DIY decorative and applied products. Creative work

“Decorative and applied arts. Crafts from waste material"

Introduction

Problem: My heart aches for our little planet. It is impossible to find a clean lawn in the forest - there are bottles and boxes everywhere. And if you don’t throw them away, but turn them into beautiful crafts, then everyone’s life will be more pleasant.

Relevance work is caused by the fact that the problems of garbage and its processing remain in the first place in Russia.

Goal of the work: creating interesting crafts from garbage. Broken dishes, plastic bottles, cardboard boxes are wonderful materials for creativity.

Tasks:

Study literature and information on the Internet on the topic of work.

Do the work yourself.

Research methods: studying literature, observation, making crafts.

Practical significance works is that all materials can be used in technology lessons when studying the topic: “Fundamentals of artistic processing of various materials.”

2. Main part.

2.1.Basis for crafts made from garbage.

On November 15, the world celebrates Recycling Day or: “giving a second life to waste materials.”

Environmental exhibitions are organized all over the world, where crafts made from garbage are exhibited.

Have you ever wondered how much garbage there is on our planet?

You can also use it to create interesting crafts. Handmade crafts are cuter than store-bought ones - they are exclusive. They develop imagination and creativity.

2.2. Practical work. Making crafts

There is a broken cup in front of me that can be thrown away. I won’t do this, but will make an original craft out of it.

To do this, we will take glue and hot nails and return our cup to its original appearance.

In order to prevent cracks on the cup from being visible, I will cover it with twine on the outside and on the inside.

To make a beautiful tea pair, I will also cover the saucer with twine.

To visually hang the cup, we use a three-core wire. Glue the ends of the wire to the saucer and cup.

To disguise the wire, I use coffee beans, covering the wire with them.

My inverted cup is almost ready, all that remains is to decorate it.

For this I use cinnamon and colored coffee beans.

My broken cup craft is ready.

Cardboard box is the most popular type of packaging. It is a wonderful material for creativity. From the box I made myself a box for storing hairpins and elastic bands.

I also made a stove out of the boxes, which we use in literary reading lessons to stage fairy tales.

Conclusion

You are convinced that you can make beautiful crafts out of garbage. Maybe you will try to make something beautiful and useful. You just need to show your imagination. And if we all think about this question, then there will be less garbage on our planet.

People have long sought to decorate everything that surrounds them, their homes, clothes, utensils. The craftsmen were famous not only for the quality of their products, but also for their beauty. Each item created by the hand of a craftsman was invested with his soul and his own vision of the world around him. And in our time, there are a huge number of types of decorative and applied arts; masters create real masterpieces with their own hands, using the technologies of their ancestors and adding their own inventions and innovations.

Applied art is a whole layer of people's culture and a great variety of crafts that are used in a wide variety of areas of everyday life, have practical application and bring aesthetic pleasure. In the modern world, there is a colossal number of different types of applied creativity; absolutely any available means are used - paper, beads, threads, ribbons, straw, wood, fabric, leather, fur and much more. A variety of techniques and different methods of processing materials are used. For example, the simplest paper is the basis for such techniques as origami, paper-making, rainbow folding, quilling, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming, and these are just the main directions.

Snow Maiden made using the paper quilling technique:

Since childhood, we have been accustomed to creating crafts dedicated to certain events and holidays; for some this remains just children's entertainment, but for others it becomes an exciting hobby and even work. Every creative person finds something to their liking, because there really is plenty to choose from. Knitting techniques, sewing, modeling, wood carving, embroidery, beading, drawing, appliqué, modeling from various materials, soap making, felting and much more, as well as a combination of several techniques - anyone will choose the sphere of embodiment of their own creative impulses, regardless of gender and age.

Let's learn arts and crafts with our own hands step by step

Sewing is one of the major branches of applied art. It includes both the traditional production of clothing and household items. So are decorative techniques:

• embroidery - cross stitch, satin stitch, ribbons, etc.;
• patchwork or quilting - joining pieces of fabric into whole canvases, with a certain pattern, used to create blankets, clothes, etc.;
• Tsumami Kanzashi is a technique of folding pieces of silk, similar to origami, but the basis of the products is fabric.

Knitting also has many forms, crocheting, knitting, fork knitting, Tunisian knitting, jacquard knitting and more.

