Information about folk craft. Folk arts and crafts

Getting to know the folk arts and crafts of Russia will help you better understand the spirit and culture of the peoples of our country.

Folk art has evolved over the centuries through the efforts of masters of many generations. The secrets of mastery were passed on from father to son. When making any thing, the folk craftsman not only thought about its practical purpose, but also did not forget about beauty. Beauty and benefit in his work have always been inseparable. Is it possible to connect folk art with such a word as well-being? And if possible, which one? well-being you can speak? The master puts a piece of his soul into the product he creates. Isn't this good?

Work is good if there is benefit and soul in it.

It’s not so expensive that it’s red gold, It’s also expensive because it’s made by good craftsmen.

You can fall in love with Russia only when you see all the charm of the shy Russian nature, let the tragic and heroic history of the Russian people pass through your soul, marvel at the beauty of the architectural ensembles and touch with your heart the beautiful creations of the Russian people.

Folk arts and crafts of Russia

1 group- wood carving and painting

1. Khokhloma is an ancient village, lost in the wilderness of the dense Trans-Volga forests. Along with its history, the birth of world-famous art there goes back into the distant past - Khokh-loma painting. In the 17th century, a number of villages, together with Khokhloma, came into the possession of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Perhaps already at this time the production of gilded wooden utensils began in Khokhloma. Wooden utensils have been used by Russian people since ancient times. But using unpainted wooden utensils is inconvenient: the wood absorbs liquid and quickly becomes dirty.

The Khokhloma painting technique is associated with hot processing of products and requires a lot of experience and skill. The work is very labor intensive. White, unpainted dishes are first dried and then covered with a liquid layer of clay, which closes the pores of the wood. After drying, the items were smeared with raw linseed oil and placed in the oven overnight. Then they were carefully covered with drying oil and dried again. This operation was repeated 3-4 times. Finely ground tin powder was used to rub the entire surface of the object so that the wooden object took on the appearance of metal. A pattern was applied with black and red paint on the oiled surface with a thin brush. The painted item was again oiled and hardened in the oven; under the influence of high temperature, the varnish darkened, and the silver powder under the varnish layer acquired a golden shine. Khokhloma paintings are dominated by images of plant forms or the so-called herbal ornament, associated with the painting traditions of Ancient Rus'. Despite the fact that new centers of Khokhloma painting have recently appeared, the leading ones are still “indigenous”: a factory in the village of Semino, Koverninsky district, and an association in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region.

2. Born 30 kilometers from Khokhloma Gorodets painting immediately chose its direction. Gorodets colors glowed with all their palette. Khokhloma paints were heated and subjected to heat treatment. Gorodets painting is cold. Berries, leaves, flowers - from Khokhloma; subject pictures of “philistine life” - in Gorodets painting.

3 . One of the oldest fisheries in the Moscow region in terms of origin. wood carvings located in the village of Bogorodskoye. Here at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. They began to cut a toy out of wood. In the 19th century, multi-figure compositions appeared in the toy, and the images of the figures themselves became more dynamic. Linden, alder or aspen wood has long been used to make toys.

From the beginning of the emergence of the Bogorodsk craft, local artisans produced only individual parts for the townspeople’s toy makers, from which the Sergievites assembled entire toys. Then the Bogorodians began to make toys “in linen,” i.e. without painting them, and in this form they were delivered to the toy makers of Sergiev Posad, who painted the toys and put them on sale. The Bogorodsk fishery has an active tendency to develop. Craftsmen are trained at the local vocational school and art school located in the Zagorsk region.

4. In the mid-90s. In the 19th century, the wife of the Russian philanthropist I. Mamontov brought from Japan a wooden lathe detachable doll, which was a figurine of an oriental sage. The brought doll interested the members of the Abramtsevo circle, and it was decided to create their own, Russian Matryona, modeled on the Japanese toy. It is believed that the first samples of nesting dolls were painted by the artist S. Malyutin and turned by turner V. Zvezdochkin. Russian Matryona was noted at the World Exhibition in Paris. The matryoshka appeared in Sergiev Posad in 1902. Malyutin’s version of the matryoshka painting became a model for mass repetition.

Group 2- art ceramics

1. To the southeast of Moscow there is a former volost center - Gzhel. I associate the origin of this name with the word “burn,” which is directly related to the local craft. Clay products were necessarily fired in a kiln at high temperature.

Gzhel was first mentioned in written sources in 1339 in the Spiritual Letter of the Russian Prince Ivan Kalita. In the middle of the 17th century, white-burning clays were discovered in these places. These clays were ideally suited for apothecary utensils. In the second half of the 18th century, the production of Gzhel majolica began here - glazed products made of red clay painted with white, yellow, blue, green and brown paint. The painting was carried out on a soft, unfired shard - this is the name of a formed clay product covered with white enamel.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Gzhel residents decided to add lime to their clay, and this is how they got semi-faience. From this moment on, the famous blue flowers begin to grow. Leaves and buds on a white background are an exceptional Gzhel tradition that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. The original style of painting with cobalt blue paint is becoming classic. Thirty different shades: from almost transparent light blue to rich dark blue. But shades of color appeared only after firing; in its raw form, the cobalt design looks gray-black. Having learned to make fine faience in 1820, Gzhel craftsmen began to comprehend the secrets of porcelain. Due to mass production, Gzhel porcelain became accessible to many. There was a time when the Gzhel fishery fell into decline, and factory production also decreased. The reason for this is the war of the early 20th century, the devastation after the revolution, the lack of raw materials and fuel. By the beginning of the 80s, Gzhel porcelain was gaining recognition in our country and abroad.

2 . Many regions of Russia are famous for clay toys. The most famous toys, of course, Dymkovskie They are made in the settlement of Dymkovo near Vyatka. Back in the 19th century, many travelers enthusiastically described the funny Vyatka holiday “Whistling”. During this holiday, the residents of Vyatka walked, danced, sang and whistled into painted clay whistles.

Dymkovo toys are large, complex, with many details. The clay is specially prepared, the “dough” is kneaded from which the figures are sculpted, then they are fired in a special oven to make them stronger, and a hole for the whistle is pierced with a wooden stick. Brown clay is coated with white milk and chalk paint, painted with bright colors and decorated with thin squares of real gold. Horsemen, roosters, turkeys, ladies, and nannies are considered traditional for Dymkovo toys.

