Prepare a report about one of the peoples of the world. Peoples of Russia

Russia has more nationalities than other countries. And peace and harmony reign between its peoples. They share their experiences with each other. However, each nation respects its own identity and self-awareness of the ethnic group.

Traditions

The traditions of peoples are very diverse. They are determined by both the time of year and the place of regular residence of a certain people. One of the outstanding features of any people in Russia is its cuisine. Even the peoples who live in the far north of Russia have similar, but not the same cuisine. Each has its own characteristics and its own flavor. For example, the main food in winter for the Sami who live on the Kola Peninsula is venison. They eat fried, boiled, frozen and dried meat. In the past, deer internal organs were a delicacy. And nowadays, if you wish, you can try such unusual and extravagant dishes. There are also dishes that are dangerous. For example, copalchen. This dish is made from raw meat through fermentation using a press. The Chukchi consider it a delicacy. However, the cadaveric poison released during cooking can make the dish dangerous to the health and life of the person who ate it. Over the centuries of preparation and consumption of this dish, the Chukchi body has adapted to this food.

Russia is the largest state on earth by area. In terms of the number of inhabitants, the country is in the top ten countries that have the largest population. According to statistics, 146,500,000 people lived in the Russian Federation at the beginning of 2016. Demography in the country has an impact on the formation of Russian society as a whole. For this reason, she is closely monitored by government agencies and social institutions.

Peoples

Russia throughout its history and currently has had a large number of nationalities. The peoples of the country are distinguished by their unique diversity, cultural identity and history. According to various sources, approximately two hundred nationalities live in Russia. The most numerous among them are Russians. This people includes approximately eighty percent of all nationalities in the country. The largest nations that contain more than 1,000,000 inhabitants:

Tatars
Bashkirs
Chechens
Ukrainians
Chuvash
Armenians

Little-known peoples

There are also nationalities here that have little fame:

Nivkhi
Evenks
Orochi
Udege people
Nanai people and others

They live in remote corners of Russia and include only a few hundred inhabitants.

Today, a Russian citizen’s affiliation with a certain nationality is not indicated in his passport. For this reason, information from the census of Russian peoples is based on the respondent’s self-determination of nationality.

In accordance with the Constitution, Russian is the official state language of the Russian Federation. It has the largest distribution in the country. However, different territories have their own dialects that combine Russian with the national language.

Earth is a planet of people

The population of various territories of the globe is distinguished by its racial, ethnic (from the Greek “ethnos” - people), linguistic, religious characteristics, which are closely related to the natural features of the territory.
Races of man. Ethnographic scientists distinguish the three largest human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid.
Caucasians are characterized by wavy or straight soft hair, light or dark skin, a narrow nose, thin or medium-thick lips. They inhabit mainly Eurasia and North America.
Mongoloids are characterized by straight, coarse dark hair, a yellowish skin tone, a flattened face, and narrow eyes. They inhabit mainly Asia and America. Negroids are characterized by curly black hair, dark brown skin, brown eyes, a wide nose, and thick lips. They inhabit mainly Africa and Oceania.
Mixed races were formed not only in antiquity and the Middle Ages, but also in modern and recent times. Examples of mixed races are the mestizos and mulattoes of America.
There are 3-4 thousand peoples living on Earth. The largest nations of the world: Russians, US Americans, Brazilians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese.
Russians belong to the Caucasian race with all its characteristic external features. The people inhabit Russia and the territories adjacent to it. In addition, Russians live in the USA, Canada, Brazil and other countries.
In the history of the Russian people, the development of free or sparsely populated neighboring lands has constantly taken place, which affected the diversity of everyday characteristics of the population, dialects (dialects), folklore, rituals, and housing.
The basis of Russian national clothing is a men's or women's shirt, sundress, bast shoes, and in winter - felt boots. A traditional Russian dwelling is a log hut with a Russian stove.
Russian folk crafts are world famous: stone-cutting art of the Urals, Vologda lace, lacquer miniatures of Palekh and Fedoskino, metal painting of Zhostov, gold embroidery of Torzhok.
Americans. If such peoples as the Russians, Chinese, and Japanese have a centuries-old history, then the Americans were formed as a people only at the end of the 18th century. at the intersection of all three races, as well as European, Indian and African cultures.
The indigenous people of America are the Indians. This name was given to them in the 15th century. Spanish navigators who mistook the discovered lands for India. The Indians, excellent hunters and fishermen, were characterized by a semi-nomadic lifestyle. Indian dwellings - tipis and wigwams - are adapted for this. Traditional clothing: shirt, leather pants and moccasins.
The 16th century in the history of the United States was marked by the great “migration of peoples”: a stream of European colonists, mainly from England, poured into the country, who began to displace the indigenous inhabitants to less convenient lands. This period is known not only as a time of constant conflicts between aborigines and European settlers, but also as the beginning of the interpenetration of different cultures. For example, the Indians learned from the Europeans how to use horses for farming, and the Europeans learned many food crops, such as corn.
In the XVII-XIX centuries. Black slaves from Africa began to be imported into the United States, mainly to work on the agricultural plantations of the South.
From the mixing of Indians with European settlers, a large mixed race emerged - mestizos, and from mixing with the African population - mulattoes.
There is significant black influence in modern American culture, especially in music and dance. Blues, jazz, country and other musical styles are based on black folklore.
Chinese- the largest nation in the world. He belongs to the Mongoloid race. This people has a long history, culture and traditions. Chinese civilization is one of the most ancient.
The life of the Chinese is quite simple. Traditional food - boiled rice, flatbreads, noodles. However, it is worth noting that the Chinese culinary encyclopedia has 40 volumes.
The traditional home of the Chinese is fanza. The Chinese costume is dominated by the so-called undershirts, and women's and men's clothing differ little from each other.
Traditional crafts - weaving, pottery, weaving, wood carving, stone carving, bone carving, modeling, painted and carved varnish, embroidery. Chinese porcelain is famous.
Indians- the general name of the peoples inhabiting India. Mostly Indians belong to the Caucasian race. Indian culture is one of the oldest in the world. Temples, rock monasteries, richly decorated with sculptures, palaces and mausoleums attract many tourists to India.
The most common type of Indian dwelling is a rectangular house with burnt brick walls, a flat roof and a courtyard. Traditional Indian clothing is saris, sweaters and skirts for women, and pants and shirts for men. Women usually cover their heads with a sari or shawl. Men wear turbans.
Indian crafts are varied. They are skilled masters of carving ivory, horn, wood, making figurines, metal engraving, jewelry, shawls, cotton fabrics, brocade, carpets, and lace.

