Applied art and design. Arts and crafts

The article examines two types of creativity: decorative and applied arts, based on traditions, and design, based on project activities. A brief description of decorative and applied arts and the design approach to creative activity is given. Examples are given from the history of design development at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Attention is focused on famous theorists and practitioners in the field of applied art and design, such as W. Morris and J. Ruskin. The relationship between decorative and applied arts and design activities is considered. The characteristic features of decorative and applied art are considered: collective nature, continuity of generations, preservation of traditions. The similarities and differences between applied art and design are shown. The features and content of training bachelors of design in the profile “ Graphic design"on the example of the Amur Humanitarian and Pedagogical University. The role of classroom and extracurricular activities is revealed, including the participation of bachelors of design in exhibition activities. Some topics of final qualifying works are given. Various forms of organizing classes in decorative and applied arts are presented on the basis of the Faculty of Technology, Economics, and Design for the formation of a professional designer.

arts and crafts

design education

characteristic features of decorative and applied arts

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The spiritual wealth of the people are historical and artistic values, which are constantly replenished with new works of art. modern masters and act as a single holistic process of development of Russian culture. A special place in it is occupied by decorative and applied arts, an area of ​​artistic and creative human activity in which original utilitarian objects are created, unique in form and decor. Cultural heritage of every people, contains ideas and experiences that enrich the lives of many generations. In history artistic culture Decorative and applied arts occupy a special place. It testifies to the high culture, traditions and worldview of various peoples.

Contemporary decorative and applied art of the peoples of Russia and Far East is going through a period of active creative search. The process of development of decorative and applied arts encourages the creation of optimal conditions for creativity through direct study of the traditions of peoples, comprehension of the basics of craftsmanship, education of taste guidelines, design of original products and collections.

The development of market relations requires a large number of professionals capable of efficiently organizing the subject environment and designing domestic products that are competitive by improving their aesthetic qualities.

Currently, design education is one of the priority areas of higher education. vocational education. The profession of a designer is prestigious and in demand in society. This situation contributes to focusing attention on the issues of professional training of designers in a particular region, its structure, content and organization of the educational process.

Modern predictive research in the field of design philosophy and artistic creativity(Voronov N.V., Kagan M.S., Kozhukhovskaya S.M., V.F. Sidorenko, A.G. Ustinov, Kh.G. Thagapsoev, etc.), show that new education should concentrate its attention along with professional training on the development of personality and his creative abilities.

The development of the design approach in creative activity was pointed out by famous historian and art and design theorist N.V. Voronov: “A generation of not only design-minded individuals would be raised, but, understanding the problem more broadly, a generation of individuals, intellectuals, capable of raising new level not just industry or the state machine, but the entire culture of the nation. Then the path of progress in all areas would become unstoppable and uninterrupted, and stagnation and regression would be impossible.”

The emergence of new visual means of displaying reality is changing the nature of design activity. Along with its traditional types (advertising, graphic design, etc.), Web design, communication design, design of interactive learning systems, etc. are actively developing. Modern Computer techologies supplemented and enriched visual possibilities artistic and design activities. Traditional design activities include informational and communicative functions. According to scientists, external factors influencing the development of creative abilities include the requirements of the activity in which they are implemented.

Types of creativity, including applied creativity, are closely related to design activities. In the history of design one can find many bright examples, indicating the influence manual labor masters in the development of industrial design. Thus, the English philosopher and art theorist John Ruskin (1819-1900) gave art the role of a moral factor in society. He opposed machine production, pointing out its destructive power. Thus, D. Ruskin and his followers drew public attention to the applied art of things in everyday life. English artist in the field of applied arts, writer, public figure - William Morris - founder of the Arts and Crafts movement, also made a significant contribution to the development of design in the 19th century. His ideas about the entry of the aesthetic into production, the connection between material and the manufacture of an item, the correspondence of the form, decoration and finishing of an item with its purpose are relevant in modern design creativity. Thus, the relationship between decorative and applied arts and design is obvious and lies in the formation of the world of things, the integral material culture of society. The differences lie in the fact that decorative and applied art is a folk art that has characteristic features: collective character, continuity of generations and preservation of traditions, and design is an activity, primarily design, aimed at creating new and original things, that is, future.

Since 2008, the Amur Humanitarian and Pedagogical State University has been training bachelors of design, and since 2011 - bachelors of design in the “Graphic Design” profile. It should be noted that the training of students within the framework of the “Design” direction is based on the accumulated experience of the Faculty of Technology, Economics, Design in the field of technical and applied creativity.