3. The village of Filimonovo near Tula is also famous for its toys. The clay here is not brown, but white; it stretches easily, like plasticine. That's why Filimonovskie the toys are so elongated: these are cows, deer, goats with long striped necks and large colored horns. And how many different patterns of dots, stars, stripes and circles the Filimonov masters come up with!

4. In the north of Russia, not far from Arkhangelsk, in the city of Kargopol, they make completely different toys. Kargopolsky masters love to sculpt peasant women in headscarves and ladies in hats coming from the market with shopping, peasant accordion players in bast shoes and caftans.

Group 3- artistic metal processing

1. Metal products form an important and indispensable part of people's daily lives. The variety of artistic and technical techniques allows you to make things from it for a wide variety of purposes.

In the middle of the 18th century it developed in Veliky Ustyug art of the northern mob. Engraving is carried out on the metal surface of the object using special tools - gravers. The engraved design is filled with black powder, that is, an alloy of sulfur oxides of silver, copper and lead. After this, the product is fired, and the high temperature melts the niello and firmly fills the recesses. Then the surface is sanded. In the Vologda region, highly artistic objects are still produced: boxes depicting historical events and fairy tales, cups, shot glasses, jewelry (brooches, cufflinks, bracelets, earrings and pendants).

2. Enamel, ancient Greek name enamel,- a technique used in jewelry: fusible glass, which, after firing, forms a thin transparent or opaque, colored or colorless monochromatic film on the surface of the object being decorated. Artistic enamel is a means of color enrichment of a metal product. Enamel apparently originated in the 1st millennium BC. e. in the Eastern Mediterranean. In Rus', original cloisonné enamel appeared at the beginning of the 10th century. In the 16th-17th centuries, multicolor transparent enamel and picturesque Ural enamel developed in Russia. Bowls, dishes, plates, crowns, and Gospel frames for gifts were made. In Rostov in the 17th-19th centuries, icons and other products were made using the technique of painted enamels.

3. Mstera fishery The Vladimir region developed in the 19th century, where metal processing began with the production of chased frames for icons, made by local painters. To decorate trays and glass holders, they used engraved ornaments in the form of modest bouquets, twigs, and rosettes. Areas of the engraved design were usually gilded and polished. The rest of the metal surface remained matte. Working with filigree expanded the decorative possibilities of products. Openwork ornament began to be used as an applied decoration in vases and metal stacks.

Group 4 - decorative painting on metal and varnish painting

1. More than a hundred years ago, peasants near Moscow, the Vishnyakov brothers, bought off some

own workshop. They decided to paint metal trays. Zhostovo trays

can be oval, round, rectangular and curly. The metal blank is no longer hammered out by hand, as before, but pressed on a machine. And the background can be not only black, but also gold, green, and cream. The background is made with the utmost care, following a certain sequence: the surface is coated twice with oil and drying oil, dried and sanded, three layers of black primer are applied, coated twice with black varnish and lightly sanded again. The trays are painted only with oil paints and only with a squirrel brush. The master works on several trays at once and uses each paint in turn. At the same time, he strictly adheres to the sequence of operations, each of which has its own purpose.

2. Fedoskino lacquer painting Throughout the history of its development, it was guided by examples of Russian classical painting. From her she learned the technique of multilayer painting with oil paints. On boxes and snuff boxes, scenes from Russian popular prints and ancient engravings, translated into the language of miniature writing, were reflected. Subjects of summer and winter trips in a team of three horses were entrenched in Fedoskino painting for many years. “Troikas”, “tea parties”, landscapes of the Moscow region became unique symbols of Russia. The Fedoskino miniature is always performed surrounded by a black box background. Fedoskin’s art also contains techniques for openly decorative ornamental design of products: colored plaid, “tortoiseshell” painting, filigree inlay, digitizing, reminiscent of the play of an engraved metal design under a layer of transparent enamel.

3. Nowadays Palekh not just popular - he is famous. The fame of this small village in the Ivanovo region was brought by the elegant and subtle art of lacquer miniatures, which has its roots in the artistic culture of Ancient Rus'. Products of Palekh artists made from papier-mâché: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, brooches, caskets, painted with tempera in a bright decorative style and intricately ornamented with gold, are sold all over the world. Lacquer painting on papier-mâché flourishes in the four main centers of folk crafts in Russia: Fedoskine, Mstera, Kholui, Palekh.

The composition of the miniature is boldly laid out on a plane in the form of a figured colored mosaic. The drawing is always expressive in silhouette and laconic, inside it is worked with golden lines. This shading gives the entire product completeness and is reminiscent of gold notching, also jewelry enamels.

Group 5- embroidery, lace weaving, scarves

1. There are crafts that can be found in every corner of Russia - embroidery and lace.

In the past, embroidery was inherent to everyone as the most accessible way of creating. In the northern regions of Russia they embroidered patterns - they depicted animals, birds, people; For the middle zone, geometric shapes are more typical, and for southern Russia - an abundance of flowers.

Embroidery cross has long decorated the national costumes of all Slavic peoples. Towels embroidered with a cross pattern or a pattern depicting everyday scenes (rushnyky) were required in every home and were a necessary ritual item. The difficulty of cross stitch is that you need specially designed patterns according to the cells.

Gladue is called embroidery with straight or oblique stitches that fill the plane of the pattern. Multi-color artistic satin stitch is necessary when embroidering patterns that are close in shape and color to natural objects, conveying tonal transitions, and is used in finishing dresses, tablecloths, pillows; it creates panels, paintings, portraits, landscapes.

Many centuries ago an amazing thing was born in Torzhok gold embroidery art. The traditions of Novotorzh gold embroidery have evolved over the centuries. The main pattern here was made up of branches with roses, buds, oak leaves, and ears of cereals. The plant motifs included images of birds. Gold seamstresses carried out various orders from military departments, embroidered banners, belts...

2. In Russia, lace making spread closer to the 17th century, that is, much later than embroidery. The lace industry in Russia flourished in numerous workshops at the lordly estates. Serf women were obliged to follow Western European models.

Vologda lace- the most famous, it has been woven there since 1820. Particular attention is paid to piece goods: the famous collars, capes, scarves, gloves, napkins. The technique of lace making is complex, it requires skill, a lot of experience and patience. From a drawing, from lines and dots, the craftswoman creates lace, rearranging numerous pins with wound threads. Lace is woven using pairs of smooth wooden bobbin sticks. The bobbins have special indentations at the ends on which threads are wound. The more complex the pattern, the more bobbins required.

