What applies to artistic material. Art materials

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Introduction

This work can be used in introductory lessons in subjects of the artistic cycle, as a rule, these are the first introductory lessons in the 1st quarter of the academic year, as well as when changing assignments and performance materials. Can be used in the last lessons of the 4th quarter to familiarize yourself with new materials for the future academic year, as well as materials used in the open air. It is convenient to use when working with parents, both at parent-teacher meetings and individually.

1. Materials 1-4 grades(Presentation)

1.1. Materials for drawing

Pastel (classical)

It consists of multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Pastel gets its name from the Italian word “a pastello,” which in the 16th century referred to the technique of drawing with a black pencil colored with red sanguine or other colored pencils. It is made from a powder of very finely ground colorful pigments with the addition of binders (adhesives) and whitening agents. Bleaching agents are introduced to obtain different shades of color in terms of saturation and lightness. A good quality pastel should lie easily on the paper, not scratch or slide on it, and be easy to rub. Based on experience, good quality pastels "Koh-i-noor" or "Faber-Castell". The required number of colors in a set is 18-24.

Pastel (on oil based)

It consists of multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Unlike classic pastels, the binder for colorful pigments is a wax-oil base. Does not shade, applied with strokes. Based on work experience good quality pastel "Faber-Castell" in a set of 18-24 colors. No fixative is required for oil pastels.

Pastel paper. Fixative (Fixative)

Work for the school year may require both warm and cool shades. Sheet size for work is 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Since pastel (classical) contains a large number of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and the paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes work done with pastels vulnerable to mechanical touches and moisture; this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. You can use hairspray in aerosol packaging as a paint fixer.

Mascara. Mascara brushes

You will need black mascara, 1-2 bottles of 50 ml per academic year. Brushes for working with mascara, round in cross-section, made from kolinsky or squirrel hair, thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10.

White Whatman paper, 10 sheets of 60x80 cm will be needed for the school year. The teacher cuts the required paper size for work, in accordance with the assignment and objectives of the lesson.

Paper gray shades. PVA glue, colored paper, scissors

Intended for certain tasks related to introducing students to the concepts of “aerial perspective”, tonal gradations, lightness, etc. There should be a minimum of 7 shades from light gray to black. You can use paper for pastels (sheets measuring 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2), you can choose shades from Oracal self-adhesive paper. PVA glue (if the paper is not self-adhesive), scissors ( with rounded ends).

Felt pens, markers

Main characteristics: should write for a long time, and allow drawing lines from 1mm to 5mm thick. Set of colors 12-24.

Colored watercolor pencils

Required quantity 18-24 pcs. in the set. The choice is determined by the quality of application to the paper surface. Unlike ordinary colored pencils, watercolor pencils adhere better to paper; work done with watercolor pencils is brighter and more expressive. A must-have addition to your pencil set is a sharpener.

Graphite pencils

In grades 1-4 they act as auxiliary material. Requirement of softness "TM", "M". Just not in a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen with a sharpener. Student primary school may not cope.

1.2. Painting materials

Gouache

The word "gouache" translated from Italian means "wet", "water paint". Gouache is prepared using a relatively small quantity binder with a high concentration of pigment (powder), so it is opaque even with a small thickness of the paint layer. Due to the opacity of the paint layer, gouache allows the artist to make adjustments to the work. Thinner gouache paints water serves. Finished gouache paints must have the following qualities:

consistency of “liquid sour cream”;
it is easy to pick up and remove with a brush, lay down on the paper in an even layer, without clots, lumps, stripes and stains;
after applying undiluted with water, cover the underlying paint layer;
after drying, do not stain, wear off or crack;
When stored in vials, do not thicken for a long time.

Gouache should be stored in tightly closed jars.

Required colors in the set:

whitewash;
cadmium yellow medium;
scarlet;
red kraplak;
ultramarine or cobalt blue;
iron blue

Additionally, it is necessary to purchase jars of “white” and “yellow”, since these are the first paints children run out of when working.

Work done in gouache should be stored in folders. It is not recommended to roll such works due to the fragility of the paint layer.

You will need brushes with a round cross-section, made from kolinsky or squirrel hair: thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10. Brushes are flat in cross-section, made from kolinsky or squirrel hair, can be synthetic: thin - No. 2-3; medium - No. 6-8; thick - No. 9-10. It is advisable to store brushes in a special pencil case, fixed inside it, then the pile will not change its shape. Brushes thrown haphazardly, with undried bristles, very often look like a broom.

Paper see point 1.1.

A palette is a small, thin board of a rectangular or oval shape on which the artist mixes paints while working. You need a plastic white palette measuring 30x40 cm, with small cup-shaped indentations along the edges. It is not recommended to use paper as a palette, since the paper, when soaked by water, produces lint, and the binding adhesives from gouache are absorbed into the paper palette, as a result of which only pigment gets onto the drawing, which crumbles when the work dries.