The types of handicrafts where weaving technology is used traditionally include the following types of art:

• beading;
• ganutel;
• macrame;
• lace weaving.

Beading is one of the oldest types of jewelry creation. It originated among the ancient Egyptians, who learned to weave necklaces and bracelets from beaded threads. The heyday of this technique came in the 10th century, when Venetian craftsmen began to create real works of art, and clothes, shoes and household items decorated with beads became very popular. American aborigines created cradles, headbands, and jewelry from beads. Also interesting are the products of the peoples of the north, who decorated fur coats, high fur boots, hats and even reindeer sleds with beads.

Ganutel is a traditional Maltese technique of creating flowers using thin wire, silk threads and beads.

Macrame is an ancient knot weaving technique.

Typically, woodworking techniques are traditionally considered an activity for boys, but there are many examples when representatives of the fair half find themselves in wood burning, sawing or carving.

The list of types of applied creativity can be endless. It is reflected in almost all areas of our lives. A talented craftsman finds inspiration in everything - in clothes, shoes, jewelry, bags, household items and household utensils.

If you want to make a nice gift for yourself and your loved ones with your own hands, then you should not be afraid of failure. You definitely need to try, try different techniques, work with different materials, search for yourself, because folk experience acquired over centuries has given us a huge variety of types of applied art. And it doesn’t matter what occasion your gift will be dedicated to: the New Year or anniversary, Easter or birthday, or maybe just your day off. The main thing is that any thing made with your own hands carries your warmth, care and is capable of giving the most real, joyful and lively emotions.

Video selection on the topic of the article

It’s been so long since I’ve diversified my LiveJournal with exhibition projects! I'm correcting myself)

Do you want, without leaving Moscow, without having to navigate the traffic jams of the Ostashkovskoe highway to the village of Zhostovo, to get an idea of ​​its main museum, exhibits and history - dare I say it - of luxurious folk crafts? Then everything is simple: you go to Kolomenskoye, walk to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich, take a ticket for 100 rubles and get simply fabulous pleasure! No, well, not everyone, of course, but only lovers of something bright, festive, juicy and colorful. Like this!

Or something like this.


Or something like this.


In general, the construction of such exhibitions and stories about them requires the classic “from old to new,” but I and everyone who was nearby stood still and held their breath so much in front of the most modern works of the masters that I would break all the rules! What if you don’t scroll further and see such a miracle?)) But right now Zhostovo trays have become a genuine and completely unique art, completely cleansed of the former ideology. Laura Bush, Queen Elizabeth II of England, Jacques Chirac, Spanish King Juan Carlos II or Pope John Paul II were pampered with such luxurious gifts.

Well, now you can look into the history of the Zhostovo tray.


A stand dedicated to Affony Vishnyakov - the last direct descendant of the Vishnyakov family, the founders of the craft, hierodeacon of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra...
"Hierodeacon Afphonius (in the world Alexander Grigorievich Vishnyakov, 1870 † 1938). Born in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow district, Moscow province, into a family of hereditary masters of lacquer painting.
His great-uncle F.N. Vishnyakov was the founder, at the beginning of the 19th century, of the production of the famous Zhostovo trays, decorated with paintings mainly in the form of flowers on a black background.
Alexander Vishnyakov acquired the skills of a painter in one of the family workshops, where he painted trays and papier-mâché products.
Since 1892, he labored in the Holy Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, serving as the head of the book warehouse.
On August 12, 1904, novice Alexander Vishnyakov was tonsured a monk at the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra. He served obedience in the icon shop, then was transferred to the icon painting workshop.
After the revolution, he rejected the offer to take up teaching and open a workshop.
After the Lavra was closed, he painted artistic items made of tin, papier-mâché, and wood - trays, vases, boxes, pencil holders.
Art critic A.V. Bakushinsky wrote in 1933: “A very old man, but alive and vigorous, A.G. Vishnyakov gives decorative still lifes that are remarkable in their sensual power. They are simple, bright, spontaneous, artistic in the nature of the image, impeccably skilled and original in technique.” Bakushinsky emphasized in his works "cheerful sensuality, the immediate charm of naive realism."
Father Affoniy was arrested in Zagorsk in January 1938, convicted by a troika of the NKVD in the Moscow region on charges of “active participation in a counter-revolutionary group”, Article 58-10, Part 1 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. The sentence is capital punishment - execution, in the group case "The Case of the Former Monks of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. 1938."
Hierodeacon Affoniy was shot on February 17, 1938 in the village of Butovo, Leninsky district, Moscow region, at the Butovo training ground."

