workshop and organizes work in it on the basis of economic calculation, as befits an independent production unit in our turbulent time of acceleration and restructuring.

And products from willow twigs fly from here in thousands not only to the trade and purchasing base of "Moszvettorg" and the Moscow store "Russian Souvenir", but also far beyond the Moscow region - to Murmansk and Tolyatti, to the Far Eastern port of Nakhodka and the Baltic Kaliningrad, to many cities and regions of the country, spreading the glory of the descendant of famous Russian masters and craftsmen and his talented students.

Vase "Openwork". Authors V. P. and L. G. Zheleznov

A similar parallel can also be drawn from the artels of Serpukhov basket makers to the “Beskodarovsky” courses at the Palace of Culture “Russia” in Serpukhov, Moscow region. In the village of Luzhki, Serpukhov district, for example, before the revolution and in the 20s, there was an artel of basket weavers: 20 men and 22 women, i.e. no less than the permanent workers in V.P. Zheleznov’s workshop. This artel also produced many thousands of baskets, supplied mainly to Moscow. But over time, basket fishing lost its former importance here, as in a number of other places in the Moscow region. At local bazaars and grandiose Serpukhov fairs, fewer and fewer wicker products appeared, of which large laundry baskets with two handles, woven from white peeled rod, were in particular demand. Housewives wore them after washing to rinse clothes on trays near the numerous springs that fed the Serpeika River, or on rafts on the Nara River. Until the Great Patriotic War, cradles, strollers, high chairs and armchairs made of wicker and other basket goods were also in great use until the Great Patriotic War.

Yes, the craft was losing its importance, but the traditions were not lost, the memory and skill of the basket weavers lived on. Often visiting the village of Luzhki, you are happy to meet peasants returning from the sandy shores of the Oka River with armfuls of freshly cut willow twigs. Household baskets are still needed today for various needs both in the barnyard and in the field, and the market of the nearby city is asking for such goods.

Among those who continue the traditions of the famous village, we have long noticed a woman who is no longer young. This is Anna Vasilyevna Kharybina - the guard of the neighboring pioneer camp. Despite her advanced age, she still doesn’t let go of her hand-woven, comfortable little baskets for mushrooms or berries. And among the townspeople there are many famous basket craftsmen, true guardians of folk art. These are Georgy Alekseevich Krasheninnikov, and Vasily Petrovich Grishin, Candidate of Medical Sciences Semyon Fedorovich Moskalev and... in a word, you can’t count them all.

But we want to talk about the first among many and the only one of its kind here - about Alexei Alekseevich Beskudarov, whose skill is familiar not only to Serpukhovites, Pushchino and Protvinsk residents, but also to many residents of the Moscow region cities of Chekhov, Podolsk, Zhukovsky, Kaliningrad and other places in our country.

Suffice it to say that newspapers and magazines have repeatedly written about the skill of this man, his talent and extraordinary products: “Izvestia”, “Soviet Russia”, “Soviet Culture”, “Nature and Man”, the yearbook “Forest and Man”, “Rural calendar”, etc. How can one explain such interest in Beskodarov and the subject of his passion and skill?

Answering the question posed, we can testify that A. A. Beskodarov People were attracted and attracted by his extraordinary sociability, kindness and selflessness. It is no coincidence that he himself loved to repeat: “Do you know what my last name stands for? - Selfless giver...” And this pun was his life credo.

However, we started our story not just about a good and interesting person. In it, we sought to show the main thing: Beskodarov’s weaving techniques and techniques, the nature of his products, the method and training program, i.e., issues that have applied, utilitarian significance for the interested reader. The world of real, serious hobbies is always interesting and meaningful. And it is rightly said: it is better to see once than to hear ten times.

Take a close look at the products of A. A. Beskudarov presented in the photographs, and you will notice the clear proportions of the simple but perfect forms of each item woven by a real master, the extraordinary elegance of the item (we are not talking about impeccable weaving). Take at least a table lamp-night light (see below) or a candelabra-candlestick, as if cast in bronze. And you just want to touch the candy bowl with handles and lid and see what’s inside. Any item by a venerable craftsman caresses the eye and warms the soul.

