There are modern technologies of decorative and applied creativity. Types of creativity
Arts and crafts(from Latin deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of decorative and applied creativity can have practical use in everyday life.
Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In academic literature, from the second half of the 19th century, it became established classification of branches of decorative and applied arts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings made from different types of wood), etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.
Types of arts and crafts
TAPESTRY -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”
BATIK - hand painting on fabric using reserve compounds.
On fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixative is used, called reserve (reserve composition, paraffin-based, gasoline-based, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.
HEEL -(stuffing) - a type of decorative and applied art; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color designs on fabric manually using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.
Forms for heeling are made from carved wood (manners) or typesetting (typesetting copper plates with nails), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When printing, a paint-coated form is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “printing”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of colors.
Printmaking is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many nations: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.
Printing is low-productivity and has almost completely been replaced by printing designs on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece products (curtains, tablecloths). The characteristic patterns of folk printing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.
BEADING - type of decorative and applied arts, handicrafts; creating jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, wire weaving with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and creative arts (mosaics, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative capabilities, and beadwork will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that beading technology is original in nature.
EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread handicraft art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest materials - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
KNITTING - the process of making fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to a type of weaving.
Crochet
Knitting
MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic. - braid, fringe, lace or Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
LACE MAKING - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, wool and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven with bobbins, crocheted, tambour and machine.
CARPET WEAVING – the production of artistic textiles, usually with multi-colored patterns, serving primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. The artistic features of a carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio border and central field of the carpet, ornamental set and composition of the pattern, color scheme.
QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English. quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
The finished spirals are given different shapes and thus quilling elements, also called modules, are obtained. They are already the “building” material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, costume jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.
This technique does not require significant material costs to begin its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since to achieve a decent result you need to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of rolling high-quality modules.
SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - scrapping, book - book, literally "book of scrapbooks") - a type of handicraft art that consists of making and decorating family or personal photo albums.
This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a unique way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photographs and other mementos of events for a long time for future generations.
CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling.
In the narrow sense, the word ceramics means clay that has been fired.
The earliest ceramics were used as dishes made from clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (mechanical engineering, instrument making, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other areas.
MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicatedto the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
JEWELRY ART - is a term that denotes the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the entire set of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended primarily for the personal decoration of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or item to be unambiguously classified as jewelry, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.
In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions specializing in “jewelry,” a slang version of the word “jewelry” is often used.
Although it is believed that the concept of “jewelry” includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of “costume jewelry” includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we see, at present the difference between jewelry and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred , and the assessment of whether a given product is classified as jewelry or costume jewelry is each time made by experts individually in each specific case.
LACQUER MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, etc. is a type of decorative, applied and folk art. Such painting is called varnish because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to the colors and at the same time soften and unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.
The homeland of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. The sap of the lacquer tree was used to cover cups, boxes, and vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.
This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, and the countries of Central Asia, where in the 15th-17th centuries. Lacquer miniatures made with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects were popular. European masters significantly simplified the technology and began to use oil paints and varnishes.
In Russia, artistic varnishes have been known since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small factory of papier-mâché lacquerware in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskino). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique techniques for Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.
Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, little capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted.
Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, little boxes, pincushions, etc. are painted.
The ability to be creative is genetically inherent in humans. Art arose as a result of man’s natural need for beauty, for sensory satisfaction from what he created or saw.
The oldest type of artistic activity is decorative and applied art (DA). People have always sought to decorate themselves, their homes and the things they used. From the most ordinary materials - stone, metal, wood, clay - people created genuine works of art that expressed the master's emotional and aesthetic perception of the world around him.
All DPI works can be divided into two groups. The first is represented by household items (clothing, various utensils, dishes, furniture, fabrics), where the beauty of the item is inextricably linked with its benefits.
The second group is represented by objects for decorative purposes; a freer interpretation of the means of expression is possible here, these are panels, decorative vases, souvenirs, etc.
Decorative statues, tapestries, mosaics, panels occupy a special place. They can be both a means of decorating the architectural environment and independent works.
Decorative and applied art has a direct connection with the everyday needs of people and its own means of expression. Throughout its life, humanity is engaged in a variety of activities: household life, sports, creativity, a wide range of social, labor, religious functions, etc. There are a huge number of different household items, things that help a person perform different actions. Many of them are related to the field of DPI. Such items are made from different materials and different techniques can be used. Considering the important role of the constructive-technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production, DPI works are classified according to the functional characteristics of the use of DPI objects, by belonging to different types of materials and by manufacturing technology.
Classification of DPI according to functional characteristics of use.
Bijouterie.
Jewelry.