Using additional literature, the Internet, prepare a report about one of the peoples of Russia and the world or about any country.

Answer

I'll tell you about China.

The People's Republic of China is located in East and Central Asia.

In terms of size, China ranks second after Canada. Its total area is 10 million square kilometers. The length of China from west to east is almost 5 thousand 200 km, and from north to south - 3 thousand 500 km.

China is the most populous country in the world. It is home to over 1 billion people. The population of China is increasing by 35 thousand people every day. China is a multinational country.

Over 92% of the country's total population are Chinese (Khany). In addition to them, representatives of other nations and nationalities live here - Zhuangs, Uyghurs, Huis, Nyans, Tibetans, Miao, Manjurs, Mongols, Buitians, Koreans and about 50 other national minorities.

Chinese people are hardworking, responsible, respectful and sympathetic people. Always ready to help. People are not evenly distributed.

The climate of China is continental, but more severe than in other countries located at the same latitudes of the northern hemisphere.

The flora and fauna of China is rich. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of tree species. In the forests of southern China there are plants that were widespread on earth millions of years ago, but have now become rare - tree ferns and yews. In the forests located in China, there are preserved tigers and Amur cats, leopards and leopards, wild yaks, pandas and golden monkeys.

Left a reply Guest

Peoples of Russia Russia is a unique country in terms of the religious composition of the population: representatives of all three world religions live on its territory - Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. At the same time, many peoples of our country adhere to national and traditional beliefs.
Since ancient times, a huge number of nations and nationalities have lived in Russia. At the same time, the majority of Russians have a friendly attitude towards the various peoples inhabiting the country. In addition, the presence of a large number of nationalities in Russia is legally enshrined in the Constitution.
More than 180 different nationalities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. The titular nation is Russians. The second largest nation in Russia are the Tatars. There are about 5.3 million people (3.7%). Ukrainians occupy third place in number. There are about 2 million of them in Russia (1.4%) of the total population. The fourth place belongs to the Bashkirs. There are more than one and a half million of them in Russia. Fifth place is shared by the Chuvash and Chechens. There are 1% of them, that is, about one and a half million. The sixth place in number is occupied by Armenians, there are more than a million of them.
Russia is also home to a number of nationalities, numbering more than half a million people. Among them are Avars, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Dargins, Kabardians, Kazakhs, Kumyks, Maris, Mordovians and Ossetians.
At the end of the 1980s, more than 2 million Jews lived in Russia. However, many of them left for their historical homeland in Israel. According to the population census, there are only 157 thousand people left in Russia.
In addition, 97 indigenous peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation. In total there are about 500 thousand people, which is 0.3% of the country's population. The largest of these peoples are the Nenets (41 thousand people), and the smallest are the Kereks (only 4 people left).

