Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance. The Great Migration of Peoples or the history of the Finno-Ugric tribes

Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. In Russia alone there live 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin. The Finnish Kalevala inspired Tolkien, and Izhora fairy tales inspired Alexander Pushkin.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians?

Finno-Ugrians are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 nations, 17 of which live in Russia. The Sami, Ingrian Finns and Seto live both in Russia and abroad.
Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Their total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 19 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mari.

Where do Finno-Ugric people live in Russia?

Taking into account the current labor migration, we can say that everywhere, however, the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics in Russia. These are peoples such as Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians and Mari. There are also autonomous okrugs of the Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.

The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, where Komi-Permyaks were in the majority, was united with the Perm region into the Perm Territory. The Finno-Ugric Vepsians in Karelia have their own national volost. Ingrian Finns, Izhoras and Selkups do not have an autonomous territory.

Is Moscow a Finno-Ugric name?

According to one hypothesis, the oikonym Moscow is of Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language “mosk”, “moska” is translated into Russian as “cow, heifer”, and “va” is translated as “water”, “river”. Moscow in this case is translated as “cow river”. The popularity of this hypothesis was brought by its support by Klyuchevsky.

Russian historian of the 19th-20th centuries Stefan Kuznetsov also believed that the word “Moscow” was of Finno-Ugric origin, but assumed that it came from the Meryan words “mask” (bear) and “ava” (mother, female). According to this version, the word “Moscow” is translated as “bear”.
Today, these versions, however, are refuted, since they do not take into account the ancient form of the oikonym “Moscow”. Stefan Kuznetsov used data from the Erzya and Mari languages; the word “mask” appeared in the Mari language only in the 14th-15th centuries.

Such different Finno-Ugrians

The Finno-Ugric peoples are far from homogeneous, either linguistically or anthropologically. Based on language, they are divided into several subgroups. The Permian-Finnish subgroup includes the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. The Volga-Finnish group is the Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and the Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, Vods, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. Also, the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

The peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. The rest of these traits are either equally divided, or the Caucasoid component dominates.

What do haplogroups say?

Genetic studies show that every second Russian Y chromosome belongs to haplogroup R1a. It is characteristic of all Baltic and Slavic peoples (except for the southern Slavs and northern Russians).

However, among the inhabitants of the North of Russia, haplogroup N3, characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples, is clearly represented. In the very north of Russia, its percentage reaches 35 (the Finns have an average of 40 percent), but the further south you go, the lower this percentage is. In Western Siberia, the related N3 haplogroup N2 is also common. This suggests that in the Russian North there was not a mixing of peoples, but a transition of the local Finno-Ugric population to the Russian language and Orthodox culture.

What fairy tales were read to us?

The famous Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin’s nanny, is known to have had a strong influence on the poet. It is noteworthy that she was of Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingria.
This explains a lot in understanding Pushkin's fairy tales. We have known them since childhood and believe that they are originally Russian, but their analysis suggests that the plot lines of some of Pushkin’s fairy tales go back to Finno-Ugric folklore. For example, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is based on the fairy tale “Wonderful Children” from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsians are a small Finno-Ugric people).

Pushkin's first major work, the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of its main characters is Elder Finn, a wizard and sorcerer. The name, as they say, speaks volumes. Philologist Tatyana Tikhmeneva, compiler of the book “The Finnish Album,” also noted that the connection of the Finns with witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all nations. The Finns themselves recognized the ability for magic as superior to strength and courage and revered it as wisdom. It is no coincidence that the main character of Kalevala, Väinemöinen, is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.

Naina, another character in the poem, also bears traces of Finno-Ugric influence. In Finnish, woman is "nainen".
Another interesting fact. Pushkin, in a letter to Delvig in 1828, wrote: “By the new year, I will probably return to you in Chukhlyandia.” This is what Pushkin called St. Petersburg, obviously recognizing the primordial Finno-Ugric peoples on this land.

), Mor-Dov-skaya (Mord-va - er-zya and Mok-sha), Ma-ri-skaya (Ma-ri-tsy), Perm-skaya (ud-mur-ty, ko-mi, ko- mi-per-mya-ki), Ugric (Ug-ry - Hung-ry, Khan-ty and Man-si). Number of approx. 24 million people (2016, est.).