3. In the 19th century in Russia there arose production of scarves and shawls. The fashion for them came from France. She is still alive today. In Pavlovsky Posad, near Moscow, craftsmen make beautiful shawls and scarves that are in demand both in Russia and abroad.

No less famous in Russia and in the world Orenburg scarves. Ural Cossack women, who knew lace and embroidery, began to use floral patterns in knitting - living motifs of nature. On long winter evenings they knitted delicate, gossamer-thin snow-white openwork scarves.

Goals and objectives:

1. To introduce students to the world of professions and show their characteristics.
2. Develop moral and aesthetic feelings, make interdisciplinary connections with history, literature, music.
3. To promote the development of interest in the subject and the cultivation of a feeling of love for the Motherland.

Equipment:

• samples of products and illustrations - “Zhostovo”, “Living Gzhel”, “Haze”, “Russian lace and embroidery”, “Russian shawls”, “Gorodets painting”, “Russian nesting dolls”.
• map of Russia, tables-drawings, tape recorder, book exhibition,
• CD with the presentation “Folk Crafts of Russia”.

Epigraphs for the lesson:

“Work is good if it has benefit and soul.

It is not gold that is expensive and glitters,

But something that is created by the hands of a master is precious.”

The music is quiet.

You can fall in love with Russia only when you see all the beauty of Russian nature, let the tragic and heroic history of the Russian people pass through your soul, marvel at the beauty of architectural ensembles, listen to beautiful music, and touch the true creations of the Russian people.

From time immemorial, our Russian land has been famous for its kind craftsmen, people who created and are creating fabulous beauty with their own hands.

In order to love, you need to see and know all this.

There are a great many folk art crafts in Russia, and today we will get acquainted with some of them.

This year you are graduating from basic school and you need to choose your future path - where to go to study, who to be?

What does the word “profession” mean?

Inquiry Office. A profession is a type of work activity that includes a set of theoretical knowledge, practical experience and work skills.

Another term closely related to this is vocational education.

Professional education– a set of knowledge, skills, abilities that allows you to work as a specialist in one of the sectors of the economy of our country.

Choosing a profession is a very important moment in the life of every person. Most school graduates choose the professions of economists and lawyers. What professions are in demand today in our country and in our city?

Inquiry Office.

Today in the economy of our country there is a shortage of working specialties such as turners, installers, mechanics. There are not enough engineering, technical and construction specialties.

In our city, you can continue your education and get a profession at vocational school No. 28, at the Zeya Medical School, at the Trade and Economic College, at the Polytechnic College.

In the old days, people earned their daily bread by doing various crafts. We will find out what “craft” is at the information desk.

Inquiry Office.

Craft is the small-scale production of finished products, where the basis is manual labor. One of the characteristic features is the production of products according to consumer orders.

What do you guys think, have crafts survived today?

Crafts have been preserved and acquired one of the forms of artistic folk art.

Where did this name “trades” come from?

A long time ago, when agricultural technology was still too simple, and infertile lands did not produce good grain harvests, the population was forced to engage in various crafts. Then the trade products were exchanged for bread and other necessary items. People observed nature and reflected these observations in works of folk art. Gradually, work skills were consolidated. The most active development of folk crafts in all regions of Russia began in the second half of the 19th century, along with them the art industry arose, where things were produced in large quantities.

The art of folk crafts is a link between the past and the present, the present and the future.

The Russian land is rich in a variety of folk crafts.

And now we will take a tour of the most famous, most unique centers of folk art.

Today I want to sing and praise
“A kind heart, generosity and intelligence,
The skillful hands of the Russian people.”

Now we invite you to the Moscow region, to the village of Gzhel, where we will get acquainted with a craft known throughout Russia - Gzhel porcelain, which was also mentioned by Lomonosov MV. said: “There is hardly the purest land in the world like our Gzhel, which I have never seen with more beautiful whiteness.”

Gzhel.

Products from Gzhel are so beautiful, so unusual that their fame spread not only in our country, but also abroad.

You've probably seen unusual-looking dishes in which the beauty of the combination of white and blue colors is mesmerizing. The secrets of beauty are hidden in nature itself. To the southeast of Moscow there are about three dozen villages and villages, one of them is the village of Gzhel. Local historians associate the origin of this name with the word “burn,” which is directly related to the craft - clay products were necessarily fired in an oven at high temperatures. So this name spread throughout the entire district, where folk ceramics developed.

People from 40 professions take part in the production of objects. Almost all operations are performed manually. Craftswomen paint products with great love, putting a piece of their heart and kindness of soul into them.

What are they doing in Gzhel? Cups, jugs, sets, mugs, vases, figurines of people and animals. Look how beautiful this white and blue porcelain miracle is. Russian painter B.M. Kustodiev said that Gzhel teapots and cups bloom with “witchcraft blue flowers.”

And indeed, there is some kind of mystery in the fact that the cold blue color is transformed in them, becoming almost warm.

Porcelain teapots, candlesticks, clocks,
Animals and birds of unprecedented beauty.
The village in the Moscow region has now become famous.
Everyone knows its name - Gzhel.
The inhabitants of Gzhel are proud of the blue sky,
You will never meet such beauty in the world.
The blue of heaven, which is so dear to the heart,
The master's brush easily transferred it to the cup.
Each artist has his own favorite pattern
And each of them reflects their dear side.

In modern samples of Gzhel there is a bluish tint. Like heaven, the blue surface of the rivers and lakes of our homeland descended onto the whiteness of this dish.

But the Dymkovo toy came to visit!

Dymkovo toy.

Let us now tell a story about the ancient Dymkovo toy.
In Dymkovo they loved songs and dances, and wonderful fairy tales were born in the village.
The evenings are long in winter and they sculpt there from clay.
All toys are not simple, but magically painted.
And fame spread about Dymka, having earned the right to do so.

Another amazing profession to which people devote their entire lives is toy making. In ancient times, clay toys were not created for fun - they were participants in ancient rituals. They were credited with a special power: to protect, to protect people from all evil. All toys reflect images that live in people's memories and carry on their traditions.

Dymkovo toys are very diverse - there are riders on horses, painted birds and elegant young ladies. The shape of the toys is monolithic, the silhouette of the figures is smooth. The palette of colors is bright, the decorative patterns are creative; they reflect not only fairy-tale representatives, but also the very life of the people.