1.3. Materials for composition

Colored paper

You will need paper in a wide range of shades. You can buy sets of paper from different manufacturers, each manufacturer has its own color scale, and as a result you will get big choice shades of each color. Self-adhesive paper will also come in handy.

Palette see point 1.2.

Brushes, see point 1.2.

Gouache see point 1.2.

Paper see point 1.1.

2. Materials 5-9 grades(Presentation)

2.1 Materials for drawing

Graphite pencils

In grades 5-9 they act as leading graphic material. Softness requirement: "T" ("H"), "F", "TM" ("HB"), "M" ("B"). Just not with a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen. Pencils are sharpened with a stationery knife, 1 cm is sharpened for graphite, and a wooden body is sharpened for 2 cm. The eraser for erasing is selected according to the criterion: the more eraser remains on the paper during the erasing process, the higher its quality. An important addition is the soft eraser “Klyachka”, which is easy to knead in your hands and is designed to remove an excess layer of graphite from the surface of the paper. Method of application: the eraser is rolled over the surface of the paper or lightly pressed against those parts of the drawing that are lightened: the graphite sticks to the mark and is held by it after it is removed from the paper.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixative (Fixative) see paragraph 1.1.

Work for the school year may require both warm and cool shades. Sheet size for work is 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Additionally, some tasks will require the color "Vanilla" or "CREMA". Since pastel (classical) contains a large amount of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and the paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes work done with pastels vulnerable to mechanical touches and moisture; this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. You can use hairspray in aerosol packaging as a paint fixer.

Paper in gray shades. PVA glue, scissors, see point 1.1.

Paper see point 1.1.

Tablet with clip, A-4 format

A pack of paper for office equipment, A-4 format

Pastel pencils sepia, dark brown

Pastel pencils are pastels in a wooden frame, they are a soft graphic material on a par with classic pastels, they are shaded over the surface, just like classic pastels: with a finger or a feather brush. Work done with pastel pencils must be secured with a fixative for soft graphic materials. You can use hairspray in aerosol packaging as a paint fixer.

Pastel pencils color: white, gray, black. See point above

Shading

A cylindrical stick with pointed cone-shaped ends. On sale it is found from tightly rolled thin wrapping paper or felt of different cross-sectional diameters. Used for shading and obtaining subtle color or tonal nuances in work.

Mascara. Mascara brushes, see point 1.1.

Felt-tip pens, markers, see paragraph 1.1.

Colored watercolor pencils, see point 1.1.

2.2. Painting materials

Palette see point 1.2.

Brushes, see point 1.2.

Gouache see point 1.2.

Paper see point 1.1.

2.3. Materials for composition

Paper see point 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixative (Fixative) see paragraph 2.1.

Colored paper, see point 1.3.

Felt-tip pens, markers, see paragraph 1.1.

Gouache see point 1.2.

Palette see point 1.2.

Brushes, see point 1.2.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Graphite pencils see point 2.1

3. Materials for arts and crafts(Presentation)

3.1. Materials used in arts and crafts lessons in 5th grade(embroidery with floss threads and "CHI" weaving)

EMBROIDERY WITH FLOSS THREADS

There is an opinion that in order to have a desire to do any work, I would like to see it final result, that is, a finished work that amazed you with its beauty and sophistication. Therefore, the presentation with which our introductory lessons and parent-teacher meetings begin clearly demonstrates what the stages of our work will ultimately lead to. And if someone your age did it before you, then your hands will naturally reach for such rainbow floss threads and all sorts of interesting devices.

The peculiarity of the works in the material is that they are all made according to the students’ own sketches. And therefore, work in DPI lessons can be divided into several stages - this is collecting materials to complete sketches of future work, completing a sketch series, preparing devices and materials for embroidery, and working with the material.

Materials required for making embroidery sketches:

Materials for making sketches of future work are students’ work done in the open air, art postcards, reproductions of artists’ works.
A-4 size paper.
Folder with files for sketches and collected material.
Eraser.

Materials required for embroidery (work in material):

To copy an embroidery sketch onto fabric, use: a special marker, chalk, a simple pencil, and carbon paper.

Various fabrics were used as the base fabric: crepe - satin, velvet, cotton, silk with a pronounced texture and plain dyed, linen:

For training exercises we will need a hoop. This is a special device for securing the fabric in a taut state and protecting the fabric from tightening. Hoops come in wood, plastic, metal and various shapes - round, oval, square. Their diameter is important for us; it is desirable that it be at least 25 - 30 cm.

We carry out the work on an A-4 format subframe. A subframe is a rectangular device made of wooden blocks. The fabric is fixed on the stretcher with buttons.

The works used floss threads, these are threads High Quality, have a pleasant shine and sufficient strength. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.