Jewelry made from natural materials.
Lighting.
Items for interior decoration, etc.
Types of DPI according to execution technology.
Carpet making.
Weaving.
Artistic painting of eggs.
Manufacturing of glass products.
Pottery.
Artistic metal processing.
Vytynanka.
Wicker weaving.
Floristics.
Folk painting.
Artistic processing of bones, etc.
Classification by materials.
Artistic fabrics.
Artistic textiles.
Artistic ceramics.
Art glass.
Artistic metal.
Artistic woodworking (carving, carpentry, cooperage).
Artistic processing of leather.
The types of DPI will be discussed in more detail in the following articles.
According to the method of manufacturing objects of modern DPI exist in two forms: industrial and craft.
The social division of labor at the manufacturing stage and the development of industry led to the fact that the benefits and beauty, purpose and design of manufactured products became the prerogative of different specialists.
Over time, an art industry emerged—the machine production of decorative and applied products that were used to decorate residential and public buildings and household items. Nowadays, in addition to artistic crafts, mass production of DPI works is provided by special enterprises of the art industry.
Products of professional and folk arts and crafts are similar in many ways, but there are also differences. The people's artist mainly performs his work by hand. The master can work both alone and in a team. Handicrafts are not mass-produced. Even if folk artists make a series of products in a workshop, each item is still individual.
DPI works created at art industry enterprises or in workshops are usually produced in mass quantities. Standardization imposes certain restrictions on the creativity of artists, making things and objects similar. Also, specialists must take into account the demand for the product, the quality of the materials from which the thing will be made, and the availability of equipment the required power, etc. But professional artists also create original designs that exist in a single copy. If a specialist receives an individual order, then he is free from restrictions and can create such a unique thing as his creative talent and the customer’s requirements allow.
The organic unity of the form of an object, which clearly defines its purpose, and the artistic and visual means that make the object beautiful, reflect the professional skill of the author.
There are also third direction in creating DPI products, it can also be classified as a craft form. This is a huge army of admirers of creative activity and handicrafts in everyday life. These are people who do not have special education, amateurs, for whom this is a certain type of amateur artistic activity, a unique form of recreation, and currently an opportunity for additional income. Knitting, embroidery, carpentry, flower making, embossing, carving, etc. are types “at-home” activities that introduce people to artistic creativity, shape taste and high artistic needs.
Creativity at home in our time has received the name “handmade”, from the English “handmade” - handmade, and the process of creating unique products also bears this name.
The fashion for handmade goods came from the West in the 21st century. Nowadays this word is used practically to designate everything creative and original, any handicraft into which a particle of the author’s warmth is invested.
“Be happy using me,” engraved on a small silver spoon by a master from the distant Roman era. This motto can still be applied to all types of applied art - let people for whom benefit and beauty are inseparable be happy.
2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples:
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples:
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples:
5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:
7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)
*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:
1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Chalk brushes and covers, toothpick cases (!), inkwell, penpick and pencil, collar for your favorite dog, cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chessboards and much, much, much more.
Examples:
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece.
Examples:
4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples:
5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples:
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and image creation:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples:
1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass appeared.
Examples:
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples:
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Can be made from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples:
8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:
9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples:
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples:
11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced view.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:
12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is palm painting. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art there are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting is an ancient Russian folk craft that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples:
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples:
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples:
2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples:
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. By decorating your home and home with handmade products or children's toys that are convenient for everyday life, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples:
3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples:
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples:
- Application from “palms”. Examples:
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:
2. Assemblage (French assemblage) - a visual art technique related to collage, but using three-dimensional parts or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples:
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from the English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples:
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of products from vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples:
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:
8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, details or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples:
9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:
10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats and fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples:
12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples:
13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples:
14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples:
15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination according to any criterion) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many techniques of applied creativity are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.
Happy creativity everyone!
Your Margarita.
Use of ICT in
arts and crafts.
"The use of modern
pedagogical technologies
in additional education.
Prepared by: N.V. Filatova
Teacher of additional education.
Pedagogical technology -
This is a model thought out in every detail
joint pedagogical activities in design, organization and
conducting the educational process with unconditional provision of comfortable conditions for
students and teacher (V.M. Monakhov).
Today in Russian education the principle of variability has been proclaimed, which
gives the opportunity to teaching staff of educational institutions to choose and
design the pedagogical process according to any model, including author’s ones. IN
currently used in education
a variety of pedagogical innovations. This depends, first of all, on
traditions and status of the institution. However, we can highlight the following most characteristic innovative
technologies.