Ceramic toy is a traditional folk art.

Until now, figured vessels, toys, and ceramic dishes are made in many cities and villages (Filimonovo, Torzhok, Sergiev Posad, etc.).

Matryoshka dolls.

Now guess the riddle: Eight wooden dolls, round-faced and ruddy, in multi-colored sundresses, they are coming to visit us. Guess what the name is?

I don’t know who made the nesting doll.
But I know that hundreds of years
Together with Vanka-Vstanka, as if alive,
The doll conquers the white light.
Where did he get the paints, the skilled craftsman,
In noisy fields, in a fairytale forest?
Created an image of irrepressible passion,
True Russian beauty.
The dawn brought a blush to her cheeks,
The blue of the sky splashed into her eyes
And the nesting doll across the planet
It's still going strong.
He stands proudly, majestically,
With a daring smile on his face,
And her fame flies around the world
About the unknown master creator!

There are different kinds of dolls in the world - made of wood, clay, their fabrics. And there are special dolls - nesting dolls. They are known in all cities and villages - this is an original Russian souvenir for foreigners. The first nesting doll appeared almost 100 years ago. A toy maker (V. Zvezdochkin) from Sergiev Posad made a disassembled toy and painted it. The result was a Russian nesting doll, a prototype of Matryona (a name that was very common at that time). All nesting dolls are different from each other; today they carry images of famous people.

Work is good if there is benefit and soul in it.

Painted scarves.

And now you are greeted by craftsmen from the ancient Russian city of Pavlovsky Posad. For a long time in Rus', a scarf was an accessory of women's clothing. The peasants wove scarves, decorated them with embroidery, and put patterns on them. The production of scarves and shawls originated in Russia in the 19th century, fashion came from France, but even today this handmade art is in demand. There are crafts that can be found in every corner of Russia: embroidery and lace. Lace was used to decorate costumes and household items. Under Peter 1, wearing lace was mandatory for all nobles. Vologda, Kirov, Yelets lace is known and popular to everyone. Lace is made using bobbins - this work requires both creativity and a lot of patience.

Zhostovo.

And now we will go to the village of Zhostovo near Moscow, where painted metal trays are made. This unique art began at the end of the 18th century. Painting is done on a black background; red and blue and other colors are used. Bright bouquets, compositions of roses, peonies, and tulips amaze with their beauty and give rise to a feeling of respect for the craftsmen.

And our tour of folk crafts will be completed by artistic objects of miniature lacquer painting, amazing in beauty and originality.

Palekh, Gorodets, Khokhloma painting - lacquer miniatures reflect the life of the people, Russian epics, nature.

Gorodets painting - how could we not know it?
There are hot horses here, well done.
There are such bouquets here that it is impossible to describe.
The stories here are like nothing in a fairy tale.
Look at the painting - the richness of the colors beckons.
Gorodets painting pleases our souls.

In their works, masters create the beauty of their region. At the end of the 19th century, icon painting became widespread. On its basis, black-lacquer miniatures arose - these are lacquer boxes, furniture, and utensils.

Khokhloma brush! Thank you very much!
Tell a fairy tale for the joy of life!
You, like the soul of the people, are beautiful,
You, like people, serve the Fatherland!

Over the centuries, forms of applied art have been developed and refined.

We live in the Far East, which is famous for its craftsmen. Craftsmen sew clothes, shoes, and hats, decorating them with ornaments, beads, and embroidery. They make products from fur, skins, and create souvenirs. At our school we also have our own masters - craftsmen; in the classes of clubs you can find something you like - beadwork, embroidery, wood carving, burning, root plastics and other types..

The peoples of Russia are famous for their talented and hardworking craftsmen. The world of professions is rich and diverse, the main thing in life is to do what you love.

Folk arts and crafts of Russia.

Folk crafts and crafts of Russia.

Russian folk arts and crafts are an integral part of national culture. They embody the centuries-old experience of aesthetic perception of the world, looking to the future, and preserve deep artistic traditions that reflect the originality of the cultures of the multinational Russian Federation.

Arts and crafts are both a branch of industry and a field of folk art.

The combination of traditions and innovation, stylistic features and creative improvisation, collective principles and the views of an individual, hand-made products and high professionalism are characteristic features of the creative work of craftsmen and craftsmen.

The unique artistic products of Russian folk crafts are loved and widely known not only in our country, they are known and highly valued abroad, they have become symbols of national culture, Russia’s contribution to the world cultural heritage.

In the age of technical progress, machines and automation, standard and unification, handicrafts made mainly by hand, mostly from natural materials, have acquired special significance.

Types of folk crafts of Russia. Their characteristics

Folk arts and crafts are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But they are all united by a combination of the practical expediency of the products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature.

In Ancient Rus', the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. House, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and an innate sense of beauty. And then ordinary household objects became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, and plot scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen in their creativity used what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, flax, wool. Nature has constantly served as the main source of inspiration for folk craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable.

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportionality that has inspired and continues to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink its full depth and spiritual potential.

As the famous researcher of folk art M.A. Nekrasova notes, in modern conditions “the people’s need for folk art, for its authenticity and spirituality is increasing. But finding ways to preserve folk art and to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, and its place in modern culture.”

The leading creative idea of ​​traditional folk art, based on the affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world, proven by the experience of many generations, retains all its significance in the art of modern folk arts and crafts.

Artistic wood processing.

The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Since ancient times, shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and the light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty and awakened the creative energy of our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed.

Wood carving is Bogorodsk sculptural and Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk flat-relief carving in the Moscow region; manufacturing of products with trihedral grooved carvings in the Kirov, Vologda, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Arkhangelsk regions; birch bark carving in the Vologda and Kirov regions.

Traditional artistic crafts of wood painting include: Khokhloma, Gorodetsky and Polkhov-Maidansky crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod region; Sergiev Posad painting with burning, painting with burning in Kirov, Gorky, Kalinin, Irkutsk and a number of other regions; production of products with free brush painting in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. Each of these crafts has its own history and its own unique characteristics.

Bogorodskaya carving.

Not far from the town of Sergiev Posad near Moscow lies the ancient Russian village of Bogorodskoye.