Another interesting episode speaks about the skill of A. A. Beskodarov. One day, friends of pilot-cosmonaut A.V. Ivanchenkov came to his house in Serpukhov at house No. 9 on Narsky Lane and asked: “Please weave something unusual for our hero of the day, otherwise we don’t know what to give him... "

“Okay!” He answers. “I’ll do it.” And soon he wove a huge spoon-ladle and a model - a copy of the Salyut - Soyuz space complex in strictly specified dimensions, docked with each other and carrying solar panels and other devices. On board are the names of the ships, as if embroidered from the finest colored twigs. They say that Ivanchenkov liked the wicker spoon and the space complex and delighted his guests.

What does this funny incident mean? First of all, about the fact that Beskodarov could weave any object he liked from willow twigs. And how to weave! For example, he bought luxurious albums of photographs of porcelain and crystal tableware in order to use them to weave all kinds of vases and vases for flowers, fruits, sweets, etc. At the same time, he carefully redrew each item intended for weaving onto a Whatman paper, determined the size and scale , without deviating even a millimeter from classical forms and perfect proportions. So, each product was given to A. A. Beskudarov with serious work, real creativity and a constant desire for perfection. Therefore, at exhibitions of wickerwork, visitors greeted each exhibit of the famous master with admiration.

Documentary and artistic short amateur films were shot about Beskodarov, about his artistic products, called only “a fairy tale from a vine”, “willow lace”, etc. These films were the best way to promote weaving as a folk arts and crafts craft, as an interesting hobby for many people, and invariably brought well-deserved recognition and awards to their creators.

Thus, the film “Talent, Fantasy and Golden Hands” by our fellow countryman Alexei Ivanovich Pisarev received a 1st degree diploma at the All-Russian competition in Novgorod in 1976. His film entitled “The Tale of Willow Twigs” was shown at international competitions in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Finland in 1978 and 1979 and was awarded medals and diplomas. It is typical that when these films are seen by people studying artistic weaving (and now A. I. Pisarev managed to voice them), then the greatest impression on them is how quickly, effortlessly Beskodarov’s hands work, how he holds a knife and an awl, how easily and obediently the rods bend under his fingers, as if they were plucking the strings of an epic ringing harp, how simply and He tells his story convincingly. The master, alas, is no longer alive, but his voice still sounds in the recording, his memory lives on in the world-famous Star City, and in the Serpukhov Historical and Art Museum, which acquired a collection of products by A. A. Beskudarov for its exhibitions, and in the clinic for water workers of the port "Serpukhov", in the interiors of which there are still Beskodarov "kindergartens" and flowerpots, and in kindergarten No. 26, where every morning in the lobby little Serpukhovians are greeted by a pot-bellied two-bucket samovar with a teapot and cups that he once woven as a gift from "grandfather Alyosha".

A souvenir model of the Salyut - Soyuz space complex, donated to the Star City Museum by A. A. Beskodarov

The craftsmen's products are also known abroad. A wicker samovar also sailed overseas to the USA, “Greek” vases were taken to Italy, and to France a whole set of products from the Serpukhov wizard, acquired by a French specialist who worked for some time in Protein at the famous synchrophasotron. The fact is that his wife enthusiastically attended the “beskodar” courses and was even elected head of the group for her diligence in studying Russian basket weaving.

Lamp-night light "Fish under an umbrella". Author A. A. Beskodarov. From the collections of the Serpukhov Historical and Art Museum

Once upon a time they sent A. S. Berezovsky to Paris to study artistic weaving in the Art Nouveau style from colonial materials, and now, it turns out, Parisians are not averse to learning the art of weaving from Russian willow in a modest city on the Oka River.

Stand-pot for indoor flowers "Candelabra". Author A. A. Beskodarov. From the collections of the Serpukhov Historical and Art Museum

You can tell a lot of instructive things about the skill and life of Alexey Alekseevich Beskudarov, but I think it would be better to say in the words of the poet Andrei Dementyev:

“Don’t dare forget teachers! Let life be worthy of their efforts. Russia is famous for its teachers. Students bring glory to it. Don’t dare forget teachers!”

These words contain a deep meaning of continuity of generations.