The area of ​​professional activity of a bachelor in the field of preparation 54.03.01 “Design” includes creative activities to create an aesthetically expressive subject-spatial environment, integrating artistic, engineering, design, scientific and pedagogical activities aimed at creating and improving highly aesthetic, competitive domestic products that contribute to the development economy, improving the level of culture and life of the population. The main types of activities of a bachelor of design in the profile “Graphic Design”, in addition to artistic, design, information technology, organizational and managerial, and research, are also teaching activities. The ability to carry out pedagogical functions in the system of educational organizations of various types is associated with the content of psychological and pedagogical training of bachelors of design.

According to Shumeiko A.A., the main task set for the teaching staff of the university is the creation of a coherent system of training and retraining of personnel aimed at increasing their professional and personal growth.

Decorative and applied art is closely related to the formation of artistic taste, values, general ideas about the laws of creating a subject-spatial environment, stores and transmits traditional technologies of folk artistic crafts into the modern socio-cultural space. Decorative and applied arts and folk arts and crafts of the peoples of Russia and the Far East occupy a special place in the professional training of bachelors of design. The curriculum of the “Design” direction, developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard and the General Education Program of Higher Education, includes disciplines that are included in the variable part of the standard: “Educational Practice”, “Workshop”, “Fundamentals of Decorative and Applied Arts”, “Design Engineering”, “ Execution of projects in material”, etc. The list of the above disciplines is not accidental, since future bachelors of design must be ready for creative activity in a constantly developing and qualitatively changing subject-spatial environment aimed at creating and improving highly aesthetic, competitive domestic products that contribute to the development economy of the region, improving the level of culture and life of the population. As a result of mastering the disciplines, bachelors of design develop general cultural, general professional and professional competencies.

The work programs of the disciplines are developed in such a way that they give each student the opportunity to study the offered courses not only in lectures and laboratory practical exercises in classrooms, but also independently work on topics outside of class. This type independent work activates students’ activities in the direction of selecting and systematizing material through the Internet, electronic and scientific libraries, located on the basis of the university and city museums.

A mandatory component of the training of bachelors of design is the organization of classes under the guidance of members of the Unions of Artists of Russia. These classes are aimed at developing creative potential and revealing the cognitive abilities of students. Acquiring professional skills in the field of design education requires research training, deepening, expanding and systematizing acquired knowledge, skills, abilities, and improving acquired competencies.

Introduction to the traditional arts and crafts of Russia and the Far East is carried out through excursions to museums, exhibition halls, city galleries, visiting master classes of masters and artists, direct participation in competitions, exhibitions and scientific activity. The concentration of unique exhibits in museums, represented by collections of folk and modern Amur art, makes it possible to widely and fully use the capabilities of these institutions in the educational process of the university. Virtual excursions allow you to touch the traditional art of the Amur region, the peoples historically living in the territory Khabarovsk Territory and belong to nomadic and semi-sedentary peoples. The coexistence of the indigenous peoples of the Amur with Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Korean settlers on the territory of the Far East allows us to trace the traditions, needs, reasons, conditions for the formation and development of the culture of the Far East as part of the multinational Russian and world culture.

Expanding and enriching the experience of students is carried out through lectures and practical classes, which discuss issues of theory, history and practice of art in Russia and the Far East, topics related to creativity, cultural traditions and rituals of peoples, technological features of artistic processing different materials: fish skins, textiles, natural materials, design and production of samples and products in the national style.

When conducting classes, active forms and methods of work are used: integrated practical classes, master classes, defense of design projects, educational excursions, seminars, business games and others. Practice-oriented learning allows students to transform creative knowledge into beliefs, form an active position of the individual in the educational process, and build social relationships in the professional activities of a designer.

Mastering folk arts and crafts is aimed at deepening theoretical knowledge with the subsequent formation of practical skills. Traditional art of the Amur region opens up great opportunities for the wide involvement of students in artistic activity and contemporary design creativity. The ornament of the peoples of Russia and the Amur region is one of the leading components of the decorative art of the peoples of the Amur with its own semantics and symbolism. Its structure, composition, and style contain the value coordinates of artistic creativity, a unique model of harmonization of the surrounding world, in which dreams of the harmony of nature and man are expressed in conventional graphic and pictorial language.