Information and communication
technology (ICT) in education
Personally -
oriented technologies in teaching the subject
. Informational -
analytical support of the educational process and education quality management
schoolchildren.
Monitoring
intellectual development.
Educational
technology as the leading mechanism for the formation of a modern student.
Didactic
technology as a condition for the development of the educational process
Use of IT in training
arts and crafts opens up enormous creative possibilities for students
opportunities, contributes to the diversified development of children, activation of their cognitive
interest, formation of the foundations of information culture, preparation for
independent life in the modern world, and further professional
self-determination. The teacher appears
the opportunity to introduce new, non-traditional forms of organizing the educational process,
widely use methods of active, activity-based learning when organizing
creative work of students.
Most often used
various presentations made in PowerPoint. This program
gives the teacher unlimited opportunities
for creativity and for a more effective means of leveling up
cognitive activity. Simultaneous impact on two important organs
perceptions (hearing and vision) allow you to achieve a much greater effect.
Options
using presentations in working with students:
1. Conducting presentations in class when explaining new material:
a pre-created presentation replaces the demo material when explaining
new material, helping to fix students' attention on any
illustrations, data, formulas, etc.
2. Visual demonstration
process (building diagrams, tables, step-by-step
instructions) which is impossible or
quite difficult to do using posters or a blackboard.
3. Presentation on
results of individual and group projects:
preparation by students
(individual or in a group) presentations to accompany your own
report;
creating photo albums like
reports on research conducted by a group of students as part of activities on
project.
4. Collaborative learning
sources and materials on the program
(for example, discussing works of art based on multimedia
encyclopedias, scanned graphics or obtained from
Internet of materials, etc.) A special place in the MUP was occupied by fragments from educational,
documentaries and TV shows. Including video files in a presentation is most appropriate when
impossible to directly observe
objects and phenomena being studied that cannot be seen in everyday life
(a change in nature, the flight of a rocket or satellite, the transformation of a pupa into a butterfly
etc).
5
. For
securing the material. First, the guys get to know the legend. Then do
work, how they see the legend. And at the last stage they tell a legend,
using your work.
6. At the control stage and
self-control. Children are offered the opportunity to test their knowledge themselves.
Moreover, if the answer is not correct, you can go back and correct the error. Thereby
the lesson is freed from fear.
According to the requirements of SanPin 2.4.2.1178-02, within
weeks, the number of lessons using TSO should not exceed for students
first stage 3-4 lessons, second and third level students - 4-5 lessons.
After training with a video display terminal (VDT), it is necessary to carry out
eye gymnastics, which is performed at the workplace.
Taking into account
psychological characteristics of children at the initial stage of education, it is advisable to use the game method
situations involving the active use of cognitive didactic
games that facilitate the completion of various educational tasks. Games for children
younger age "fourth wheel". On the topic of beadwork, guys in
In a playful way, insects are introduced, then an insect is woven from beads.
Correction and testing of knowledge:
Systematic check
knowledge of a large number of people being tested leads to the need for automation
control, use of computer equipment and related programs
knowledge tests. Computer testing as an effective way of testing
knowledge is increasingly used in education. One of its advantages
is the minimum time spent on obtaining reliable control results, and
obtaining results almost immediately upon completion of the control test.
Automated testing results are better analyzed than
subjective assessments.
Programs for creating
tests - MiniTes; ExeTest-SL.
Having in my arsenal of work
educational simulators for arts and crafts (created by yourself or borrowed from
fellow teachers in the Internet community), we
we can prepare a lesson,
taking into account the individual characteristics of the process of mastering the material by each student
(differentiated and individual approach). And our children really have them
different. The child is given the opportunity to work at a pace that is acceptable to him,
according to the level of his actual development, but at the same time feel
as successful as the rest of his peers.
One of the ways to implement
new information technologies in arts and crafts classes
art is the use of computer programs as means of creating
patterns for beading, embroidery and knitting. Currently there are
graphic editors that allow you to create your own patterns and
convert your favorite images (photos, drawings) into diagrams for
beading, embroidery and knitting. Examples of such programs are Beads Wicker,
Biserhelp, Win-Stitch, Pattern Maker, PCStitch, Bead Work.
Modern teaching methods with
the use of information technologies should be aimed at the development and
formation of creative self-expression of children, for the revival of spiritual
values, to study the heritage of folk traditions of our culture.
Improving the learning process in additional education will help
preserve the cultural heritage of our ancestors and at the same time introduce children to the world
modern science and technology, activating the connection between the past, present and
future.
Ultimately, children may
turn your computer into a creative workshop, creating your own
creative products and projects based on knowledge of folk traditions.