Great-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, was in the zone of forests of the West. Si-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Kama) in the 4th - middle. 3rd millennium BC e. Their ancient activities were hunting, river fishing, and so-bi-ra-tel-st. According to Lin-gwis-ti-ki, F.-u. did you have any contact with sa-mo-diy-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi And tun-gu-so-man-chur-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi, in the south as mi-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd thousand - from India to Iran. na-ro-da-mi (aria-mi), on za-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages ​​the sub-strata traces in Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd half. 3rd thousand - with the na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the Germans, Bal-tov and Slavs (pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi shnu-ro-voy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tur-no-is-to-ri-che-society). From the 1st half. 2nd thousand in progress with the Aryans in the south and from central Europe. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on the za-pas-de F.-u. I am familiar with the water-stuff and then with the land. In the 2nd-1st thousand, the spread of Finnish-Ugric languages ​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-ti-ki, North. and Center. Scan-di-na-vii (see. Set-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya kul-tu-ra) and you-de-le-nie Baltic-Finnish languages And Sami languages. From the 2nd half. 1st millennium BC e. in the CBC and from the 2nd half. 1st millennium AD e. in Vol-go-Ura-lye there is no connection between you and the Turks. To the most ancient letters. upo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-u. from-no-syat Fenni in “Germany” Ta-tsi-ta (98 AD). From the end 1st thousand on the development of a number of Finnish-Ugric peoples there was a significant influence of their inclusion in composition of the Middle Ages. states ( Volzh-sko-Kamskaya Bul-garia, Ancient Rus', Sweden). According to the data given by the Middle Ages. letters is-exactly-ni-kov and that-by-ni-mi, F.-u. back in the beginning 2nd millennium AD e. co-sta-la-whether basic. in the northern forest and tun-d-ro-voy zone East. Euro-py and Scan-di-na-vii, but there were then in the meaning. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny germ-man-tsa-mi, sla-vya-na-mi (before all the me-rya; perhaps, mu-ro-ma, me-sche-ra, za-vo-loch-skaya, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture of F.-u. were there any cults of the spirits of the nature. It’s possible that ideas about the highest heavenly god have taken shape. Question about the presence of element-men-tov sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning 2nd thousand. Europe in Christianity (Hungarians in 1001, Ka-re-lys and Finns in the 12-14th centuries, Komi in the late 14th century) and times -vi-tion of writings in Finnish-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Finnish-Ugric groups (especially among the Mari and Ud-murts of Bashki-ria and Ta-tar-sta-na) until the 21st century. maintains its communal religion, although it has been subject to Christian influence. Pri-nya-tie is-la-ma F.-u. in Po-Vol-zhye and Si-bi-ri by-st-ro pri-vo-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tion ta-ta-ra-mi, for this mu- sulm. communities among the F.-u. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century for-mi-ru-et-sya between-zh-du-nar. Finnish-Ugric movement, in which the traits of the pan-Finnish-but-Ugric-riz-ma appear.

Lit.: Basics of the Finnish-Ugric language: Questions about the development and development of Finnish -Ugric languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages ​​and peoples. M., 1985; Na-Polish V.V. Introduction to the history of ura-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples (Finno-Ugrians) - a linguistic community of peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Finno-Ugrians, their place in the history of the Russian nation and the Russian state is an academic question. However, in the last twenty years, at the level of the yellow press, the question of Finns and Ugrians began to discuss the delitants. I do not consider myself an expert in anthropology, but I am able to identify the main problematic points that do not allow Ukrainians and Russians to find a common language and stick to the thread of the discussion.

The main problems in the issue of the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples, standing on the way to mutual understanding, are the following

Low level of education in the Internet era. Unfortunately, the majority of people do not strive for knowledge of academic ( scientific) parts of the question Slavs (including their appearance, jewelry, myths, tales, religion and culture) in the history of Russia. Unfortunately, reading academic literature is difficult because of the way the material is presented. And so it is! Read the yellow press on the topic " Slavs"(or similar) with loud anti-Ukrainian phrases and extreme statements is very simple and, most importantly, remembered easily and quickly! Unfortunately! Moreover, having access to the Internet does not help solve the issue, but on the contrary, it complicates it. Exciting prospects for "shut up “the opponent’s mouth on the forum and mixing everything into one pile outweighs common sense and - one’s own mythology and zombification about the Finno-Ugric people began...

Reluctance of the authorities to meet people halfway. For the Russian authorities, this position of Russian citizens is extremely beneficial: no expenses on the part of Russia for the publication and promotion of academic literature; publish yellow press not at the expense of the state, naturally, and it spreads like lightning. Lots of literature on the topic Finno-Ugrians(and not only) was published back in the last century and the century before last, and today new-fangled clever people have not come up with anything new on this issue, but are relaying those old sources, without even bothering to review them for refutations. In addition, it is much easier to control stupid and embittered people - point your finger and say: “Fass!”