We are proud of our great Motherland, its culture, its forests and fields, its songs, its hardworking and talented people. But each of us has our own Small Motherland. The small homeland is the place where you were born, this is the house where you take your first steps, bursting with laughter, where you first said the word mother, but also human relationships, way of life and traditions. This is the place where our parents live, where we grow, study, and play with friends. Nothing on earth can be closer, sweeter than the place where you spent your childhood. Every person has his own homeland. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, but all people love it. And no matter where we go, we are always drawn to our homeland, to the places where we grew up. The homeland does not have to be big. This could be some corner of our city or village. This is our history and every person should know the history of their region, its people. This is part of our happiness. My small homeland is the Belgorod region. I am happy that I live on Belgorod land. The Belgorod region is the most attractive and interesting corner of our country, which has a centuries-old history. Many poems and stories have been written about the Belgorod region. The homeland is like a huge tree on which you can’t count the leaves. But every tree has roots that feed it. Roots are what we lived with yesterday, 100, 1000 years ago. This is our history, our culture. I love the Belgorod region for its vast fields, majestic mountains, forests and simply because I was born here. The history of the Belgorod region is diverse and original. The people who lived on this land had to go through many troubles and hardships - fires, raids, invasions, but, nevertheless, the Belgorod region was and continues to be famous for its brave and hardworking residents, traditions and customs. Various crafts occupy a special place in the history of our region. Craftsmen were famous not only in their city or province, but also beyond their borders. At first, among the residents of the Belgorod region, the craft was of a domestic nature - everyone sewed their own clothes and shoes, clay dishes, and made tools. But in the early Middle Ages, the release of products to the market began. The Belgorod land was famous for its icon painters. The names of the masters, with few exceptions, are unknown to us. But we can look at rare masterpieces found in various corners of our region and seem to be transported to another time, feel how the feelings that the author put into his work penetrate into us. Since ancient times, the Belgorod region has been famous for its potters. The center of pottery production was the Borisov region, where talented craftsmen live to this day, and there is a fairly large factory for the production of clay and ceramic products. It would seem that this craft is quite simple, but this is just the first impression. Having become more familiar with pottery, I realized that it is a very delicate and painstaking work that consists of many stages and requires attention and patience. In the skillful hands of a master, a shapeless piece of clay becomes a real work of art. The master's products became famous throughout the province and were sold with great success at fairs. Blacksmithing was also developed in the Belgorod region. The blacksmith in epics, fairy tales and legends is the personification of goodness, strength and courage. Rich ore deposits allowed the rapid development of this skill. Belgorod blacksmiths supplied farmers with scythes and sickles, soldiers with weapons, and created things necessary for the economy such as keys, knives, needles, fishhooks, locks and much more. Various jewelry and amulets were also made. In addition to the above-mentioned crafts, weaving, wickerwork and an infinite number of other diverse techniques and skills were developed in the Belgorod region. And the very fact that these crafts and masters have not yet been forgotten is a valuable cultural achievement. This means that Belgorod residents do not forget the traditions of their ancestors, respect and revive them. This means that interest in the culture of one’s people does not disappear, but rather increases. Every year, exhibitions and sales of handicraft products are held, which are popular among the population. All this is another big step towards preserving cultural heritage. I believe that it is necessary to create corners of folk culture in schools, because those who are still in school now will have the task of preserving and creating the traditions of our homeland, our culture. Moreover, it is worth holding meetings with carriers of information about folk culture - residents of villages. After all, nothing can be learned better than first-hand.

Subject: I am proud of the history of my native land. Craftsmen of my city.

Target: introduce the history of the native land, talk about folk craftsmen, folk crafts, blacksmiths, cultivate love for the native land and pride.

Form of organization of the educational process: practical lesson.

Expected results: acquiring knowledge about the history and craftsmen of the native land.

Equipment: presentation

Lesson plan:

Class organization.

The bell has already rung, the lesson is starting,

We are ready to work hard, to work, not to be lazy

So that the knowledge from the lesson would benefit everyone!

The waste heaps stand majestically and proudly. The mining mountains are close, foggy, ash-gray, steep-topped, reddish-brown, oblong, cool, like giant helmets.