The cuisine of the peoples of Russia depends on their living conditions and area of settlement. In total, more than 180 nationalities live in the Russian Federation and each of them has its own culinary traditions.
The same products, prepared according to different national recipes, will have a unique taste and color.
The cuisine of the peoples of Russia is rich and varied, although the culinary masterpieces of different national groups have long been mixed, nevertheless, the ancient traditions of preparing traditional folk dishes are passed down from generation to generation.

Russian national clothing has quite a rich history - it is more than a thousand years old. Each individual region has its own costume characteristics, which differ in materials of manufacture and social status.
National Russian clothing, as a rule, had two directions: the clothes of peasants and the outfits of townspeople. The traditional color scheme is still considered red and white, although other shades were also used.
The national clothes of the peoples of Russia were divided into several categories. Each age category had its own outfit, starting with children's, girl's, and ending with a suit for a married lady and an old woman. Also, the suit was divided according to purpose into everyday, wedding and festive.
The main feature that united the Russian folk costume of all regions was multi-layering. Clothes had to be thrown on and unfastened, with buttons from top to bottom.

The traditions of Russia, which the country is famous and proud of now, are of mixed origin. Some of them came from ancient times, when the inhabitants of Rus' worshiped the forces of nature and believed in their unity with their native land, the other part came from Christian rituals and customs, and the third became a kind of “alloy” of pagan and Christian cultures.
The Russian traditions that came from pre-Christian times include the Maslenitsa holiday, and the Christian traditions include Easter.
Unfortunately (or maybe, on the contrary, fortunately), not all the customs and rituals that were in use among our ancestors have survived to this day. Some traditions of modern Russia are not at all suitable, so they remain only in historical chronicles and the memoirs of old-timers. However, some customs and traditions of Russia have passed through the centuries and are popular even now.

Population of Russia. Nationalities and nationalities of Russia

Russia has always been not only a densely populated, but also a multinational state. More than 145 million citizens permanently reside in the country.

They represent more than 160 nationalities speaking their own languages. Most peoples are small in number and live in a limited area. Only seven peoples have a population of more than one million - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians.

Russia ranks seventh in the world in terms of population after China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan. In terms of population density, Russia ranks second in the world after the United States. Almost a fifth of the country’s population lives in 13 million-plus cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Volgograd, Perm. The population of the largest megacities in Russia was: Moscow - more than 10 million people, St. Petersburg - about 5 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation is one of the twenty largest cities in the world in terms of population.

The majority of the population is, of course, Russians- more than 80%. The remaining percentage is - Tatars (3,8%), Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvash — 1,2%, Belarusians - 0,8%, Mordovians - 0,7%, Germans and Chechens- 0.6% each, Avars, Armenians, Jews- 0.4% each, etc.

Tatars- the second largest people in Russia, living in the Volga region. Together with Bashkirs The Tatars constitute the largest group of Muslim peoples, located almost in the center of Russia.

National composition of Russia

Chuvash- another Turkic people, numbering about two million people. They live in Siberia Altaians, Khakassians, Yakuts. The peoples of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group live in the Caucasus: Kabardians, Circassians and Circassians; Nekh-Dagestan group: Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Lezgins; Ossetians, belonging to the Iranian group.

Finno-Ugric peoples also live in Russia - they include Finns, Karelians, Sami and Komi in the north of European Russia, Mari and Mordovians in the Volga region, Khanty and Mansi engaged in hunting and reindeer herding - in Western Siberia.

They live in the Far North Nenets engaged in reindeer husbandry.

They live in Eastern Siberia Evenks. On the Chukotka Peninsula - Chukchi- reindeer herders and fishermen. The Mongolian group includes Buryats in Siberia and Kalmyks in the Caspian Sea.

Every nation strives to preserve its language, customs and traditions, costume, traditional activities and crafts. Most of these peoples have retained their identity and traditional activities. The wealth of national cultures is the property of the entire country.

Traditions of the Russian people

Russia is a truly unique country that, along with a highly developed modern culture, carefully preserves the traditions of its nation, deeply rooted not only in Orthodoxy, but even in paganism. Russians continue to celebrate pagan holidays and believe in numerous folk signs and legends. Read more about Russian traditions...

More than 160 peoples live on the territory of our country, the largest of which are Russians (115 million people or 80% of the country’s population), Tatars (5.5 million).

The culture of the peoples of Russia - the most interesting

people) Ukrainians (about 3 million people), Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians, whose number exceeds 1 million people.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).