As a result, the following problem emerges: looking for himself and can't find him(or afraid). However, Karamzin had already “found” Russia at one time. Since then that Karamzin's story influenced to some extent another Russian historian, Klyuchevsky. This is what has happened since then - the main beneficial provisions of the history of the Russian state of Karamzin flow from one textbook to another, forgetting about the population and equating it with the state, which is extremely wrong! In fact, Karamzin’s story became the first custom-made political version of Russian history, after which history moved from the plane of science to the plane of politics. It is possible that in Russia no one had studied history as a science before Karamzin. Otherwise, Karamzin would not have had to write it to the Tsar’s order.

What can help in resolving the issue of the Finno-Ugric peoples?

Separate the issues of language and DNA. It turns out that according to DNA (roots, clan), the population of Russia really consisted mostly of Finno-Ugric peoples ( read below). However, who said that Finno-Ugric people cannot master the Slavic language and, being essentially Finno-Ugric people, speak Russian and beat themselves in the chest with their fists?

Having read all sorts of things about the Ukrainians from the times of Tsar Gorokh, the Russians, for some reason, accuse the Ukrainians of dislike for the Finno-Ugric people. We (Ukrainians) do not show dislike towards the Finno-Ugrians. We oppose the fact that the Russians themselves show dislike for the Finno-Ugrians, trying to disown kinship with them. As a result, the Russians are trying renounce a large part of yourself, and fill in this part, which is not relevant. I'm not saying that the Russians Dont Have nothing to do with, but the Russians pose the question this way that we (Ukrainians) remain out of work. As a result, the Russians themselves, with their behavior and lack of education, cause negativity on the part of Ukrainians, calling them names. Guys, Ukrainians by definition cannot! The question is, why do Russians disown their part of the Finno-Ugric heritage???

Lack of information gives rise to rumors and fabrications. In question with Finno-Ugric heritage on Russian territory the situation is similar. actively opposes filling in the blank spots in their Finno-Ugric history and this “forces” the Ukrainians (giving every reason and reason) to fill in these blank spots for the Russians, while stating, of course, your vision of the issue. But for all this responsibility The Russians themselves bear it - don’t be silent! Actively analyze yourself (and don’t invent) and thereby you will deprive your opponents of arguments. Who's stopping?

Additional information on the Finno-Ugric topic...

According to a successful comparison by academician Orest Borisovich Tkachenko, world famous Meryanist (a discipline in Finno-Ugric studies that deals with the study of the Meri people): " The Russian people, connected on the maternal side with the Slavic ancestral home, had a Finn as their father. On the paternal side, Russians go back to the Finno-Ugric peoples". This explanation makes clear many cultural facts in the life and development of the Russian nation. In the end, both Muscovite Rus' and Novgorod developed precisely on the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes Chud, Meri and Meshchera, as well as on the Mordovian, Vepsian, Vodian-Izhora , Karelian and Permian territories.

The Slavs did not assimilate the Finnish tribes A. This Finno-Ugrians adapted to the new language and accepted part of the Byzantine spiritual culture. Therefore, Russians have a choice. Realize your roots in this land, discern in your ancestors not only and not so much Slavs, feel that the culture of the Russian people is based on the Finno-Ugric basis.

Who are the Finno-Ugrians (literature on the topic)

Finno-Ugrians- an ethno-linguistic community of peoples numbering more than 20 million people. All Finno-Ugric peoples are indigenous to their territories. Ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples lived in Eastern Europe and the Urals since Neolithic times (New Stone Age). From the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia, from the forest-steppes of the Russian Plain to the coast of the Arctic Ocean - primordial Finno-Ugric lands and the Samoyed peoples close to them.

Linguistically Finno-Ugrians are divided into several subgroups. The Permo-Finnish subgroup consists of the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. Volga-Finnish group: Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, the mysterious Vod, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. The Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

Anthropologically Finno-Ugric peoples heterogeneous. Some scientists highlight a special Ural race, transitional between Caucasians and Mongoloids. All peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. For the rest, these traits are either equally distributed, or the Caucasoid component dominates. But this does not testify in favor of the Indo-European origin of the Finno-Ugrians; Indo-European anthropological features should be distinguished from the linguistic Indo-European community.