XIX - early XX centuries. Works have reached us only from the middle of the 19th century, although the history of the tray begins at its very beginning.

20s. In 1922, in the village of Novosiltsevo, the Novosiltsevo Labor Artel arose to produce lacquered iron trays; in 1924, the Zhostovo Labor Artel and Spetskustar were organized in Zhostovo; in 1925 - "Vacifier" and at the same time in the village of Troitskoye - the "Own Labor" artel for painting trays. All of them were united in 1928 into a specialized artel "Metal Tray" in the village of Zhostovo. This is exactly its layout.

30th. Don’t ask me what “easel painting” is, I haven’t found an exact definition, but in all the articles these years and the Zhostovo tray are described by this term. Actually, I suddenly discovered that all I had left in the photo from these years was a sketch of a drawing and a panel.

40-50s. During the war, Zhostovo was in a fighting zone, there was no time for art, but immediately after the craft was revived through the efforts of the few remaining outside the front and surviving craftsmen.

The 60s were a time of experimentation, the transformation of a tray from a utilitarian household item into a work of art, the first steps towards what we see in these trays now.


I even remember these black vertical ones, one of my relatives had one)

Keep in mind that much of this exhibition was taken not from the factory museum, but from private collections, so even a trip to Zhostovo will not give you the opportunity to see it all with your own eyes. For those who are geographically accessible, don’t be lazy, because Kolomenskoye itself is beautiful at any time of the year, and something new has appeared in the palace (but more on that in the next story in pictures).

A special and deep nod to the workers of the palace museum and specifically the exhibition! Why? Yes, because smart and far-sighted art guardians are only happy to have bloggers with cameras; they encourage the dissemination of information in every possible way, and do not send us to buy a colorful album instead of taking photographs. In general, I would buy the album, but I still want to do it in Zhostovo itself sooner or later...

Do-it-yourself decorative crafts - this concept includes a huge number of types of needlework, where everyone can find something that suits their soul. The scope for imagination is limitless. You can sew, knit or embroider. You can make toys or make cards. You can make unusual lampshades, vases or even furniture. Look how simple it is.

An ottoman is, like, a piece of furniture, but it’s an object that a woman can make with her own hands, without resorting to the help of the stronger sex. And everyone at home will surely enjoy this soft, cozy craft.

For this decorative craft you will need the following:

• cotton wool;
• fabric for upholstery (the fabric must be durable, it can be upholstery material for furniture, a very thick furniture cover or a cape);
• fabric for the ottoman cover;
• paper for patterns.

Make a paper pattern for the future ottoman: draw a circle of the required diameter according to the desired seat size. Or rather, there will be two such circles: for the top and the bottom. Don't forget that you need to add 2 cm - these will be seam allowances.

The sides of the ottoman are a long rectangle. Its width is the height of your ottoman, and its length is the circumference. Again, don't forget about allowances.

Cut out your future ottoman and start stitching the resulting segments together. Connect the large rectangle slowly and carefully to the circle, be careful. Having basted, stitch the resulting cylinder.

Advice! For the lower (bottom) part of the ottoman, you can use some kind of leatherette so that the ottoman can be wiped if it gets dirty on the floor.

Sew the cover in the same way as you sewed the base of the decorative craft, using the same patterns. For it, it is better to add another 1.5-2 cm to the patterns so that the cover can be put on more easily, otherwise it may turn out to be small, being sewn close to the base.

You can sew a decorative ribbon or lace along the borders at the top and bottom of the pouf. There is already room for your imagination. You can sew a pouf cover, for example, in a large or small fold or gather the sides.

Such an ottoman will look great in a children's room, and it will decorate your bedroom as well.

Decorative vases

Decorative crafts made of wood always add coziness and romance to the interior. For example, such a vase will fit perfectly into the kitchen interior, and not only into the kitchen. The original look and at the same time asceticism of its design are well suited for everyday life and will certainly look good, for example, in the living room.

Tools and materials for decorative crafts:

• sticks and tree branches;
• empty tin can;
• glue;
• knife;
• dark paper.