The production of the famous Bogorodsk carved wooden sculptures and toys is concentrated here. Their traditions date back to the 17th century, when carved wooden toys were sold near the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Bogorodsk products are made from soft wood - linden, alder, aspen. The main tools of folk craftsmen were an axe, a special Bogorodsk knife and a set of round chisels of various sizes. The blade of the Bogorodsk knife ends in a triangular bevel and is sharpened to a razor sharpness.

Over the centuries, so-called swing carving techniques have developed. Any product is cut with a knife “right away”, immediately clean, quickly, accurately, without any preliminary sketches prepared in drawing or clay.

Bogorodsk toys are interesting not only for their carvings, but also for their original design. Most often these are toys with movement. Their traditional hero is the Bogorodsk bear - a smart and active bear cub who performs in company with a person.

Bogorodsk horses are very beautiful, flexible, expressive, quite realistic and at the same time fabulous. The human figures in Bogorodsk compositions are also very expressive. The most traditional among them is the figurine of a Russian peasant, representing the classic image of a kind, cunning, skilled Russian peasant.

Art products made from birch bark.

A traditional type of Russian folk arts and crafts is the production of artistically designed products from birch bark and birch bark. Even in ancient times, birch bark attracted folk artists with its dazzling whiteness. When processed, birch bark retained its natural properties: softness, velvety, flexibility and amazing strength, thanks to which it was used to make vessels for liquids, milk and honey.

It is known that in the forested territory of Russia - Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Olonetsk, Vyatka, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod provinces, as well as in the Urals and Siberia - in the Perm and Tobolsk provinces, crafts became famous for birch bark products since ancient times.

The various birch bark products of the peoples of Russia can be divided into several groups depending on the method of their manufacture, the nature and size of the birch bark used. First of all, you need to highlight things made from a whole piece of birch bark. They are the simplest in shape and the easiest to make. These include low, wide, open vessels - checkmans, boxes, dials.

A significant part is represented by wickerwork. These include salt shakers, wicker shoes - brodki, covers, bags - shoulder pads. The most complex and labor-intensive items of utensils are beetroot, boxes, and tueski. There are also various ways to decorate birch bark products: scraping, engraving, embossing, carving and painting.

Decoration of birch bark products.

Birch bark embossing is one of the oldest types of decoration on birch bark products. The technique of applying a design to birch bark using stamps or embossing was widespread. For all its simplicity, embossing allows you to achieve high artistic quality of the product, enriching the unique surface of birch bark with a relief pattern. It represents the simplest geometric shapes - circles, stripes, combs, stars, evenly spaced on the surface to be decorated. Tools for embossing - a set of stamps - stamps, cut from hard wood (birch, oak, elm) or forged from metal.

Depending on the size and type of product, birch bark is cut into strips and plates. The rough outer layer is removed from it. Before applying the design, the birch bark is marked with an awl into stripes or cells. The prepared birch bark is placed on the board with the inner layer facing up. Taking the stamp in your left hand, firmly apply its patterned side to the birch bark and, hitting it hard with a hammer, apply the design. The depth of the pattern depends on the force of the blow.

Russian craftsmen used birch bark carving quite widely. But, perhaps, the most virtuoso was slotted or perforated birch bark in the Russian North. The city of Veliky Ustyug in the Vologda region rightfully occupies first place among the traditional folk arts and crafts of birch bark carving. The fishery arose here in the second half of the 18th century and was named after the Shemoksa River, on the banks of which it developed. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. At the city fair one could buy elegant birch bark snuff boxes, boxes for handicrafts and storing games, cigarette cases with relief landscapes and plot scenes. Gradually, the carved images became less relief, more ornamental, openwork, which was influenced by northern bone carving. At the end of the 19th century. The main stylistic features of Shemogod carving are formed: openwork and ornamental motifs, spiral-twisted curls with a rosette inside. To make birch bark lace easier to read, foil or colored paper was placed under the birch bark.

The Northern Russian crafts of painting birch bark products have gained no less fame. Notable among them are tues painted with Permogorsk painting, which received its name from the village of Permogorye on the Northern Dvina. The painting of Permogorsk tues is distinguished by a characteristic combination of a white, golden-cream background with small floral patterns of leaves, curls, flowers, among which various scenes of life are depicted - tea drinking, gatherings, hunting, etc.

Khokhloma painting on wood.

World-famous Khokhloma products are made mainly in the Nizhny Novgorod region. One Khokhloma painting enterprise is located in the city of Semenov, the other in the village of Semino (100 km from Nizhny Novgorod). The art of Khokhloma painting originated at the end of the 17th century. It got its name from the village of Khokhloma, where large fairs were held in the past. They sold wooden utensils, mostly painted or, in other words, painted.

Khokhloma products - ladles, bratins, spoons, suppliers - are made of linden or birch. The so-called “linen” - unpainted wooden blanks, are covered with primer, puttied and lubricated with drying oil three to four times, drying each layer. Aluminum powder is applied to the dried surface of the last layer of drying oil. The result is a shiny “silver” surface. Next, the surface of the Khokhloma product is painted with oil paints using a free brush technique without preliminary drawing.

The beginning of the production of trays in Zhostovo dates back to 1807. Each tray usually passed through the hands of three people: a farrier who made the mold, a putter and painter, a primer who, after drying, coated the product with varnish

Zhostovo writing begins with “painting” - applying silhouettes of flowers and leaves with whitened paint, then shadows are applied to the dried shading with glaze (transparent) paints. This “shading” technique immerses the bouquet into the depths of the background. Next comes “dense body writing,” the most critical stage of painting. “Highlight” - the overlay of highlights - reveals volume and light, completes the sculpting of forms. Next, the “drawing” places the details, outlines the petals, veins and seeds. The letter ends with a “binding” - thin grass and tendrils.

Expanding their means of expression, Zhostovo painters are developing new methods of ornamental painting. This is how a new “smoking” technique appeared, with the help of which a pattern reminiscent of a turtle shell was applied to the surface of the tray.

In addition to black and white backgrounds, trays are painted with both colored and gold backgrounds. Bronze or aluminum powder is applied to the surface of the tray. Translucent through a layer of varnish, it creates the effect of gold. On a golden background, the colors acquire a special brightness, and the tray gives the appearance of an expensive item.

Over the course of its history, Zhostovo trays have transformed from household items into decorative panels, and the craft, which once served as an aid to agriculture, acquired the status of a unique type of Russian folk art.