The study of the technology of artistic processing of textile materials is carried out in practical classes using the example of traditional samples and designer products. Traditional clothing is one of the most ancient elements and an integral part of the culture of any ethnic group. The traditional clothing of the peoples of Russia and the Amur region is, upon visual contact, a criterion for classifying its wearer as a specific historical community. Students are offered the best examples of products with traditional embroidery, made with single-chain, double-chain, satin, loop and other types of seams, which clearly demonstrate compliance with aesthetic canons and creative approaches masters Knowledge of applied art helps to consolidate artistic design techniques in one’s own practice. designer products, collections and ensembles that vividly combine traditional and modern design arts and crafts.

The range of products made by students is varied and is represented by the following types of products: souvenirs (magnets, anniversary medals), samples of clothing and embroidery, accessories (decorative wallets, handbags, belts, collars, jewelry), decorative panels, etc.

Since 2013, the international virtual art student exhibition “Asia: Commonwealth of Cultures” has been organized and held at the university, one of the important areas of which is decorative and applied art. The topics of competition works of students of the Faculty of Technology, Economics, Design are very diverse and are constantly updated: “Symbolism of Russian ornament”, “Russian souvenir”, “Russian world”, “Traditional dolls”, “Women’s happiness”, “ Family happiness" and others.

Active participation of students in exhibitions and competitions of various levels held in the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Blagoveshchensk and others allows them to constantly improve their independent design activities.

An integral part of the final certification of a graduate, completing the preparation of a bachelor, demonstrating his readiness to solve theoretical and practical problems is the graduation qualifying work. Some topics of bachelor's work in decorative and applied arts should be listed: “Hot enamel as an element of interior design of the Academic Council hall of the FSBEI HPE “Amsk State Pedagogical University”, “Development of an interior design project for a banquet hall with the introduction of products using the hot enamel technique”, “Collection of accessories with national motifs” , “Decorative stained glass in the interior of the university”, “Landscape sculpture as an element of design of the urban environment” and others. The choice of graduation thesis topics is determined by the relevance, demand and implementation of design projects in environment. Research work is based on compliance with technology and is carried out according to developed author's sketches using modern computer Adobe programs Photoshop, Adobe illustrator, Corel Draw, taking into account the analysis of modern trends in the development of applied art, design and their connection with the subject-spatial environment.

Thus, in conclusion, we can conclude that decorative and applied arts and design have both similarities and differences, and the active involvement of bachelors of design in various types and forms of traditional creative activity will create a professional designer capable of transmitting the original the culture of the people into the surrounding subject-spatial environment.

Bibliographic link

Municipal budgetary educational institution

additional education for children

"Center for Extracurricular Activities"

Educational and methodological material

Material prepared

teacher of additional education,

Head of the association "Slavic Pattern"

Fedorova T.G.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

2014

"Design in decorative and applied arts"

Decorative arts play special role in the development of children's emotional and aesthetic attitude towards national culture Decorating the interior of your home is a great art that requires certain knowledge, skills, patience and aesthetic taste.

Decorative and applied art organically combines such disciplines as art and labor.Being part of the material and spiritual culture of society, decorative and applied arts are most strongly connected with human life and everyday life. This material presents the theoretical basics of fine and decorative arts.

Target:

1. Communicating and consolidating knowledge of fine and decorative arts.
2. Getting to know products folk craftsmen, types of paintings, with concepts : applique, collage, coloring, layout, composition and its laws.
3. Introduction to concepts:perspective and its laws, color science, drawing and painting, types, laws and techniques of depiction.
4. Development of individual artistic and creative abilities through aesthetic education and mastering the language of fine and decorative arts.

Simple and beautiful artistic products of folk craftsmen help to instill in children a love of native land, see and love nature, appreciate the traditions of their native places, respect the work of adults.

Design - designing things, cars, interiors, based on the principles of combining convenience, economy and beauty.

Designer – artist-constructor, design specialist

Application (from Lat. attaching) - a method of creating ornaments and images by sewing, gluing on fabric, paper, etc. multi-colored pieces of any material (fabric, paper, fur, straw, etc.) of a different color or design, as well as an ornament or image created using a method that gives them a special relief. The application is one of the most ancient ways clothing decoration is still used today among many peoples.