Embroidery needles should have an oval wide eye so that the thread in several folds (three or six, depending on what we are embroidering - a tree trunk or a flower stem) easily fits into the eye and does not fray during work. Numbers 3-5.

Scissors middle length with curved ends, are considered universal in operation.

And a prerequisite for successful work is compliance with all rules of safe work during lessons and during preparation for them. All devices and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

WEAVING "CHI"

Historical reference. "CHI" is one of the oldest types of weaving. Chiy is a mat woven from the stems of chiy grass (hence the name) or reeds. Weaving has long been common among peoples Central Asia, Kazakhs. Skillfully woven mats were widely used to decorate the walls of the yurt. In the Kazakh household, they dried dairy products, laid out and sorted wool, wrapped wool in it during the felting process, and served as a screen to delimit the living space of the yurt. Patterned mats were wrapped around the base of the yurt to decorate the walls and preserve heat inside the dwelling.

In the past, chiy was also widely used in the visual arts of the peoples of Central Asia. An integral part of Kyrgyz folk art are mats made from chiya stems braided with colored wool. Chiy is a tall, hard steppe grass, the stems of which are used to make mats with or without a pattern. Chia products are widely used in the daily life of the rural population. A chiya mat is placed in the wind as a barrier near the fireplace. It is spread under felt carpets, protecting them from dampness and damage. A chiya mat encircles the entire yurt, insulates and decorates it.

Currently, the chi technique has been preserved in national and modern fine arts. Craftswomen choose a sketch and mark out the elements of the pattern. Then each stem is separately braided with wool of different colors and connected to each other.

The weaving technique is of considerable interest to us. Having studied the technology and techniques of weaving, students enjoy working using the “CHI” weaving technique, creating decorative compositions for interior decoration. Before starting work on the material, they independently develop sketches on a modular grid, thinking through given themes and color combinations. Then the necessary materials and devices are selected.

Materials necessary for making sketches of weaving "CHI"

Folder with files for sketches.
Art cards, reproductions of artists' works.
A-4 size paper. A student's checkered notebook is used as a modular grid for sketching.
Simple pencils softness "TM", "M".
Colored pencils, number of colors in a set 18-24.
Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work using the CHI technique

Floss threads are regular and melange, these are high quality threads, have a pleasant shine and sufficient strength. We select the color of the threads in accordance with the completed sketch.
Modules - wooden slats, rectangular cross-section 0.4x0.8 cm, the quantity is calculated according to a sketch made on a modular grid.
Glue stick for fixing modules on cardboard and for designing work.
Small, sharp scissors for cutting threads.
Cardboard for securing modules. Cardboard format A-4
Frame for the design of the work.

During the work process, it is mandatory to comply with all safety rules. All materials, devices and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

3.2. Materials for arts and crafts lessons in 6th grade (patchwork)

PATCHWORK

This is a special style of sewing from pieces of fabric that develops artistic taste and skill, cultivating patience and teaching accuracy. Patchwork technique- a fairly popular type of needlework, because does not require large material costs and suggests the possibility of using the contents of “grandmother’s chests”. For patchwork, you can use any fabric, both new and used. Sewing from rags is a patchwork type of needlework in which, using the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn together from multi-colored and variegated pieces of fabric with a specific pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, and sometimes texture. Patchwork quilts were passed down from generation to generation and lasted for many years.

The history of patchwork technology goes back about 3,000 thousand years. Despite the antiquity of its roots, it is becoming more and more popular every year. If previously patchwork was a favorite hobby of thrifty housewives, now it is a fashionable design trend. Today, products made in this style are very relevant. This is not only clothes, shoes and accessories, but even furniture and all kinds of interior items. Particularly beautiful works - impressive in the variety and originality of materials, shapes, structures and color combinations- It is customary to hang on walls like paintings or carpets.

The goal of our classes is to show that patchwork is not only a craft, but a full-fledged creative work, in which its aesthetic aspect is valued, first of all. The presentation presents works completed during arts and crafts lessons.

Materials needed to complete the sketches.

Analogues of works made using the patchwork technique.
Folder with files for sketches.
A-4 size paper.
Simple pencils of softness "TM", "M".
Rulers and squares.
Colored pencils, number of colors in a set 18-24.
Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work in the material.

Cotton and silk fabrics of various textures, cords, braid, lace. Almost all fabrics can be used in patchwork. But for beginners, it is easier to work with cotton fabrics; they are more pliable to work with, such as chintz, satin, and linen. Fabrics are plain and with small patterns. The size of the pieces of fabric is approximately A-4 format.
Non-woven fabric (fleezofix) - is a thin non-woven cushioning material with a one-sided adhesive coating, gives the fabric strength and protects it from fraying. You will need 1 meter, white color.
Iron with steamer.
Tools for marking on fabric - special markers, crayons, pencils, plastic rulers and squares.
Manual sewing needles with a sharp tip for stitching parts, embroidery needles with an oval wide eye, tailor's pins.
Reel threads different colors and floss threads. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.
Sharp scissors for cutting pieces of a patchwork composition. For ease of work, it is useful to have several pairs of scissors.