Folk ceramics.

Ceramics - various objects made of fired clay. They are created by potters. Wherever there were natural reserves of clay suitable for processing, master potters made bowls, jugs, dishes, flasks and other objects of various shapes and decorations, which were widely used by the people in everyday life.

Ceramics include majolica, terracotta, porcelain, earthenware, which differ from each other in the composition of the clays.

Majolica is the name given to products made from pottery clay, coated with colored opaque glazes - enamels.

Terracotta is products made from baked clay, not covered with glazes.

Porcelain is distinguished by the composition of the mass, which includes white clay - kaolin with a high melting point, or feldspar, which gives porcelain products whiteness, thin walls, and transparency.

Faience is close to porcelain, but does not have its whiteness and transparency, and has a thicker shard.

Gzhel ceramics. In Gzhel, Rechitsy, Turygin and other villages of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region, there has long been the production of ceramic products, which was carried out by almost the entire population of local villages.

Already in the 17th century. Gzhel craftsmen were famous for their pottery, and the clays they used were of high quality.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel craftsmen began to produce products using the majolica technique, painted on raw enamel. They decorated dishes, kvass, and jugs with elegant paintings in green, yellow, and purple tones. They depicted flowers, trees, architecture, and entire plot scenes.

The vessels were also decorated with sculpture: conventionally rendered human figures, birds, and animals. The sculpture was performed separately.

In the second half of the 18th century, cobalt was the favorite material for painting by Gzhel masters. The combination of a white background with blue underglaze painting has become typical for modern craftsmen working in the Gzhel production association.

The ornament decorating Gzhel products is floral. Flowers, herbs, curved stems with leaves, ears of corn are processed into decorative ones. Hand painting is characterized by the freshness and spontaneity of the design, freely and easily located on the surface of the thing. Stroke painting depends on the movement of the hand. The craftswomen of Gzhel crafts, who apply painting by hand, gradually created their own creative style. Repeating seemingly the same types of painting when replicating products, they always introduce something new.

Skopino ceramics. The city of Skopin, Ryazan region, is a famous center of folk pottery. In the middle of the 19th century, there were over 50 workshops in Skopin. But Skopin’s fame was created by the vessels of complex, bizarre shapes made by local potters, and candlesticks in the form of figures of fantastic animals and birds. The vessels were richly decorated with sculptural images of fantastic animals, lions, and dragons. These images were often borrowed from popular prints - drawings with themes and plots close to the common people, usually sold at fairs.

The masters made complex, richly designed forms by hand on a potter's wheel. This reflected his masterly mastery of material and technique. The variety of shapes of things and sculptural fairy-tale images testifies to the inexhaustible imagination of the masters. Skopino products are usually covered with green and yellow-brown drip glazes. Intense color, abundance of sculptural decorations and whimsical forms give Skopin’s art expressiveness and bright originality.

The skill and imagination of Skopino craftsmen are manifested in the creation of vessels, jugs, barrels for pickles, vases for fruits, etc. Nowadays, this craft is developing based on established traditions, but the shapes of the vessels have become less complex and bizarre.

Dymkovo toy. The toy from the settlement of Dymkovo, located near the city of Vyatka, became very famous. The origin of this craft is associated with the ancient folk holiday “Whistling”, for which throughout the winter craftswomen prepared a variety of whistles in the form of horses, riders, cows, and birds. The spring holiday was accompanied by a brisk trade in whistles. Their bright colorful paintings corresponded to the general joyful spring mood.

Toys were made from local red clay, fired, and then covered with chalk soil diluted with milk. The toy was painted on a white background with aniline paints diluted on an egg. The colors of these paints amaze with their strength and festiveness. Bright crimson, yellow, blue painting on a white background is enriched with ornaments in the form of dots, circles, and tassels. The combination of several colors in one product requires special skill from the craftswoman. Sometimes the pattern was covered with pieces of gold leaf, which gave the products even more elegance.

The images of Dymkovo toys reflect urban life. Ladies and gentlemen, nurses, nannies, fashionistas, and dashing horsemen are distinguished by their bright colors, special expressiveness, bright festivity and humor. The shape of the products, as well as the painting, is conventional.

Over time, the Dymkovo toy finds wide application in everyday life as a decorative decoration. In this regard, the size of the products of Dymkovo craftswomen has also increased significantly. Often there are multi-figure compositions depicting folk festivities and holidays.

The Dymkovo toy is close to the people with its apt portrayal of characters, wit, and sense of joy in life. This is its enduring value and uniqueness.

Kargopol toy. The city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region, is the center of the traditional Russian folk art craft of clay toys. Its origin in Kargopol is associated with rich local clay deposits, which determined its widespread development already in the 19th century. Here they made dishes, and along with them toys: horses, deer, rams, etc. In 1930, the hereditary potter I.V. Druzhinin revived the tradition of clay toys here. His painted toys are marked by a unity of style; peasant women and hunters are presented with amazing acuity of character; animals - horses, cows, etc. - endowed with individual characteristics. They are squat, restrained in color.

Kargopol toys were molded in parts: a skirt was placed on the torso, legs were attached. The toys were burned and covered with white paint.

The cheerful Polkan-hero with the sign of the sun on the chest of the folk craftswoman and storyteller M. Babkina is endowed with great power. His image is associated with ancient Slavic mythology.

The craftswoman has preserved traditional sculpting and painting techniques. The Kargopol ornament consists of geometric patterns, a cross in a circle - the sun, circles, diamonds, zigzags, which had a symbolic meaning.

Kargopol craftsmen use soft colors: red, yellow, brown, marsh, crimson.

Filimonovskaya toy. The village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region, is the center of traditional Russian clay toys. The origin of the craft is associated with the long-standing production of pottery. Since the 19th century The Filimonovskaya toy becomes widely known. These are toys, mainly whistles, in the form of animal figures, decorated with geometric patterns. In 1967, a workshop was created in Filimonov. The traditional Filimonovskaya toy is based on the plastic properties of fatty blue clay. After the clay dries, the toys crack; the cracks on them are smoothed out, giving the figures a more elongated shape. When fired, the natural blue-black color changes to white. Therefore, the background of the toy is painted with aniline paints diluted on the egg: red, yellow, green, blue, purple. The geometric pattern consists of stripes and solar signs. Often female figures are painted not only with stripes, but also with flowers, rosettes, and triangles. Modern masters have preserved traditional forms of color combinations and ornaments in their work.