Collage (from the French gluing) is a technical technique in fine art, gluing onto any base materials that differ from it in color and texture, as well as a work entirely made using this technique. Collage is used mainly in graphics for the sake of the emotional acuity of the texture of the work, the unexpectedness of the combination of various materials. Collage was introduced by the Cubists, Futurists and Dadaists (gluing scraps of newspapers, photographs, wallpaper, pieces of fabric, wood chips, etc. to canvas)

Layout (from French and Italian - sketch) - an architectural, volumetric-spatial image (from plaster, wood, plastics, cardboard and other materials) of an already constructed or designed building, architectural ensemble, city. Layouts are made at various scales. The layout either reproduces the original in all details, such a layout is called a model, or with varying degrees of approximation; serves to check and improve the architectural composition. Layouts are also important element museum expositions.

Composition is a core discipline in design. As a result of studying the Composition course, students should gain the knowledge and practical skills they need in further independent creative work. Training in “Composition”, which includes “Fundamentals of Composition”, “Paper Construction”, is based on the logical connection of tasks from planar to volumetric, from volumetric to spatial solutions, with a gradual complication of concepts and requirements. From theoretical calculations to practical exercises, from them to their own conclusions and creatively completed tasks. The proposed scheme of specific tasks allows the teacher to be creative and place emphasis, depending on the requirements of the time, trends in design, group size, etc. In composition lessons, it is recommended to widely use visual material: photographic material, transparencies, specialized publications, etc. Also in the composition program, students are invited to get acquainted with very interesting and fashionable types of decorative and applied arts, such as “Batik” and “Tapestry”.

Color – the general nature of color combinations in a painting, drawing, exposition.

Composition – a sequence of visual techniques that organizeconstruction of a work of art and the arrangement of its main elements and parts in specific system and sequences

The general composition includes the patterns of creating works of art on a two-dimensional picture plane, designed for their perception with the help of a person’s emotional feelings. All works of art created using volumetric-spatial structures belong to a special composition.

Laws of composition:

• symmetry,
• asymmetry,
• balance and rhythm,
• statics and dynamics,
• subordination of the secondary to the main,
• highlighting the visual center,
• contrast and nuance,
• centrifugality and extension, etc.

Specifics of the compositionof various objects and products is that their shape corresponds to its purpose, the material from which they are made, and the design scheme that determines their structure.

The composition must unite the disparate and diverse, must harmonize individual elements with each other, find ways to mutually subordinate all elements of the interior to a single goal -artistic image.

Types of compositions . In architectural composition, the following types are considered: volumetric-spatial, volumetric-frontal and deep-spatial.

Volume-spatialcomposition is a creative connection of volumetric structures with each other, taking into account the area on which they are located.

Surround-frontcomposition is the connection of volumes with each other at the eye level of the observer. It is used in the process of creating the appearance of a product.

Depth-spatialcomposition is the compositional connection of three-dimensional objects between themselves and space. This method is used when creative development interior

Perspective - the science of spatial image of the surrounding world. Laws of perspective: all objects are perceived as decreasing as they move away from the viewer; All horizontal lines, parallel to each other, extending away from the viewer into the depths, a person’s vision and perception are subject to change under the influence of systematic training and the acquisition of life experience.

Laws of perspective:all objects are perceived as decreasing as they move away from the viewer; all horizontal lines, parallel to each other, extending away from the viewer into the depths, i.e., not parallel to the picture plane, converge at the main vanishing point; all horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane retain their horizontal direction; all vertical lines remain vertical in perspective; All circles and circles in perspective take on the shape of ellipses.

An important factor in the development of composition is the process of shaping in nature, art and technology. Conceptabout form and shapingincludes an understanding of the laws of the theory of shape formation as a science: the concept of architectonics as the harmonious construction of the form of a product; combinatorics, which studies the patterns of variant placement of three-dimensional and flat figures in two- and three-dimensional space

Unity - a quality essential to composition in any art form. Without unity, composition does not exist. Using examples from life, as well as analysis of products selected from visual aids, the essence of the concept is revealed, emphasizing the difference in the perception of individual objects and objects that make up sets and ensembles.

Unity is expressed in the use of methods of organizing form, subordinated primarily to functional requirements. Unity is an aesthetic category because, along with functional dependence, form is influenced by the laws of perception - the laws of beauty.

Equilibriumas a property of composition - a constructive property, an aesthetic property. Balance in the picture is achieved by searching for and correctly placing the center of the composition. The center of the composition is an object (part of an object, a group of objects), which is located so that it attracts the viewer’s attention with its semantic meaning. It must contain artistic and emotional meaning and expediency.

Students then practice searching composition center and techniques for achieving balance in a work of art by analyzing paintings and products selected by the teacher as samples.