In summer - burned by the scorching sun. In winter they are snowy, and if the wind blows the snow off the top, it seems as if the mountains are waist-deep in snowdrifts. The waste heaps are especially beautiful in the morning: from a distance they are pale lilac and purple. At night it’s full of flickering lights, as if the mountain inside is hot and the fire breaks through here and there.

Many waste heaps have been standing in the Donetsk steppe for at least a century. They saw blizzards and blizzards, withering heat and threatening downpours like floods. They are shrouded in bluish haze, like legends.

Low bow to them, eternal monuments to the difficult

miner's labor!

Working on new material

Collect a proverb.

Any work... you have to love work.

A man without a craft... praises the master.

To live well, like a tree without fruit.

Haven't you heard of the craftsman?

Who shoed the flea?

Remembering the master

Tell me his nickname.

5 letters (Lefty)

Leskov’s story is called “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”and isRussian tale, in which the main character acts -Lefty. It was he who shoed the flea, being a master “from God,” and forever became an example of a man with “golden hands.”

Todaythe name "Lefty" has become a household namewhich is calleda talented and savvy native of the people's environment.

A folk craftsman is a person who practices folk craft.

The traditions of folk art go back to ancient times, reflecting the peculiarities of the working and everyday life, aesthetic ideals and beliefs of a certain people. Motifs and images of folk art have remained almost unchanged for centuries, passed on from generation to generation. Products of folk craftsmen (ceramics, fabrics and carpets, products made of wood, stone, metal, bone, leather, etc.) are designed, first of all, to bring beauty and joy into everyday human life.

Let's talk about some of the “traditional craftsmen” of the past and present of our region, who glorified it with their work. In the past, when there was no such variety of machines as there is now, the main tool of the master was his hands, and to help them - an axe, a pickaxe, a shovel, and a plow. Since ancient times, earthenware has been used in everyday life.

Pottery - one of the types of folk crafts. Clay was mined using an iron pick and spade. It was carried and stored in the yard, and, if necessary, filled with water. The clay, kneaded like dough, was beaten with oars and pounded with wooden hammers. After this, the clay was rolled out. The potter plucked off pieces and processed them first on a hand-held and later on a heavy foot-operated potter's wheel. The main tools for decorating dishes were the potter's fingers and a knife - a thin wooden plate. The master cut the finished product from the circle with wire, set it to dry and fired it, then painted it and covered it with enamel. In the XVIII century. One of the types of ceramics, majolica, became widespread. Majolica products made from colored clay, painted in folk style, still decorate our modern homes. Among the ceramic products are bowls, half-bowls, glaciers (lids), makitra pots, etc.

wicker weaving - the craft of making wickerwork from wicker. Basket fishing was widespread among the population of the Donetsk region. Basket artisans wove baskets of various sizes and shapes, boxes, furniture, screens and bodies for carriages. The raw materials were willow, bird cherry, elm twigs, as well as reeds.

blacksmith craft . Archaeological finds indicate the development of this craft. The roots of blacksmithing go back five thousand years into the past. The range of iron and steel products was also extremely wide - weapons, production tools, craft tools, horse harnesses, household items, jewelry and clothing items.

Outstanding fellow countrymanAlexey Ivanovich Mertsalov –

blacksmith and worker at the Yuzovsky Metallurgical Plant

in 1895 he forged a palm tree from one rail that was

awarded the Grand Prix and remains a symbol of the Donetsk region.

Blacksmithing in Donbass is still flourishing and glorified, with young talents giving more and more new forged masterpieces.

Physical education minute

Take your seats.

Once - they sat down, twice - they stood up,

Everyone raised their hands up.

They sat down, stood up, sat down, stood up,

Vanka - It’s like they became Vstanka,

And then they started galloping

Like my elastic ball.

Work in groups.

1 group - sculpt dishes (tea set) from plasticine (salt dough, clay).

Group 2 - On a sample of dishes (plate) made of white cardboard, paint with paints in a folk style.

Reflection.

Our lesson has come to an end.

Who is a folk craftsman?

What crafts do you remember?

Which of our region's crafts did you like best?