The sticks must be trimmed to make them the same size. The length of the sticks should be 2-3 cm higher than the tin can you choose. Wrap the jar in dark paper to hide the drawings and inscriptions and prepare an even, plain base. Then glue the sticks along the “body” of your jar as tightly as possible to each other, selecting them so that there are no gaps left: glue the thinnest branches into the narrow cracks. The bottom of the sticks must be at the same level so that the vase looks neat and is stable.

Another beautiful vase - a decorative craft - can be made using any beautifully shaped bottle and colored yarn. Lubricate the bottle with PVA glue and wrap yarn around the treated area.

Important! Be sure to wind the thread tightly, leaving no gaps.

An even more effective option is to use rope or colored twine instead of yarn. This vase will fit perfectly into the interior.

For the New Year, your table will certainly be decorated with champagne from the kingdom of the Snow Queen. So that no one has any doubts that it is from there, let’s use our imagination and cover the bottle with magical frost. To make a similar decorative craft, apply a spray primer to a bottle of champagne or wine, then spray the bottle with a sticky aerosol and roll it in coarse salt. The bottle will take on an enchanted snowy look and decorate your table. Despite the simplicity of the idea, this craft looks impressive and festive.

DIY lampshade

You will need threads or jute twine at least 100 m long, PVA glue, Vaseline and a balloon. Inflate the balloon, draw two holes at the top and bottom, with the hole at the bottom being larger. Treat the threads with PVA glue, and lubricate the ball itself with Vaseline. There is a good way: pierce a bottle of glue through a large needle with a thread threaded through it. Now you can remove the needle, and the thread, passing through the holes, will already be in the glue (if you do not use all the glue, cover the holes with a plaster or tape).

Wind the threads around the ball, creating a web: the pattern and density of the winding determines how your lampshade will look. Don’t forget that you need to carefully go around the holes drawn on the ball - you will then need to secure your lampshade over the lampshade and screw the light bulb into it. The product should dry for at least a day, after which hole the ball and remove it from the cocoon of threads. The lampshade is ready. You can decorate it to your liking. Instead of threads they also use lace - it also turns out beautifully.

If your mirror breaks

A broken mirror can be used to create beautiful things. Any surface can be covered with mirror pieces. It could be a vase, a watch frame, a small table - whatever your imagination tells you.

Apply a thin layer of PVA glue to the surface, then begin to arrange the pieces of the mirror in the order you need, you can also glue beads here. Leave the composition until completely dry, then apply white grout to the exposed areas using a rubber spatula. Remove any excess from the mirror pieces with a damp cloth and leave to dry for about two hours.

The fabulous twinkling of such decorative crafts will create a festive mood.

DIY tablecloth

A craft like a tablecloth can be a real work of decorative and applied art, but today we will talk about an ordinary everyday tablecloth, sewn with your own hands.

Measure the length and width of the tabletop, add the length of the overhang to the resulting dimensions, then another 15-20 cm (you will need to tuck the material when you hem it, and it will probably shrink after washing) - and go buy fabric for your future tablecloth.

The overhang of the tablecloth is on average 20-40 cm, or to the floor (ceremonial holiday option). The longer the overhang, the more elegant the tablecloth.

Advice! For everyday use, it is better to sew a tablecloth with an overhang of 20-30 cm - this is the most optimal length.

It remains to process the edges and corners of the tablecloth. Lay the fabric right side down, then baste the edges, topstitch and iron. The tablecloth is ready. If it is a bright fabric with a printed pattern, then it probably does not require any more decoration. And if it’s monochromatic, then you can continue to handicraft, figuring out how to enliven your craft: embroidery, applique, elegant braid, hemstitching - there are many options, each better than the other.

A bag doll in the shape of a chef will look great in the kitchen.

So, draw a head and torso on paper. To do this, draw a straight vertical line of 24 cm and divide it into 4 parts, marking them with points A, B, C, D. At each marked point, draw a horizontal line of 14 cm perpendicularly.

The top point is the crown. The second point from the top, B, is the line of the chef's ears. The third point, C is the line of the collarbones, and the last one, D is the line where the torso of the chef doll ends. Having planned the proportions and physique of the doll, begin to carefully draw parts of its body.

Next, take the fabric prepared for the doll’s body, fold it in half with the front side inward and draw details on it: a head with a torso and arms. Cut along the contour, baste the parts together and stitch. Fill the doll's body parts with padding polyester (you can also use cotton wool, but in this case the toy will be more difficult to wash).