Flower science - a science that studies and explains the phenomena of color, the origin of the color of bodies and all observable objects, the changes that colors undergo under different lighting and at different distances. The combination and interaction of colors and the basics of their harmonization. The objective of the course is to give students a certain amount of theoretical knowledge and teach them to apply this knowledge in practical activities. The knowledge gained helps in independent creative activity: it develops students’ thinking and artistic abilities, the ability to present, compare and analyze color. The ability to analyze and study the color features of works of art by artists of different eras, movements and styles. Mastering the subject should also be aimed at expanding the range of interests of students, nurturing in them an emotional and aesthetic attitude to reality, and creative imagination.

This color science program consists of topics that include both theoretical foundations and practical work. Students perform basic practical work in the classroom under the guidance of a teacher. To secure educational material homework is also completed. Practical work must be analyzed and discussed by the teacher and students. Classes should be accompanied by a demonstration of reproductions of artists' paintings and a display of the best works of students. Depending on the age of the students, appropriate changes can be made: rearranging topics, increasing or decreasing practical work in general and by topic.

Drawing and Painting –This course is aimed at the comprehensive artistic development of students: at the development of artistic perception, at mastering theoretical knowledge of the fundamentals of painting and drawing, and, above all, at practical mastery of the skills of constructing a form, artistic means of depicting reality. These tasks reflect the sequential goal of interrelated tasks, gradually becoming more complex and carried out on the basis of working from life. The method of teaching drawing and painting is based on a comprehensive study of nature. In all painting tasks, strict adherence to competent drawing is necessary. In the learning process, the teacher must take into account the individual characteristics of each student, carefully preserving and developing positive sides his talents. The painting material is watercolor, later – gouache, tempera, oil. The size of the work should generally not exceed the natural size of the image object.

Types of drawing. The basis of all types of fine art, including graphics, is drawing. The word “drawing” replaced the Old Slavonic words “banner”, “sign”, meaning “creation of an image”, and “drawing”, “inscription”, indicating the technique of making the image. Since the 18th century, the word “drawing” has become a term denoting image as the creation of an image using lines, features that are important for recognizing the characteristics of an object: shape, size, structure, movement, which are conveyed in all types of art.

The simplicity of line drawing techniques and the universality of the principles of form construction have made drawing the basis of graphics and other forms of art. When comparing a drawing, for example, with a drawing, its remarkable features become apparent. Firstly, the drawing is done by hand. This speeds up the execution of the image and, therefore, makes it possible to quickly respond to various events of current life. Secondly, the drawing is done approximately, capturing an object not only as it is, but also as it appears. This visible image is understandable and accessible to everyone. Thirdly, drawing visual; it illusoryly conveys the main external signs of an object, its materiality, volume, illumination, spatial arrangement, etc. Fourth, the drawing not only depicts the diverse external signs of the object and the environment, but through their relationships expresses the internal content of this object and environment evokes certain thoughts and feelings in the viewer.

For a more complete study of the features of the drawing, several types are conventionally distinguished, differing in visual, material and technical means and in purpose.

According to the use of visual media, drawings are linear and tonal. A linear drawing is, as a rule, light, light, and generalized. An artistic image is created with lines, tables, diagrams, and drawings are made on the chalkboard (Fig. 1a).

Tone drawing allows you to give more full description object and environment by conveying the volume of form,illumination, materiality and spatial relationships. Such a drawingcalled tonal or tonal.

The mass and contour of some objects very clearly expresses character, movement and other properties. Therefore, to depict them, sometimes the simplest type of tone pattern is chosen - a silhouette - contour drawing, filled with one even tone.

Depending on the technique used, drawings can be original or printed. Original drawings are made by hand by the artist in one copy. Prints are made with a cliche, an imprint on paper and are called prints. There are several types of printmaking. The main ones are engraving (on wood - woodcut, on linoleum - linocut, on metal - etching) and lithography (a print from a lithographic stone on which a drawing is made with a lithographic pencil and etching with acids).

According to their intended purpose, a distinction is made between academic drawings and creative drawings. Academic drawing is a long-term drawing performed for the purpose of learning to draw, mastering drawing techniques and studying various forms and signs. It is characterized by fixation of all the main features that determine the appearance of the subject of the image. A creative drawing is a work of fine art that figuratively expresses the artist’s thoughts, feelings and worldview.

In educational and creative work, a sketch, a study, and a sketch are widely used. A sketch is a short-term drawing. The main means of sketching is the line, supplemented by sparse shading or rubbing. A detailed study of the subject of the image or part of it is carried out through a sketch. It traces and notes over a relatively long period of time the most important external and internal properties and characteristics of an object. The living material studied in etudes and sketches is actually used to create a creative drawing or painting, the composition of which begins with a preliminary drawing - a sketch.