Lace making.

Russian hand-woven lace has been known in the history of our folk arts and crafts since the end of the 18th century. Hand lace making arose and developed immediately as a folk craft, without going through the stage of home craft. Western European lace began to penetrate into Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries; it served as decoration for the clothing of nobles and landowners. With the spread of fashion for lace and lace trim, many nobles set up serf lace-making workshops. Early lace, dating back to the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, was often made from gold and silver threads with the addition of pearls.

Hand-woven lace is made using bobbins carved from wood. In front of the lace maker there is a tightly stuffed cushion - a pillow. A pattern of future lace applied to thick paper is fixed on the pillow. In the splinter picture, dots indicate the places of intersection and interweaving of threads. The lacemaker holds from 6 to 12 pairs of bobbins with linen cotton or silk thread in her hands.

Vologda lace. With their density, whiteness and pattern, they are very reminiscent of frosty patterns on glass and frost on trees in the forest in the depths of winter, on a quiet frosty day.

The basis of Vologda lace is a dense “linen ribbon”, which is also called “vilyushka” because it curls so whimsically, outlining various forms of lace ornament. Floral patterns are typical for Vologda lace. The motif of a symmetrically unfolded lush bush with wide palmate leaves and frontal six, eight, or more petal rosette flowers forms a wide patterned border of the lace product. The gratings have a harmonious, rhythmically perfect character and give the impression of strength and reliability. The assortment of Vologda lace is very diverse, it includes round napkins, runners, tablecloths, decorated wall panels, window curtains, and drapes.

Mikhailovskoe lace. Of great interest is the lace produced in the town of Mikhailov, Ryazan province. Here they made dense lace, made of thick threads, not only white, but also multi-colored and bright. It went well with the colorful outfits of Russian peasants. Not only women, but also men wore it on their shirts. They used it to sew women's aprons, towels, and sheets. It had a simple appearance of pointed teeth - “capes”, fan-shaped figures, the so-called bells. The lace used threads of only three colors: white, red and blue, but they were so skillfully combined that each piece of lace seemed colorful in a new way. In the 1950s, noticeable changes occurred in the appearance of Mikhailovsky lace. Patterns are being strengthened and new colors are being introduced. These changes are largely associated with the name of the talented artist - the lacemaker. D.A. Smirnova. Images of human figures appear for the first time in her works. D.A. Smirnova and the craftswomen strive to preserve the beauty of colored patterns as a unique phenomenon of Russian folk art.

Embroidery is one of the most common types of folk art.

The ornamentation of folk embroidery has its roots in ancient times. It preserves traces of the time when people spiritualized the surrounding nature. And by placing images of the sun, the tree of life, birds, and a female figure on their clothes and household items, as symbols of vitality, happiness, and fertility, they believed that they would bring prosperity to the house.

In the process of historical development, each nation developed a certain character of the embroidered pattern, unique technical techniques, and unique color solutions.

Embroidery did not require complex equipment - a needle, thread, canvas - that's all you needed to embroider and sew clothes, and make elegant items to decorate your home. Embroidery was widely used in everyday life of both rural and urban populations. Many types of embroidery were actively used to decorate clothing and household items of the wealthy part of the population.

Peasant embroidery is of particular value, where it was associated with the creativity of rural residents. It was in this embroidery that artistic and stylistic features were formed that have not lost their value to this day.

The embroidery of the peoples of our country is unusually diverse in artistic and technical techniques, and the nature of its use in everyday life. In any union and autonomous republic, region, region, district, you can find unique works of talented embroiderers.

The process of formation of modern stitching crafts is ambiguous. In each locality, it is associated with the way of life, the development of a common cultural tradition, and the degree of mutual influence of the cultures of neighboring peoples. Currently, embroidery has received particularly wide development at artistic craft enterprises in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Gold embroidery was previously used to make objects for religious purposes, as well as to decorate headdresses. Such embroidery was typical for Nizhny Novgorod, Tver, Vologda and many other regions. However, this embroidery is most developed in Torzhok, whose craftswomen have managed to bring their art of gold embroidery to the present day. Here they use labor-intensive techniques of this sewing: forged seam, cast seam, in the fastener, etc. To achieve a great effect of relief of the pattern when making it, pieces of cardboard, birch bark or leather were placed under the flooring.

The modern Torzhok gold embroidery industry in the Tver region is unique, where, while maintaining traditional techniques, they produce elegant items - belts, handbags, hats, vests, folders for special occasions.

A wide variety of patterns were used in gold embroidery - from simple stripes, loops, stars to complex compositions of floral patterns. As before, gold embroidery is complemented by sequin stripes and the inclusion of a wide variety of sparse seams, which are especially often used when designing additions to a costume - scarves, shawls, breast decorations.

A kind of embroidery developed in the Vladimir region. This is a thin white surface with all kinds of banners and openwork additions and bright decorative embroidery - the so-called Vladimir seams.

What fresh, bright and beautiful bouquets of flowers. Roses - white, tea, scarlet - have opened their delicate petals, peonies flaunt their lush caps, fiery poppies and asters, like large radiant stars, colorful dahlias and some other unfamiliar, unusual, but no less beautiful flowers.

All these wonderful bouquets... are painted on the famous trays from Zhostovo.

Zhostovo art craft is decorative painting on metal trays. The origin of the craft dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when in the village of Zhostovo, Troitskaya volost (now Mytishchi district, Moscow region), a workshop was opened for the production of lacquered papier-mâché products with painted miniatures. But soon Zhostovo craftsmen began making metal trays painted with oil paints and varnished. In 1928, an artel was founded, now the Zhostovo Decorative Painting Factory.

The Zhostovo craft developed under the influence of Ural decorative painting, Fedoskino lacquer miniatures, and painting on porcelain from factories near Moscow. But by the middle of the nineteenth century, a distinctive artistic style of the Zhostovo masters had developed. Subjects of painting - floral, plant ornaments, everyday scenes from folk life, landscapes. Various shapes of trays.

Dymkovo toy

The name of this folk craft is associated with the village of Dymkovskaya Sloboda, which is on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov (later Vyatka, now Kirov).

The Dymkovo toy is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. Painting is done on a product fired in a kiln using tempera paints, and gilding is used. Horsemen, ladies, gentlemen, fairy-tale characters, animals, and everyday scenes are depicted. The poses and movements of the Dymkovo toy are somewhat conventional, simplified, according to the ancient tradition of making folk toys and sculptures.