The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia in significant groups, in some cases in compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the “near abroad” or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the population of Russia.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages that belong to different language families. The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).

Indo-European family

The most numerous in Russia is the Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, etc. The original Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions of Russia, but they live everywhere and predominate in most regions (77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Among other peoples of this linguistic group, Ukrainians (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million) stand out.

Thus, it can be argued that Russia is primarily a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

The second largest group among the Indo-European family is the Germanic group (Germans). Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of emigration to Germany.

The Iranian group is Ossetians. Their number increased from 400 to 515 thousand, largely as a result of emigration from Georgia as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.

In addition to those listed, the Indo-European family in Russia is also represented by other peoples: Armenians (Armenian group); Moldovans and Romanians (Roman group), etc.

Altai family

The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Tuvinians, Karachais, Khakassians, Balkars, Altaians, Shors, Dolgans, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, etc. Representatives of this group, the Tatars, are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.

The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Urals Volga region.

Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).

The third area of settlement of Turkic peoples is the North Caucasus (Nogais, Karachais, Balkars).

The Altai family also includes: the Mongolian group (Buryats, Kalmyks); Tungus-Manchu group (Evens, Evenks, Nanais, Ulchis, Udeges, Orochis),

Ural family

The largest of this family is the Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Finns, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Hungarians, and Sami. In addition, this family includes the Samoyed group (Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans), and the Yukaghir group (Yukaghirs). The main area of residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.

North Caucasian family

The North Caucasian family is represented mainly by the peoples of the Nakh-Dagestan group (Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) and the Abkhaz-Adyghe group (Kabardians, Adygeans, Circassians, Abazas). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.

Representatives of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) also live in Russia; Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts); Kartvelian family (Georgians) and peoples of other linguistic families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).

Russia, being a multinational republic in its state structure, is a federation built on a national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation includes 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous region). The total area of national entities is 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russian. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed across various regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, some of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gives the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. Thus, of the 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority (Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks , Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total. Karelia (10%) and Khakassia (11%) have the lowest share of “titular” peoples.

A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest mineral deposits, to build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the major peoples in most autonomous okrugs (and the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage of their total population.

For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug do titular peoples make up the majority (62%).

The dispersion of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially Russians, contribute to their assimilation.

Russia is a unique country in terms of the religious composition of its population: representatives of all three world religions live on its territory - Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. At the same time, many peoples of our country adhere to national and traditional beliefs.

Christianity in Russia is mainly represented by Orthodoxy. The Russian Orthodox Church is the largest Orthodox Church in the world. Its head is the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' - Kirill, whose residence is located in Moscow in the St. Daniel Monastery. The influence of the Russian Orthodox Church is felt throughout Russia. Orthodoxy is widespread among Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Ossetians, Karelians, Komi, Yakuts and other peoples. The Old Believers occupy a certain place in Orthodoxy. Protestant teachings—Baptism, Adventism, Jehovahism, Lutheranism—are much less widespread in Russia. Catholicism is increasingly penetrating our country.

Islam in Russia is represented primarily by Sunnism, which is professed by the Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs and all the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus, except the Ossetians. The main spiritual center of Russian Muslims is in Ufa.

Lamaistic Buddhism is practiced in Russia by Buryats, Tuvans and Kalmyks. The spiritual center of Russian Buddhists is located near Ulan-Ude.

The national religion of Jews is Judaism.

The small peoples of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Nenets, Selkups, Dolgans, Evenks) and the Far East (Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Itelmens, Udeges, Nanais, etc.) are characterized by traditional pagan beliefs in the form of animism and shamanism.

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Peoples and main religions of Russia

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Nationalities of Russia list

List of peoples living on the territory of Russia.

What peoples live in Russia?

1. Abazins 43 341

2. Abkhazians 11,249

3. Avars, Andians, Didoi (Tsez) and other Ando-Tsez peoples and Archins 912 090

4. Agul 34 160

5. Adjarians 211

6. Adygeis 124,835

7. Azerbaijanis 603,070

8. Aleuts 482

9. Altaians, Telengits, Tubalars, Chelkans 74,238

10. Americans USA 1,572

11. Andians 11,789

12. Arabs, Algerians, UAE Arabs, Bahrainis, Egyptians, Jordanians, Iraqis, Yemenis, Qataris, Kuwaitis, Lebanese, Libyans, Mauritanians, Moroccans, Omanis, Palestinians, Saudis, Syrians, Sudanese, Tunisians 9,583