Having sewn the body, make clothes for the doll: a shirt and a skirt. To make the craft look more interesting, add details: for example, a bow in your hair, a scarf on your head, an apron with a pocket.

Such simple but very interesting decorative crafts for the home communicate that the house has a soul. Interior items created with your own hands not only please the eye and add pride to the owners, but also ennoble the house. Such things can be considered talismans, kept as a memory and for good luck - after all, you made them with your own hands.

Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 + to quote book

The article was written based on materials from the “Country of Masters” website (mostly).

Studying the recently discovered site “Country of Masters” and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied creativity techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.

*Techniques related to the use of paper:

1. Iris folding (“Rainbow folding”) is a paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular cards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776

2. Paper plastic art is very similar to sculpture in terms of creativity. But, in paper plastic, all products inside are empty, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil “bird feather”) - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather, creating an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole direction in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutting and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and cards folded into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (literally “medicine ball” in Japanese) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that the body is spherical forms. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued rather than sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dried petals; perhaps these were the first real bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of two Japanese words, kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Nowadays, kusudama are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested inside each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually the folded pieces are then glued together into an applique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (fr. papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily moldable mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Plasters are made from papier-mâché , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mâché blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is “embossing”) - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymer material or plastic, foil, on parchment (the technique is called “parchment”, see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which a relief image of a convex or concave stamp is obtained on the material itself, with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on binding covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and during processing it becomes convex and turns white. This technique produces interesting postcards, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage page.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliché onto a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to imitate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern imitating crocodile skin, etc.)

*Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove a dwelling from long flexible branches (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, boxes, carts, scoops, baskets) and shoes. A man learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for use appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything you come across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers.... Weaving techniques such as wicker weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, knotted macrame weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chainmail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave many beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like beads themselves, has a centuries-old history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave beaded threads into necklaces, thread bracelets, and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century the real flourishing of bead production began. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Masters and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, wallets and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglass cases, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, indigenous people began to use them instead of traditional Indian materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hair net, earrings, snuff boxes...
In the Far North, fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harnesses, leather sunglasses were decorated with bead embroidery...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets there are amazing items. Chalk brushes and covers, toothpick cases (!), inkwell, penpick and pencil, collar for your favorite dog, cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chessboards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese handicraft. It was in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar was still preserved.
The ganuteli uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wrap the parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers turn out graceful and light.
In the 16th century, spiral wire made of gold or silver was called “canutiglia” in Italian, and “canutillo” in Spanish; in Russian, this word was probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.
The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times. According to some sources, macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Weaving lace with bobbins. In Russia, the Vologda, Eletsky, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky fisheries are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven knotted lace. It is also called shuttle lace because this lace is woven using a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and image creation:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on any surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), primarily from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are those made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Painting also includes images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels , the surfaces of which can have a complex shape.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted fabric using reserve compounds.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as artists say, “reserve” from coloring individual areas of fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, knotted, free painting, free painting using saline solution, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word “ba” means cotton fabric, and “-tik” means “dot” or “drop”. Ambatik - to draw, to cover with drops, to hatch.
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the main material. The history of stained glass begins in ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions, panels made of colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass appeared.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern juice straws are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic designs from a small amount of liquid paint on a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern onto fabric manually using a burning machine was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires careful work. It must be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of the given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more, whatever your imagination suggests, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to prevent it from spreading, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way of creating an image from small elements. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle is very important for a child’s mental development.
Can be made from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small pebbles, shells, thermal mosaic, Tetris mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (scales of cones, pine needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, united and tupos - imprint) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth glass surface or thick glossy paper (it should not allow water to pass through), a drawing is made using gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed to the surface. The resulting print is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (isothread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isographics or embroidery on cardboard. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. The threads can be ordinary sewing, wool, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (lat. ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both externally and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples also the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Printing with a sponge. Both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable for this.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping using a cliche stamp so that it is convenient to hold in the hand. One side is made flat, because Cardboard is glued onto it, and patterns are glued onto the cardboard. They (patterns) can be made from paper, from rope, from an old eraser, from root vegetables, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (French Pointillisme, literally “pointing”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, counting on their optical mixing in the viewer’s eye, as opposed to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives significantly greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing of colors to form shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a long distance or in a reduced view.
The founder of the style was Georges Seurat.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from the Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. Small children find it difficult to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills, and give the opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is palm painting. By drawing with their palms, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the vein side. The paper on which you are going to make a print can be colored or white. Press the colored side of the sheet onto a sheet of paper and carefully remove it, grasping it by the “tail” (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over again. And now, having completed the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art there are a large number of varieties of this type of decorative and applied art.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting is an ancient Russian folk craft that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. in the area of ​​Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made in a free stroke with a white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting is an ancient Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and also, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting, silver tin powder is applied to the wood. After this, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, giving the light wooden utensils a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberries, flowers and branches. Birds, fish and animals are often found.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paint. Painting is done with melted paints (hence the name). A type of encaustic painting is wax tempera, characterized by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and fabric use:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb “to sew”, i.e. something that is sewn or stitched.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilt, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts art with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of colorful fabrics or knitted elements in geometric shapes to join together in a blanket, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to artichoke fruits. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, create (pasting) various panels of a round (or multifaceted) shape on a plane or in volume.
You can sew in two ways: direct the edge of the blanks to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with the tip towards the narrower part. The folded parts are not necessarily cut in the shape of squares. These can be rectangles or circles. In any case, we encounter the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the family of patchwork origami, and since they create volume, then, therefore, to the “3d” technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this type. In my opinion, this is a multi-method.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art. This technique was used to make decorations for combs and individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (a crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way of crocheting using a special device - a fork curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of manually making fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, relief patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and stitches. The correct ratio is that the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian long crochet (both one and several loops can be used at the same time to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Loin knitting – imitates loin-guipure embroidery on a special mesh.
7. Guipure crochet (Irish or Brussels lace).