Painting objects.The word “painting” is derived from the words “vividly” and “write”. “To paint,” explains Dahl, “to depict faithfully and vividly with a brush or words, a pen.” For the painter, depicting correctly means accurately conveying the external appearance of what he saw and its most important features. We managed to convey them correctly using graphic means - line and tone. But it is impossible to convey vividly with these limited means the multicolor of the surrounding world, the pulsation of life in every centimeter of the colored surface of an object, the charm of this life and constant movement and change. Painting, one of the types of fine art, helps to truly reflect the color of the real world.

Color - the main visual and means of expression in painting - has tone, saturation and lightness; it seems to fuse into a whole everything characteristic of an object: both what can be depicted by a line and what is inaccessible to it. Painting, like graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and spots, but unlike it, these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They convey the color of a light source through glare and brightly lit surfaces, sculpt a three-dimensional form with subject (local) color and color reflected by the environment, establish spatial relationships and depth, and depict the texture and materiality of objects. Colors themselves are perceived emotionally, and taken as characteristic features of an object, they become “objectified”, capable of extremely strongly influencing a person and evoking in him not only general, but also specific associations and feelings. The task of painting is not only to show something, but also to reveal inner essence depicted, to reproduce “typical characters in typical circumstances.” Therefore, a truthful artistic generalization of the phenomena of life is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting. Multi-colored strokes, lying one after another and changing their shade, depict a vibrating surface. Everything they present seems to be full of movement and deep meaning.

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature and easel.

Monumental painting - special kind large-scale paintings decorating the walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the nature of major social phenomena that have had an impact positive influence for the development of society, glorifies them, perpetuates them, contributing to the education of people. The sublimity of the content of monumental painting, the significant size of its works, and the connection with architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconicism of composition, clarity of contours and generality of plastic form.

Decorative painting is used to decorate buildings and interiors in the form of colorful panels, which with realistic images create the illusion of breaking through the wall, visually increasing the size of the room, or, on the contrary, with deliberately flattened forms they assert the flatness of the wall and the enclosure of the space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor that adorn works of monumental painting and sculpture tie together all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty and consistency with the architecture. Decorative painting is also used to decorate things: caskets, caskets, stands, trays, chests, etc. Its themes and forms are subordinated to the purpose of things, which is described in detail in the next chapter.

Theatrical and decorativepainting (scenery, costumes, makeup, props, made according to the artist’s sketches) helps to further reveal the content of the performance. Special theatrical conditions for perceiving the scenery require taking into account multiple points of view of the audience, their great distance, the influence of artificial lighting and colored backlights. The scenery gives an idea of ​​the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives in sketches of costumes and makeup to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.

Miniature painting received great development in the Middle Ages, before the invention of printing. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest headpieces, endings, and detailed miniature illustrations. Russian artists of the first half of the 19th century skillfully used the miniature painting technique to create small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, and the exquisite fineness of the writing distinguish these portraits, full of grace and nobility.

Easel painting done on a machine - an easel - uses wood, cardboard, paper as a material basis, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting, being an independent work, can depict absolutely everything: factual and fictional by the artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, easel painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically, multifacetedly and subtly convey the beauty of the world around us.

Painting divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. These names were derived from the binder or from the method of using material and technical means.

Oily painting is done with paint erased on vegetable oils. Thick paint thins out when oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it. Oil paint can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.

Tempera painting is done with paint prepared with egg, yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied paste or liquid onto the wall, canvas, paper, wood. In Rus', tempera was used to create wall paintings, icons and patterns on everyday objects. Nowadays, tempera is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied arts and in artistic design.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions applied to wet plaster with water-based paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Wax painting (encaustic) was used by artists of Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “Fayum portraits” (1st century AD). The binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax paints are applied in a molten state to a heated base, after which they are burned.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is assembled from individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and fixed on a special cement primer. Transparent smalt, inserted into the ground at different angles, reflects or refracts light, causing the color to flare and shimmer. Mosaic panels can be found in the subway, in theater and museum interiors, etc.