Finno-Ugrians all over the world are united by a common material and spiritual culture. All true Finno-Ugric people live in harmony with nature, with the world around them and with neighboring peoples. Only the Finno-Ugric peoples, even at the beginning of the third millennium, preserved traditional culture in Europe to the fullest extent, including, paradoxically, Russian culture. However, this paradox can be explained. Unlike many peoples, Finno-Ugric people try to preserve as many customs and traditions as possible in their culture, including (perhaps in Russia this explains the rather large number of preserved ancient traditions and elements from the times of Rus').

The Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" was preserved for history by the White Sea Karelians, and not by the urbanized Finns; Almost all ancient Russian fairy tales, epics and legends (epic folklore is the oldest of all forms of oral folk culture) were recorded by ethnographers at the end of the 19th century in the areas inhabited by Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of Finno-Ugric peoples in the Arkhangelsk province. Most of the monuments of ancient Russian wooden architecture were inherited from the Finno-Ugric lands. Several years ago, the epic of the Erzyan people “Mastorava” was recorded and restored, which in itself is unique.

The spiritual life of the Finno-Ugric people is impossible without folk beliefs. Even peoples who were baptized long ago retained a huge layer of culture associated with pre-Christian beliefs. And some, like the Mari, still adhere mainly to the traditional faith. These beliefs should not be confused with paganism. The Mari, Erzyans, part of the Udmurts, and the Ob Ugrians have national religions.

Finno-Ugric question– this is without a doubt a Russian question. The question of ethnic identification of the Great Russian ethnos. In all the territories of the Russian Plain, where Russians now live, Finno-Ugric peoples used to live. The big problem is what was the nature of Slavic colonization. After all, Russians preserve the same material and spiritual traditional culture precisely with the Finno-Ugric peoples, and not with the southern Slavs or Turks. The psychological characteristics of the population, its national character, especially in the north, northwest and northeast of the European part of Russia (the most indigenous part of Russia), are also common among Russians and Finno-Ugric peoples.

I hope that the information presented above on the topic of Finno-Ugric peoples and Russia will help to find problem areas in the history of Russia and understand in which direction the history of Russia itself should be built, putting politics aside.

Also on topic:

• Crisis of national and ethnic identity as a diagnosis
• Fables about right and wrong nations. The Birth of Nations.
• Nationality: how to mean the nationality of a person (child) in our time
• Turning points in the formation of the Ukrainian nation: traditions, Ivan Franko
• Sheet to the Youth of Ivan Frank "The Sheet to the Galician Ukrainian Youth"
• Life of the nation. Vykoristanny of toponyms Rus', Muscovy, Ukraine, Russia
• Russian and Ukrainian historiography. Politics and history as science - how to tease out?
• The right of nations to self-determination. Bashkir experience in the Russian Federation
• A real state-forming nation has been formed in Ukraine and there is no place in it for the voters of Crimea and Donbass
• Development strategy of Ukraine - why is there no state development strategy in Ukraine?
• Russian friendship and its longevity as a kind of commercial project
• Finno-Ugric people and Russian culture. Finno-Ugrians are in the blood of Russians
• Russia is rewriting the history of neighboring peoples and states - why?
• Inheritance Birulevo - guest worker in Russia - support of Russia
• In Sochi, workers are not paid wages for three months - evidence from Roman Kuznetsov
• Unrest in Biryulyovo - redistribution of the land market and political raiding against the vegetable supply

Finno-Ugric peoples are a linguistic community of peoples speaking the so-called Finno-Ugric languages. They live in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe. There are many representatives of these nationalities in Russia, as evidenced by surnames of Finno-Ugric origin.

Who belongs to the Finno-Ugric peoples?

According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, more than 2 million representatives of Finno-Ugric peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Among them are Mordovians, Udmurts, Maris, Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Vepsians, Karelians, Sami, Izhorians. The Russian people also have common chromosomes with the Finno-Ugrians.
Researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups. The first, Baltic-Finnish, includes Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians and Izhorians, as well as Vodians and Livonians.
The second subgroup is called Sami or Lapp. Its representatives in Russia live in the Kola Peninsula area. According to scientists, they once occupied a large territory, but were forced out to the north. In addition, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.
The third subgroup - Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians.
The fourth, Perm subgroup, includes the Komi, Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts.
The fifth subgroup is called Ugric. It includes, in particular, the Khanty and Mansi peoples inhabiting the lower reaches of the Ob and the northern Urals.
In the 16th-18th centuries, there was an active expansion of Russian settlers into the lands inhabited by the Finno-Ugric peoples. Gradually, the Christian religion, Russian writing and culture began to displace local traditions. Today, the majority of Finno-Ugric people in Russia speak Russian and practice Orthodoxy.
Meanwhile, traces of Finno-Ugric culture have been preserved on the territory of our country in the form of toponyms, dialect features and surnames. By the way, the latter can sometimes be used to determine the descendants of the Finno-Ugric peoples.