13. Armenians, Circassians 1,182,388

14. Archintsy 12

15. Assyrians 11,084

16. Astrakhan Tatars 7

17. Akhvakhians 7,930

18. Bagulali 5

19. Balkars 112 924

20. Bangladeshis, Bengalis 392

21. Bashkirs 1,584,554

22. Bezhtiny 5,958

23. Belarusians 521 443

24. Besermyane 2 201

25. Bulgarians 24,038

26. Bosnians 256

27. Botlikh people 3,508

28. British, English, Scots, etc. 950

29. Buryats 461 389

30. Hungarians 2,781

31. Veps 5 936

33. Vietnamese 13,954

34. Gagauz 13,690

35. Ginukh people 443

36. Godoberinians 427

37. Mountain Mari 23,559

38. Mountain Jews (Tat-Judaists) 762

39. Greeks Greeks-Urums 85 640

40. Greeks-Urums 1

41. Georgian Jews 78

42. Georgians, Adjarians, Ingiloys, Laz, Mingrelians, Svans 157,803

43. Gunzibians 918

44. Dargins, Kaitags, Kubachis 589 386

45. Didoytsy 11,683

46. Dolgans 7,885

47. Dungans 1,651

48. Jews 156,801

49. Yazidis 40,586

50. Izhorians 266

51. Ingiloys 98

52. Ingush 444 833

53. Indians (Hindi) 4,058

54. Spaniards 1,162

55. Italians 1,370

56. Itelmen 3 193

57. Kabardians 516 826

58. Cossacks 67,573

59. Kazakhs 647 732

60. Kaytag people 7

61. Kalmyks 183 372

62. Kamchadaly 1,927

63. Karagashi 16

64. Karaites 205

65. Karakalpaks 1,466

66. Karatinians 4,787

67. Karachais 218 403

68. Karelians 60 815

69. Kereki 4

70. Chum salmon 1,219

71. Kyrgyz 103,422

72. Chinese 28,943

73. Komi, Komi-Izhemtsy 228 235

74. Komi-Izhemtsy 6 420

75. Komi-Permyaks 94 456

76. Koreans 153 156

77. Koryaks 7,953

78. Crimean Tatars 2,449

79. Krymchaks 90

80. Kryashens 34 822

81. Kubachi residents 120

82. Cubans 676

83. Kumandins 2,892

84. Kumyks 503 060

85. Kurds 23,232

86. Kurmanch 42

87. Manholes 160

88. Laktsy 178 630

89. Sri Lankans, Sinhalese, Tamils 326

90. Latgalians 1,089

91. Latvians 18,979

92. Lezgins 473 722

93. Lithuanians 31,377

94. Meadow-Eastern Mari 218

95. Macedonians 325

96. Mansi 12,269

97. Mari, mountain Mari, meadow-eastern Mari 547 605

98. Megrelians 600

99. Mennonites 4

100. Mishari 786

101. Moldovans 156,400

102. Mongols 2,986

103. Mordva, Mordva-Moksha, Mordva-Erzya 744 237

104. Mordva-moksha 4,767

105. Mordva-Erzya 57,008

106. Nagaibaki 8 148

Message on the topic of the people of Russia, grade 3

Nanai 12 003

108. Nganasany 862

109. Negidalians 513

110. Germans, Mennonites 394 138

111. Nenets 44 640

112. Nivkhi 4,652

113. Nogais, Karagash 103 660

114. Orochi 596

115. Ossetians, Digoron (Digorians), Iron (Ironians) 528 515

116. Ossetians-Digorians 223

117. Ossetians-Ironians 48

118. Pakistanis, Punjabis, Balochis, Sindhis, etc. 507

119. Pamirians, Rushans, Bajuis, Shugnans, etc. 363

120. Persians 3,696

121. Poles 47 125

122. Pomors 3 113

123. Pashtuns (Afghans) 5,350

124. Romanians 3,201

125. Rusyns 225

126. Russians, Cossacks, Pomors 111 016 896

127. Rutulians 35 240

128. Sami 1,771

129. Svans 45

130. Selkups 3 649

131. Serbs 3,510

132. Setu 214

133. Siberian Tatars 6,779

134. Slovaks 324

135. Soyots 3,608

136. Central Asian Jews 32

137. Central Asian gypsies 49

138. Tabasarany 146 360

139. Tajiks 200 303

140. Basins (ude) 274

141. Talysh 2,529

142. Tatars, Kryashens, Mishars, Siberian Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars 5 310 649

143. Tats 1,585

144. Telengits 3,712

145. Teleuts 2,643

146. Tyndalls 635

147. Todzhintsy (Tuva-Todzhintsy) 1,858

148. Tofalar 762

149. Tubalars 1 965

150. Tuvinians Todzha 263 934

151. Turks 105 058

152. Meskhetian Turks 4,825

153. Turkmens 36,885

154. Udi 4,267

155. Udmurts 552 299

156. Udege 1,496

157. Uzbeks 289 862

158. Uyghurs 3,696

159. Ukrainians 1,927,988

160. Ulta(orocs) 295

161. Ulchi 2,765

162. Finns, Ingrian Finns 20 267

163. Ingrian Finns 441

164. French 1,475

165. Khakassy 72 959

166. Khanty 30 943

167. Khvarshiny 527

168. Khemshily 2,047

169. Croats 304

170. Tsakhur 12,769

171. Gypsies 204 958

172. Chamalali 24

173. Chelkans 1 181

174. Cherkesogai 6

175. Circassians 73 184

176. Montenegrins 181

177. Czechs 1,898

178. Chechens, Chechen-Akkins 1 431 360

179. Chechens-Akkins 76

180. Chuvans 1 002

181. Chuvash 1 435 872

182. Chukchi 15,908

183. Chulym people 355

184. Shapsugi 3,882

185. Shors 12,888

186. Evenki 38 396

187. Evens 21 830

188. Enets 227