Stained glass painting is a work of decorative art intended to decorate window openings in any architectural structure. Stained glass is made from pieces of colored glass held together by a strong metal frame. The luminous flux, breaking through the colored surface of the stained glass window, draws spectacular, multi-colored patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

The purpose and content of a painting require the choice of such material and technical means with the help of which the artist’s ideological and creative intent can be most fully expressed. Painting helps a person to see the beauty of the world contained in the most ordinary things, cultivates attention to the environment, the desire to comprehend its meaning.

Ornament - a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements is intended to decorate various objects. Ornament - system for decorating items of clothing and utensils.

Motive - the main attribute of an ornament that determines its content and influences the structural basis. In the structure of the ornaments, one can trace the shape (pattern) and field of the ornament.

Symmetry - a natural phenomenon in the organization of the beautiful shape of objects in nature and the composition of the ornament. Asymmetry introduces some variety into the compositional structure of the ornament, but is not always consistent with the shape of the object.

The repetition of elements in a striped pattern takes place in the form of mirror reflection, translation or rotation.

Sequence of creating an ornament:

• clarification of the purpose and objectives of the composition of the ornament and assessment of the ornamented object;
• collection and study of reference and information material;
• sketches and sketches of ornamental motifs;
• drawing of the ornamented object, taking into account the place of the ornamental stripe on it;
• making a final sketch of the ornament in color or material.

2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which for decorating surfaces or for creating volumetric figures use corrugated paper tubes. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting them on the tip of a bird's feather. paper strips with gilded edges, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)

*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, string bracelets, and cover them with beaded nets. women's dresses. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and image creation:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technology was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to produce recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Can be made from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - graphic image, in a special way made with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs additional colors(red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced form.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is very exciting activity, which will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with palms. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and original culture people. In Russian folk art there is a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - ancient Russian folk craft, originated in early XIX century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of ​​Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting- an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which binder the color is wax. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, they therefore also belong to the “3d” technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination various techniques: patchwork+embroidery+painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. By decorating your home and home with handmade products or children's toys that are convenient for everyday life, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - the new kind arts and crafts. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from “palms”. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assembly (French assemblage) - technique visual arts, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from the English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - “ napkin technology" The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is simplest form sculptures or engravings on the surface of fruit and vegetable products, such short-lived table decorations.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, parts or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers vary in type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of basic techniques sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: air balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salty dough, paper, polystyrene foam, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats and fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1421

In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination according to any criterion) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques of applied creativity are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.

Happy creativity everyone!
Your Margarita.

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS

Arts and crafts- a type of creative activity to create household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. There are a wide variety of technical and artistic techniques for making products: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. Main characteristic feature the subject of DPI is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied arts have a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.

Folk decorative and applied art is one of the time-tested forms of expressing a person’s aesthetic perception of the world.

An important component of decorative and applied art is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing cultural local tradition and focused on the sale of craft products.

Key creative idea traditional crafts - affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk crafts of Russia are:

Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya; (illustrations 2-8)

Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya,

Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;

Artistic stone processing - hard and soft stone processing,

Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya,

Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature,

Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel (enamel painting on metal), Zhostovo metal painting,

Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy,

Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,

Fabric painting - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls,

Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weave, Gold embroidery.

In Russia there are more than 80 types of folk applied art, revived and traditionally based. These are: artistic embroidery, Russian artistic varnishes, ceramics, artistic painting on fabric, clay, wood, etc. Today in Russia there are 12 educational institutions that train students in the most complex traditional areas of folk art. applied culture, these include: Semenov School, Ural School of Arts, Lomonosov School of Bone Carving, Torzhok School of Gold Embroidery, Mstera Art and Industrial School, etc.

Decorative and applied arts. Folk art.

1. Since ancient times, it has been common for man to strive for beauty in

the objective (material) world around him. For this purpose, embroidered patterns were applied to simple fabrics, and ceramics were decorated with ornaments. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with chasing and notching. The pattern and decoration seemed to be “attached” to the object, and it became more beautiful, richer, more elegant. It retained its utilitarian (practical) basis, its usefulness, but now one could simply admire it, show it off as a landmark. And such an object was valued not only for the fact that it was simply useful, but also for its design, for the skill of decoration, the nobility of the material and subtlety. Later, in the 19th century, this area of ​​​​the artistic development of the object world was defined as “applied art.”

Applied arts serves practical purposes and at the same time

decorates our life, creates a certain emotional mood.