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. By decorating your home and home with handmade products or children's toys that are convenient for everyday life, you experience joy from the appearance and pleasure from the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving is a type of decorative and applied art. It is one of the types of artistic woodworking along with sawing and turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Applique (from the Latin “attachment”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, seed beads, woolen threads, embossed metal plates, all kinds of material (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive capabilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
There are also:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new type of decorative and applied art. It represents the creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. At its core, this is a rarely seen, very expressive type of painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from “palms”. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Broken applique is one of the types of multifaceted applique techniques. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assemblage (French assemblage) - a visual art technique related to collage, but using three-dimensional parts or entire objects, applicatively arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows for artistic additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, since the terminology of the latest visual art is not completely established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique can be clearly seen from the English name tunnel - tunnel - through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” that are put together conveys the feeling of a tunnel well. A three-dimensional postcard appears. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because... is aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel dates back to the mid-18th century. and was the embodiment of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or are sold as souvenirs to tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut from paper, from foam plastic, from foam rubber, from birch bark, from plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (though this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other various materials. Various tools are used: scissors, breadboard knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetrical structure, with curved contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another, are cut out by eye. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive; they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cutting is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of a sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in a stylized form in the appliqués.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since paper was invented in China. And this type of cutting became known as jianzhi. This art has spread throughout the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “that which is cut out”) is a technique of decoration, applique, decoration using cut out paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the 12th century. They began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this equipment also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence another name - “napkin technique”. The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, boxes, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, plaster - must be plain and light, because... the design cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, carve, engrave, slice; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of products from vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - glued paper. Very quickly this concept began to be used in an expanded meaning - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from scraps of other texts, fragments collected on one plane.
The collage can be completed with any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from Latin constructor “builder”) is a multi-valued term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. that is, details or elements of some future layout, information about which was collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). When different types of elements are combined, interesting designs for games and fun are created.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - giving shape to a plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) using hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is intended for mastering the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with a change in size (usually reduced), which is made while maintaining proportions. The layout must also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). This can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Type of layout - model - is a working layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is concentrated on certain aspects of the modeled object or, to an equal degree, its detail. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a maritime or aviation club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials to obtain the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of hard or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - modeling, carving, casting, forging, embossing, carving, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabric and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Felting (or felting, or felting) – felting wool. There is “wet” and “dry”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat embossing is one of the types of decorative and applied art, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
Processing of the material is carried out using a rod - a hammer, which stands vertically, the upper end of which is hit with a hammer. By moving the coin, a new shape gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

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