189. Eskimos 1,738

190. Estonians 17,875

192. Yukaghirs 1,603

193. Yakuts 478 085

194. Japanese 888

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The most ancient people on Earth

Unknown tribes

There are a lot of assumptions about which ancient people really appeared first. The right to be the oldest is claimed by the Chinese, Jews, long-gone Sumerians and Egyptians.

Archeology cannot give an exact answer to this question. If we take into account the age of surviving cultural monuments and written sources, the Jewish people can be called the most ancient. However, written sources mentioning the first Jew also say that at that time more than 70 peoples lived on Earth. Consequently, it is not the Jews, but unknown tribes who left no architectural monuments behind them, who should be considered the most ancient.

Khoisan peoples

The recent discovery probably made it possible to identify such a people, one of the oldest on the planet. In the south of the African continent live the Khoisan peoples, who, judging by existing research, appeared more than 100,000 years ago

back. They are a group of small tribes that use a special clicking language to speak. In particular, among these tribes are Bushmen hunters and Hottentot herders, who survived on the territory of such African states as, for example, South Africa.

By the way, the origin of the Khoisan peoples is a special scientific mystery. It is still unknown where the peculiar clicking language used by the tribes came from. Such speech has not been found in any other culture. Moreover, even neighboring tribes living in close proximity to the Khoisan peoples speak completely different languages.

Recently, a group of scientists led by Caroline Schlebusch from Sweden offered the world scientific community evidence of the primacy of the Khoisan tribes. Having deciphered their genome and compared it with the genomes of other representatives of the African continent, Caroline Shebush came to the conclusion that the Khoisan are the most ancient people.

100,000 years ago

The genomes of 220 volunteers recruited from 11 Hottentot and Bushmen tribes were studied.

Population of Russia

Their blood samples were thoroughly analyzed. To calculate the kinship of tribes with other peoples, 2,200,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, the differences between which were only one “letter”.

It turned out that the Khoisan people separated from a single tree more than 100,000 years ago, before the migration of humanity from Africa to other continents began. The division of the people into the northern and southern groups occurred approximately 43,000 years ago

back. At the same time, a small part of the population retained its roots, and other representatives, like the Khe tribe, lost their ethnic characteristics, interbreeding with the alien Bantus.

It is curious that the Khoisan genome has characteristic differences. Special genes, which are still carried by Bushmen, provide endurance and muscle strength. In addition, representatives of these tribes are highly vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation.

Khoisan genome

This discovery caused confusion among archaeologists. It turns out that humanity did not originate from a single group, as previously assumed, but from several. This significantly complicates the search for the homeland of the first people who theoretically arose in Africa. Of course, not all scientists were happy about this discovery, since it casts doubt on their merits.

Soon, Caroline Schlebusch plans to open access to information about the Khoisan genome. This will help make the research of anthropologists and paleogeneticists interested in this topic more effective. Perhaps the joint work will allow us to get closer to solving the mystery of how, over the course of 100,000 years,

the genome of individual branches of humanity changed.

The question of the ancient people still remains open. Any theory can be challenged by new facts. It is unknown what other surprises science will present to humanity in the future.

Kuban State University

Faculty of Geography

ABSTRACT

in ethnology and geography of religions

"Peoples of Russia".

Completed:

4th year student

Faculty of Geography

Moroz M.P.