Karelian surnames

Karelian surnames are usually either of Russian origin or formed according to the “Russian” type. Most often they are based on the name of one of the ancestors.
Before the revolution, many Karelians' surnames were replaced by nicknames. They were subsequently recorded as surnames. Thus, the surname Tukhkin comes from the word “tukhka” (ash), Languev - from “langu” (snare, noose), Lipaev - from “lipata” (blink). Some surnames are associated with pagan nicknames: Lemboev (from “lembo” - devil, goblin), Reboev (from “rebo” - fox). Moreover, the suffixes -ov and -ev are often attached to the vowel stem.
A number of Karelian surnames also originated from various toponyms: Kundozerov from “Kundozero”, Palaselov - from the name of the settlement Palaselga.
In addition, some surnames originated from Russian names translated into Karelian. Among them are Garloev (from Hauroy - Gabriel), Anukov (from Onyokka - Ondrei or Andrey), Teppoev (from Teppan - Stepan), Godarev (from Khodari - Fedor).

Mordovian surnames

Surnames among the Mordvins appeared in the 17th century. At first they came from patronymics. So, the son of Lopay became Lopaev, the son of Khudyak - Khudyakov, Kudasha - Kudashev, Kirdyaya - Kirdyaev.
But in principle, all Mordovian surnames can be divided into four varieties. The first comes from pre-Christian personal names: for example, Arzhaev from Arzhay (“arzho” - scar, notch), Vechkanov from Vechkan (“vechkels” - love, respect). The second is from the canonical personal names that were given at baptism. But baptized Mordvins were often called by diminutive names. Hence the surnames Fedyunin (from Fedor), Afonkin (from Afanasy), Larkin (from Illarion). The third group comes from Russian common words: Kuznetsov, Kochetkov, French. Finally, the fourth are surnames borrowed from the Turkic-speaking population with which the Mordovians assimilated, in particular from the Tatars: Bulatkin, Karabaev, Islamkin. “Derogatory” suffixes are much more common in Mordovian surnames than in Russian ones: Isaikin, Ageikin, Eroshkin, Taraskin.

Komi surnames

The Komi have had surnames since the 15th century. The fact is that Perm Vychegda and Perm the Great were initially subordinate to the Novgorod Republic, where surnames were assigned to representatives of all segments of the population. Thus, all currently existing surnames of the Komi peoples are formed according to the “Russian” type - using the suffixes -ov (-ev), -in, -sky. However, the roots underlying surnames can be divided into three varieties. The first includes roots borrowed from the Komi language. The second includes roots taken from the Russian language. The third includes roots of international origin from proper names.
Thus, the surname Burmatov comes from “bur” (kind) and “mort” (man), Ichetkin - from “ichet” (small), Kudymov - from the mythological Komi-Permyak hero Kudym-Osh, Kolegov - from “kalog” (chatty ), Kychanov - from “kychi” (puppy), Pupyshev - from “pupysh” (pimple), Cheskidov - from “cheskyd” (sweet, pleasant), Yurov - from “yur” (head).

Udmurt surnames

They are also educated according to the “Russian” system. Among them the following groups can be distinguished:
Surnames with roots from the Udmurt language. These include, for example, Agayev (from “agai” - older brother or uncle), Vakhrushev (from “vakhra” - wind), Gondyrev - (from “gondyr” - bear), Yuberov, Yuberev (from “yuber” - woodpecker ).
Surnames from Udmurt personal names. For example, Budin, Buldakov (with emphasis on the second syllable), Udegov, Shudegov.
Surnames of non-Udmurt origin. For example, they may be of Russian or Turkic origin: Vladykin, Ivshin, Lukin, Snigirev, Khodyrev. Of course, in this case their origin is more difficult to determine.

). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages ​​is part of the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages ​​(currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages ​​are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represent two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of dark complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, with they are highly likely to bet on Finnish influence".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. She is known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.

The most beautiful Ingrian- Russian actress, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite her German surname (she inherited it from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost entirely Hungarian by blood; her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.

The most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (1969, role of Nancy), “Moon 02” (1969, role of Clementine), “Return of the Pink Panther” (1975, role of Lady Claudine Lytton) . In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.

The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".