Name the working people who glorified our region.

Continue the sentences:

Hands work - soul……..;

If you don’t bother, you’ll be happy…….

Municipal educational institution « School No. 138 Donetsk"

Prepared and carried out primary school teacher Titarenko T.G.

Subject: I am proud of the history of my native land. Craftsmen of my city

Target: expand knowledge about your hometown;disstalk about folk craftsmen, folk crafts, blacksmiths,Rdevelop attentiveness, observation, and creative abilities of students;Vdevelop a sense of pride in your city, love for your native land.

Move lesson:

Class organization.

The bell has already rung, the lesson is starting,

We are ready to work hard, to work, not to be lazy

So that the knowledge from the lesson would benefit everyone!

The waste heaps stand majestically and proudly. The mining mountains are close, foggy, ash-gray, steep-topped, reddish-brown, oblong, cooled, like giant helmets.

In summer - burned by the scorching sun. In winter they are snowy, and if the wind blows the snow off the top, it seems as if the mountains are waist-deep in snowdrifts. The waste heaps are especially beautiful in the morning: from a distance they are pale lilac and purple. At night it’s full of flickering lights, as if the mountain inside is hot and the fire breaks through here and there.

Many waste heaps have been standing in the Donetsk steppe for at least a century. They saw blizzards and blizzards, withering heat and threatening downpours like floods. They are shrouded in bluish haze, like legends.

Low bow to them, eternal monuments to the difficult

miner's labor!

Working on new material

Collect a proverb.

Any work... you have to love work.

A man without a craft... praises the master.

To live well, like a tree without fruit.

Creating a problematic situation. A riddle about a craftsman.

Haven't you heard of the craftsman?

Who shoed the flea?

Remembering the master

Tell me his nickname.

5 letters (Lefty)

Leskov’s story is called “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”and isRussian tale, in which the main character acts -Lefty. It was he who shoed the flea, being a master “from God,” and forever became an example of a man with “golden hands.”

Todaythe name "Lefty" has become a household namewhich is calleda talented and savvy native of the people's environment.

Think about what crafts people did and who is a craftsman?

A folk craftsman is a person who practices folk craft.

Folk crafts are the bottom of the forms of folk art (in particular, the production of decorative and applied arts).

Let's talk about some of the “traditional craftsmen” of the past and present of our region, who glorified it with their work. In the past, when there was no such variety of machines as there is now, the main tool of the master was his hands, and to help them - an axe, a pickaxe, a shovel, and a plow. Since ancient times, earthenware has been used in everyday life.

Pottery - one of the types of folk crafts. Clay was mined using an iron pick and spade. It was carried and stored in the yard, and, if necessary, filled with water. The clay, kneaded like dough, was beaten with oars and pounded with wooden hammers. After this, the clay was rolled out. The potter plucked off pieces and processed them first on a hand-held and later on a heavy foot-operated potter's wheel. The main tools for decorating dishes were the potter's fingers and a knife - a thin wooden plate. The master cut the finished product from the circle with wire, set it to dry and fired it, then painted it and covered it with enamel. In the XVIII century. One type of ceramics, majolica, became widespread. Majolica products made from colored clay, painted in folk style, still decorate our modern homes. Among the ceramic products are bowls, half-bowls, glaciers (lids), makitra pots, etc.

wicker weaving - the craft of making wickerwork from wicker. Basket fishing was widespread among the population of the Donetsk region. Basket artisans wove baskets of various sizes and shapes, boxes, furniture, screens and bodies for carriages. The raw materials were willow, bird cherry, elm twigs, as well as reeds.

blacksmith craft . Archaeological finds indicate the development of this craft. The roots of blacksmithing go back five thousand years into the past. The range of iron and steel products was also extremely wide - weapons, production tools, craft tools, horse harnesses, household items, jewelry and clothing items.

Outstanding fellow countrymanAlexey Ivanovich Mertsalov -

blacksmith and worker at the Yuzovsky Metallurgical Plant

in 1895 he forged a palm tree from one rail that was

awarded the Grand Prix and remains a symbol of the Donetsk region.

Blacksmithing in Donbass is still flourishing and glorified, with young talents giving more and more new forged masterpieces.