Krasnodar 2004

1. Russia is a multinational country…………………………………………………………………………………. 3

2. Ethnolinguistic classification of the peoples of Russia ………………………………………………………… 4

3. Peoples of the Indo-European family…………………………………………………………………………………. 5

4. Peoples of the Altai family……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8

5. Peoples of the Ural-Yukaghir family ………………………………………………………………………………… 10

6. Peoples of the North Caucasus family ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12

7. Peoples of the Kartvelian family…………………………………………………………………………………………. 13

8. Peoples of the Chukotka-Kamchatka family ………………………………………………………………………………….. 13

9. Peoples of the Eskimo-Aleut family ……………………………………………………………………………….. 14

10. Peoples of the Paleo-Asian family……………………………………………………………………………………. 14

11. Peoples of the Sino-Tibetan family …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

12. Peoples of the Semitic-Hamitic family……………………………………………………………………………………. 14

1. Russia is a multinational country.

The 2002 All-Russian Census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational states in the world - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (80% of the country's inhabitants).

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups.

The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, Kalmyks, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.

And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most of them living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, Croats, etc.).

Each of the peoples of Russia differs in language, way of life, customs, historical traditions, culture, and also in labor skills.

All subjects of the Russian Federation have a complex population composition. Moreover, the share of the main or “titular” (which gave the name to the corresponding formation) nation is in some cases relatively small. Thus, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in six the main peoples make up the majority (Ingushetia, Chuvashia, Tuva, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, the Chechen Republic). In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population.

PEOPLES OF RUSSIA

In nine republics, the peoples of the “titular” nation account for less than one third of the population (including in Karelia and Kalmykia).

The picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs is significantly different. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest mineral deposits, to build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the major peoples in most autonomous okrugs (and the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 1.5%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc.

The most widespread religion among the believing population of Russia is Christianity (Orthodoxy). It covers the entire territory of the country, since after its baptism in Rus' under the Kiev prince Vladimir (988), it began to spread along with waves of Russian migrations. It is also professed by the main part of the Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Sami, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Besermyans, Maris, Mordovians, Chuvashs, Nagaibaks, Ossetians, Gypsies, Kumandins, Teleuts, Chulyms, Khakassians, Yakuts, Kamchadals. The majority of Nenets, Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, Kets, Tubalars, Shors, Nanais, Ulchi, Oroks, Orochs, Aleuts, Itelmens, Yukaghirs, Chuvans are also considered Orthodox, but Orthodoxy is usually combined with remnants of tribal beliefs.

A number of Russian peoples profess Islam (Tatars, Bashkirs, residents of the North Caucasus republics). Both main branches of Islam are represented in Russia - Sunnism and Shiism, and the overwhelming majority of Muslims in our country are Sunnis.

In some regions of Russia there is also a significant number of followers of Buddhism (Buryats, Tuvans, Kalmyks), as well as Catholicism, Judaism and other religions.

2. Ethnolinguistic classification of the peoples of Russia.

According to their linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to different language families. The most numerous of them are representatives of the following language families.

1. Indo-European family (79.4% of the total population):

- Slavic group (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles)

— Iranian group (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats).

- German group (Germans).

- Armenian group (Armenians).

- Romanesque group (Moldavians and Romanians).

- Baltic group (Lithuanians, Latvians).

- Greek group (Greeks).

- Indo-Aryan group (gypsies).

2. Altai family (16.2% of the total population):

- Turkic group (Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Karachais, Balkars, Altaians, etc.).

- Mongolian group (Buryats, Kalmyks).

- Tungus-Manchu group (Evens, Evenks, Nanais, Ulchis, Udeges, Orochi).

3. Ural-Yukaghir (1.6% of the total population):

- Finno-Ugric group (Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians, Finns, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians).

- Samoyed group (Nenets, Enets, Selkups, Nganasans).

- Yukaghir group (Yukaghirs).

4. Kartvelian family (1.4%): Georgians

5. North Caucasian family (1.2% of the total population):

- Nakh-Dagestan group (Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, Laks)

- Abkhazian-Adyghe group (Kabardians, Adygheians, Circassians, Abazas).

6. Chukotka-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens)

7. Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts)

8. Semitic-Hamitic (Jews)

9. Paleo-Asian family (Kets, Yugas)

10. Sino-Tibetan (Chinese)

The languages of all peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

3. Peoples of the Indo-European family.

3.1 Slavic group.

Russians.

They are the largest nationality, their number in 2002 was 116 million people (80% of the country's inhabitants). They live almost throughout the country. The name of the people comes from the name of one of the Slavic tribes (Rodians, Russes or Rosses). They speak Russian. Different ethnic groups have many dialects. Russian believers are mostly Orthodox. The main occupation of the Russian peasant was agriculture. Traditional rural settlements - villages, villages, farmsteads with street, radial, scattered and other layouts.