Bright, colorful “haze” is popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Gorodets painting

This folk art craft developed by the mid-nineteenth century in the ancient Volga city of Gorodets, known from chronicles since 1152. Gorodets was famous for its woodcarvers and skilled shipbuilders. The custom of decorating household items, spinning wheels, house shutters, and gates with carvings and inlays served as the source of the birth of folk crafts.

Features of Gorodets painting are clean, bright colors, clear contours, white strokes, creating a conventional volume and picturesqueness. Gorodets artists depict not only floral patterns and fairy-tale characters, but also genre scenes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fishery was revived. The artel has been operating since 1938, and the Gorodets Painting factory has been operating since 1960.

Russian doll

Matryoshka is a real Russian beauty. Rosy-cheeked, in a smart sundress, with a bright scarf on her head. But the nesting doll is not a lazy person, in her hands she either has a sickle and ears of bread, or a duck or a cockerel, or a basket of mushrooms and berries.

But, most importantly, this doll has a secret! Cheerful sisters are hiding inside it. Compared to other toys, the wooden baby doll is young, just over a hundred years old. This is not an age for a folk toy.

The prototype of the nesting doll could be “pysanka” - wooden, painted Easter eggs, they have been made in Rus' for many centuries. They are hollow inside, and the smaller is put into the larger. At the end of the nineteenth century in Abramtsevo, based on a sketch by artist Sergei Malyutin, local turner Zvyozdochkin turned the first wooden doll. And when Malyutin painted it, it turned out to be a girl in a Russian sundress, in a headscarf, with a cockerel in her hand. According to legend, someone, seeing the doll, exclaimed laughing: “How similar it is to our Matryona!” Since then this toy has been called a matryoshka.

Matryoshka is one of the most popular Russian souvenirs. In the Moscow region, mass production of nesting dolls began in Sergiev Posad in 1890, and already in 1900, a toy from Russia was awarded a gold medal at an international exhibition in Paris.

Soon matryoshka dolls began to be made in other regions of the country, for example in the city of Semenov, in the village of Polkhov-Maidan, on Vyatka land, in Bashkiria and Voronezh.

Nowadays, the traditional art of matryoshka is experiencing its rebirth. It's just that her appearance has changed.

Khokhloma painting

Already in the 17th century, fairs were held in the village of Khokhloma, where they traded wooden painted dishes made in villages and hamlets of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Khokhloma painting is distinguished by a characteristic combination of gold with black, red, green, sometimes brown and orange. Images of plants, berries, fruits, birds and fish form a whimsical patterned ornament. The secret of Khokhloma’s “gold” is the use of aluminum (formerly silver or tin) coating, with a pattern and varnish applied on top. The product is dried at a temperature of 100-120 degrees. Under the influence of temperature, the varnish acquires a yellowish tint, and through it the aluminum layer sparkles with “gold”.

Modern Khokhloma products - dishes, furniture, souvenirs - are created by masters of the Khokhloma Artist factory and the Khokhloma Painting association in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Gzhel ceramics

Gzhel is one of the most famous folk art crafts in Russia. The Gzhel fishery unites two dozen villages and hamlets near Moscow. Already from the 14th century, the pottery industry flourished in this area. From the mid-18th century, Gzhel craftsmen mastered the production of majolica with multi-color painting on a white background. The painting was often supplemented with sculptural images of people, animals, and birds.

In the nineteenth century, Gzhel became famous for its faience and porcelain. Since that time, painting with cobalt blue on white has prevailed. A variety of products with a “signature” floral pattern and sculptures amaze with the imagination and skill of artists who have preserved folk traditions. Today Gzhel ceramics are known all over the world and continue to decorate our lives.

Skopino ceramics

Skopin ceramics as a folk art craft have gained fame since the second half of the nineteenth century. Archaeological research confirms that in the 12th century, pottery already existed in the area of ​​the city of Skopin, Ryazan region.

The peculiarity of Skopino ceramics is that the products, usually handmade, are complemented by molded images of birds, fish, and fantastic animals. The magnificent floral ornament makes Skopino ceramics a real work of art. It is covered with colored glaze in brown, green or yellow.

An artel was founded in 1934, and since 1976 - the Skopinskaya ceramics factory.

Filimonovskaya toy

This folk craft is associated with the village of Filimonovo, Tula region. Since ancient times, dishes have been made in these parts from local light pottery clay. The appearance of the Filimonov toy is striking in its originality and unusual shape. According to experts, the original, ancient traditions of folk culture are preserved in the Filimonov toy.

The figures are somewhat elongated; three or four colors predominate in the painting. The painting itself is an alternation of horizontal stripes on a white and yellow background. The ornament is dominated by circles, rosettes, triangles, zigzags, and dots. The faces on the toys, small details are barely marked, like those of ancient, pagan idols. Toy sizes range from 3-5 to 25-30 centimeters. Most of them are whistles.

Filimonov toys are simple. But the toy pleases, which means it was made by kind hands.

Folk crafts folk crafts

One of the forms of folk art (in particular, the manufacture of products arts and crafts). The traditions of folk art go back to ancient times, reflecting the peculiarities of the working and everyday life, aesthetic ideals and beliefs of a certain people. Motifs and images of folk art have remained almost unchanged for centuries, passed on from generation to generation. Products of folk craftsmen (ceramics, fabrics and carpets, products made of wood, stone, metal, bone, leather, etc.) are designed primarily to bring beauty and joy into everyday human life. In Russia, the most popular were Gzhel ceramics, painted with blue paints on white; Dymkovo clay toy; Vologda lace, Gorodets wood paintings, lacquer miniatures of Palekh, Kholuy, Mstera, Khokhloma, Veliky Ustyug nielloing on silver, etc.

With the development of mass industrial production, many ancient crafts and trades fell into decline. In con. 19 – beginning 20th century In the wake of interest in the national past, a revival of folk art crafts began in many countries. In Russia, traditional crafts were purposefully cultivated in workshops Abramtseva And Talashkino. Nowadays, craftsmen working in the traditions of folk crafts create both unique works of art and sketches for the production of mass industrial products.

(Source: “Art. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Edited by Prof. Gorkin A.P.; M.: Rosman; 2007.)

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