Physical education minute

Take your seats.

Once - they sat down, twice - they stood up,

Everyone raised their hands up.

They sat down, stood up, sat down, stood up,

Vanka - It’s like they became Vstanka,

And then they started galloping

Like my elastic ball.

Work in groups.

1 group - sculpt dishes (tea set) from plasticine (salt dough, clay).

Group 2 -On a sample of dishes (plate) made of white cardboard, paint with paints in a folk style.

Reflection.

Our lesson has come to an end.

Who is a folk craftsman?

What crafts do you remember?

Which of our region's crafts did you like best?

Name the working people who glorified our region.

Continue the sentences:

Hands work - soul……..;

If you don’t bother, you’ll be happy…….

Project

"Craftsmen

native land."

The work was completed by a primary teacher

classes MKOU Urenokarlinskaya Secondary School

named after Hero of the Soviet Union I.T. Pimenov

Strueva Elena Ivanovna

“People are not born with skill,

but they are proud of the mastery they have achieved.”

(folk saying)

Every person has a homeland, and everyone loves the place where he was born and lives. Loves his native open spaces, fields, forests. And this love is inextricably linked with the culture of one’s people, their creativity. The folk art of our village has its roots in the distant past.

Relevance of the selected topic

Life moves forward. And today will also become a piece of history. Every year there are fewer and fewer master craftsmen. If we get to know folk craftsmen better, we will learn more about our small homeland, about the secrets of people’s craftsmanship. And perhaps the thin thread of the present and the future will not be interrupted.

That's why target My job is to get to know the folk craftsmen of the village of Ureno-Karlinskoye.

Research objectives:

Collect material about folk craftsmen of the village;

Find out what types of folk art the masters master;

Systematize and summarize material about masters;

Strive to preserve the cultural heritage of my small homeland

Lebedushkin Fedor Ivanovich

Born in the village of Spassko-Kuroedovo on January 19, 1908, died on January 14, 1985. Occupation: felling felt boots. The craft was passed down by his father Ivan. He made these products at home, laid the canvas on the floor in the hut, and then continued the work of felling the felt boots in the bathhouse. I went to the felling in the Orenburg region. He sold these products in the village, at the market in Karsun. He taught his sons Ivan Fedorovich and Mikhail Fedorovich.

Lebedushkin Ivan Fedorovich was born in the village of Spassko-Kuroedovo on February 1, 1939, died on November 8, 2010. Ivan Fedorovich felled felt boots only in his village. Felt felt boots for my family and neighbors. I received wool from my yard, as they kept quite a lot of sheep. He passed this craft on to his son Fyodor Ivanovich.

WALL OF WOOL CLOTH

There was another native Russian craft in the village - felting woolen cloth. It was made from wool. Sheep were specially kept for this purpose. In the evenings, girls and women made rugs from wool. They were laid on benches or on the stove and slept on them. These rugs replaced our mattresses. People came to the craftsmen from all over the region to buy household items they made. Such masters were Eremina A.I., Marulina F.I. Sewing patchwork quilts was a real work of art. Shreds were taken in all colors. Ustinya Ivanovna Strueva, Anna Ivanovna Meshanina, and Onisya Dmitrievna Ovechkina were engaged in quilting patchwork quilts. There are still skilled women in the village to this day. Shubina Natalya Petrovna is a master of beating out beautiful window curtains, embroidering colored patterns on pillowcases and tablecloths on a sewing machine. Born in 1929 in the village of Malaya Kopyshovka. I started embroidering curtains and scarves by hand with colored threads. I crocheted tablecloths, curtains, and shawls from camel wool. I got married and broke curtains by hand, even for sale. Then I bought a machine and started breaking curtains and spectacles for people to sell.
Shubina Natalya Petrovna

BASKET WEAVING

Kotov Vasily Ivanovich was engaged in basket weaving. As a boy, from the age of 8, he learned from adults how to weave baskets (zobni) and ran to sell them at the market. The passion grew into a hobby. I harvested twigs in the fall, when the leaves flew around, and weaved baskets in the winter, in my free time from the garden. And every spring Vasily Ivanovich sold his baskets.