Ukrainians.

The number of Ukrainians living in Russia is 2 million 943 thousand people. They live in the territory adjacent to Ukraine, in the North Caucasus, in the southern regions of the Urals and Siberia. They speak Ukrainian, and Russian is also common. Writing since the 14th century based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Ukrainian believers are mostly Orthodox. The name "Ukraine", used back in the 12th-13th centuries to designate the southern and southwestern parts of ancient Russian lands, by the 17th-18th century it meant "kraina", i.e. country, was enshrined in official documents, became widespread and served as the basis for the ethnonym “Ukrainians”. Traditional rural settlements - villages, settlements, farmsteads with street, radial, scattered and other layouts.

Belarusians.

The number of Belarusians living in Russia is 815 thousand people. They live in Karelia and the Kaliningrad region. They speak Belarusian, and Russian is also common. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Believing Belarusians are predominantly Orthodox. The name Belarusians goes back to the toponym Belaya Rus, which in the 14th-16th centuries was used in relation to the Vitebsk region and the northeast of the Mogilev region, and in the 19th and early 20th centuries it already covered almost the entire ethnic territory of the Belarusians. The traditional occupations of Belarusians are agriculture, animal husbandry, as well as beekeeping and gathering. The main types of settlements of Belarusians are veska (village), shtetls, dungeons (settlements on rented land), settlements, and hamlets.

Poles.

The number of Poles living in Russia is 73 thousand people. They live in the Kaliningrad region. They speak Polish. Writing based on the Latin alphabet. Believers are mostly Catholics. The Poles as a people emerged with the formation and development of the Old Polish state. It was based on associations of the West Slavic tribes Polans, Slenzans, Vistulas, Mazovshans, and Pomorians. The main types of rural settlements: street villages, okolnitsa and ovalnitsa with houses located around a central square or pond (radial layout).

Bulgarians.

The number of Bulgarians living in Russia is 32 thousand people. They live in small groups. They speak Bulgarian. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Believers are mostly Orthodox, with a significant group of Muslims. The ethnos was formed as a result of the unification of the Slavs of Mysia and the Proto-Bulgarians, who brought a centralized organization. The traditional occupations of Bulgarians are arable farming (cereals, legumes, tobacco, vegetables, fruits) and livestock breeding (cattle, sheep, pigs). Settlements have a cumulus or scattered-cumulus (in the mountains) layout. Street layouts are spreading.

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Russia is famous as a multinational state; more than 190 peoples live in the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation has its own history, culture and heritage. Let us examine in more detail the national composition of Russia, considering each ethnic group separately.

Large nationalities of Russia

Russians are the largest indigenous ethnic group living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equal to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure of up to 150 million. More than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) million Russians live in the Russian Federation, most of the Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we look at the map of Russia, the Russian people are distributed in large numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country...

Tatars, compared to Russians, make up only 3.7% of the country's total population. The Tatar people have a population of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where there are not even a thousand people from the Tatar people...

Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of the total number of all residents of the Russian Federation. Of the one and a half million people, the majority (approximately 1 million) live on the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries...

The Chuvash are the indigenous inhabitants of the Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition of Russians. If you believe the population census, then about 880 thousand Chuvash live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine...

Chechens are a people settled in the North Caucasus; Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics, since 2015 the number of Chechens in the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. These people make up 1.01% of the total population of Russia...

The Mordovian people have a population of about 800 thousand people (approximately 750 thousand), this is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. This ethnic group lives least in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions; not even 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people will gather there...

The Udmurt people number 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnic group lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest is dispersed across neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk Region, Perm Territory, Kirov Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine...

The Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the most densely populated regions of Yakuts are the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk and Primorsky District...

According to statistics available after the population census, 460 thousand Buryats live in Russia. This represents 0.32% of the total number of Russians. The majority (about 280 thousand people) of the Buryats live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated territory with Buryats is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and the Trans-Baikal Territory (73 thousand), and the less populated ones are the Kamchatka Territory and the Kemerovo region, where you cannot find even 2000 thousand Buryats...

The number of Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, these people have chosen not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people are found in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs...

The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of this people, not counting Kalmykia, live in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions - about 7 thousand people. And the least number of Kalmyks live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people...

Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population has left the historical habitat, they now live in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of the Altai people is 79 thousand people, a percentage of 0.06 of the total number of Russians...

The Chukchi are a small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. These people are scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Magadan Region...

These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because in our state there are also peoples of other countries. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total population, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.

We can continue endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples, both indigenous and those arriving from other countries and even continents, under one roof.