Decorative arts. Became widespread during the era

slavery. This is the desire of people to decorate themselves with necklaces, bracelets,

rings, pendants, earrings, etc. Later, items appeared

clothing decorations, and then home decorations, such as carpets, on

which were no longer sitting or reclining, but were hung on the wall for beauty, or floor vases - also not for flowers and not for water or wine, but for

decoration of the front halls. Here beauty came first. Their

The only “benefit” was that they were beautiful. This is art in the 18th -19th centuries.

named decorative(from the French word “decor” - “decoration”). Products

decorative arts exist only to decorate a room,

clothes or person. If design items are produced in millions

circulation, applied art - in the thousands, then decorative products -

tens, or even units. In them the artist shows, first of all, his

individual taste. The most important thing in works of decorative

art - general artistic expression, the beauty of the thing as a whole. Applied and decorative arts demonstrate the taste and imagination of the artist; they reflect the material and spiritual interests of people, and national traits.

Applied and decorative arts in many cases complement each other

friend. In this case they talk about decorative and applied arts.

Decorative art is one of the types of plastic arts.

Decorative art is a work that, along with architecture,

artistically shapes the material environment surrounding a person and

brings into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.

Types of decorative arts: arts and crafts,

design, theatrical and decorative, monumental and decorative,

design.

Folk art.

Behind these words stands a large and important phenomenon: folk poetry and

theater, music and dance, architecture and fine arts. Folk art is the foundation on which the edifice of world artistic culture has grown.

Distinctive features of folk art:

1. Folk art works are different beauty and benefit.

2. Technical skills and found images are transferred from

generation to generation. Because of this, consolidated for centuries

tradition selects only the best creative achievements.

3. Collectiveness of creativity . Everything in the work is dictated

centuries-old tradition: choice of material and methods of its processing,

the nature and content of decorative decoration.

The amazing cheerfulness of folk art - from consciousness

own strength, because behind every thing is the talent, labor and unanimity of many people, ideally an entire people. Beauty also comes from this source. And of course from native nature, from whom the master learns.

Folk art can be a source of ideas and inspiration

professional artists.

3. Ornament

Great importance in folk art is given to ornament, which

decorates an object or is its structural element.

Ornament (from the Latin “ornamentum” - “decoration”) - pattern,

built on rhythmic alternation and combination of geometric or

visual elements. The main purpose of the ornament is to decorate

surface of an object, emphasizing its shape.

Types of ornament: geometric, natural, animalistic.

Works of decorative and applied art reveal

material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.

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Decorative and applied arts.

Decorative and applied arts (DAI)- the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating homes, architectural structures, parks, etc.

The entire life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped different deities, objects - grass, sun, bird, tree. To “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, ancient man When building a house, he necessarily supplemented it with “amulets” - relief, window frames, animals and geometric signs that have symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a stripe of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar; all the dishes also had a ritual ornament.

But since ancient times, it has been characteristic of man to strive for beauty in the objective world around him, so images began to acquire an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate the item more than to carry any magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first extruded and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with chasing and notching.

Decorative and applied arts include and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothing, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural and decorative decoration of interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained glass, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, lampshades, decorative statues, etc. - which form part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.

The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest forms of art. For many centuries it developed among the people in the form of folk artistic crafts.

Embroidery. It has its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. They embroidered on linen, cotton, and woolen clothing. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silks, in India, Iran, and Turkey - with gold. They embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within one country, there were completely different types of embroidery depending on the area and the nationality living there, such as red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motifs and colors often depended on the purpose of the item, festive or everyday.

Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or finish. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Appliques are used to decorate panels, tapestries, and curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.

Stained glass. This is a plot decorative composition made of colored glass or other material that transmits light. In classical stained glass, individual pieces of colored glass were connected to each other by spacers made from the most soft material- lead. These are the stained glass windows of many cathedrals and temples in Europe and Russia. The technique of painting on clear or colored glass with silicate paints, then fixed by light firing, was also used. In the 20th century stained glass windows began to be made from transparent plastics.

Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.

Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wood, ceramics, metal and other products. Paintings can be either narrative or ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.

Ceramics. Products and materials made from clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from an area in Greece that has been a center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics are also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.

Lace. Openwork thread products. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into hand-made (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitted) and machine-made.

Weaving from birch bark, straw, wicker, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest species decorative and applied art (known since Neolithic times). Weaving was mainly used to make dishes, furniture, car bodies, toys, and boxes.

Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some image is made on a smooth surface. Wood carving was the most widespread in Rus'. It covered the frames of houses, furniture, and tools. There is carved sculpture made of bone, stone, plaster, etc. Many carvings relate to jewelry (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).