Bibliography

Magazines "Art Council" No. 48 2006, No. 1 2003.
"All about color technique", Art-spring, 2002.
Odnoralov N.V. "Materials, tools and equipment in fine arts", M., ed. "Enlightenment", 1988
Yashukhin A.P. Painting: tutorial for students of pedagogical schools in specialty No. 2003 "Teaching drawing and visual arts." - M.: Education, 1985
Trouble G.V. Painting: A Textbook for Students pedagogical institutes in specialty No. 2109 "Drawing, fine arts and labor." - M: Enlightenment, 1986
Bazanova M.D. "Plein Air". - M. "Fine Arts" 1994
Anna Chudnovskaya. "Stylish bags from beach to glamorous." M. Eksmo. 2006
Margarita Maksimova. “Design ideas for home and garden.” - M. Eksmo. 2006
"Wonderful moments." First Russian magazine on patchwork sewing. No. 1 - 4. 2007
Marina Kuzmina. "Accessories made of fabric" NIOLA - PRESS 1998
Alice Westchait. "Cozy home." - M.BMI JSC 2001
Dyumina G.B. "Beads." - AST Astrel. M., 2001
Dyumina G.B. "Figures made of beads." - AST Astrel. M., 2000
Lyndina Y. Beads. "Brick stitch" technique. Culture and traditions. - Yaroslavl. 2001.
Makhmutova H. Brief information on color science.-M., 1976
Izmailov Ch. "Psychology of color vision" - M., 1998
Dictionary Russian language Kuznetsov.
Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940

Website addresses

What are art materials called? This is everything that helps create a work of art. These are tempera, acrylic, alkyd, aerosol, oil paints, watercolors, paper, cardboard and primer, airbrushes, modeling clay, pencils, gouache, brushes, pastels, varnishes and thinners, sauce, compositions for gilding, ink, sanguine, various auxiliary liquids and much more. The variety of materials and ways of using them has led to the creation of an exceptional variety of artistic and technical techniques.

The agony of choice

How to cope with all the variety of assortment of departments where everything for artists and decorators is presented? In painting, as in many other forms of art, the issues of purchasing wholesale and retail are relevant. Tools can be single and strictly defined for each master, but, for example, there should be a lot of paints, different, the most incredible, all of them are needed to create the exact shade. Glitter, markers, felt-tip pens, pencils are sad for an artist, even a beginner, to have only one pencil, at least you need different thickness core and softness of the lead. If experienced artist visits art supplies to buy paint that has been “accumulated” over the years, then for those who have not yet decided, everything is much more complicated. How to choose “your” material? Only by trial method, no other methods have been invented yet. You will have to experiment with many types of materials before the moment of understanding comes: this is it, this is “mine”, it is this material that conveys my feelings as accurately as possible, the pain of creativity and working with it gives me the greatest fullness of sensations.

Subtleties of some processes

Before you finally make your choice and buy materials for artists, it is worth remembering a few mistakes that can spoil the impression of the process and the already completed project.

Hard pencils do not change the thickness of the line when pressed and, if positioned incorrectly and sharpened properly, can scratch the paper, while soft pencils allow you to adjust the fullness of the color by pressing on the tool and make multidirectional movements. On large sheets of paper, small drawings are lost and for a series of small sketches it is worth taking paper of a smaller format. Drawing on colored paper is very difficult; almost any drawing loses its expressiveness. Watercolor paints do not accept drawing corrections; they lose saturation and transparency. Charcoal pencils, sanguine, pastel crayons are very fragile and it is better to have a replacement in case of breakage in several places. Plasticine should not be left in the sun; it risks melting and becoming temporarily unusable. When painting with gouache, you need to monitor the thickness of the paint layer; if it is too thick, it may simply crumble when it dries.

Art materials have a direct impact on the client's artistic work:

They encourage him to see and touch;

They generate emotional uplift and awareness; being themselves particles of reality, these materials help the client to come into contact with it.

Promote a dynamic interaction between the creator and the artistic material to occur.

The task of the art therapist- find out which material causes the client’s greatest expressiveness. Thereby free choice material is the most important driving force in progress artistic work [Kopytin A.I. Theory and practice of art therapy].

Art therapists need to understand properties of various visual materials, as well as in what cases the use of certain materials is most appropriate and when it is undesirable.

Basic set of materials for the creative process

Paints, pencils, wax crayons, pastels;

Magazines, newspapers, wallpaper, paper napkins, colored paper, foil, film, candy boxes, postcards, braid, strings, textiles;

Natural materials - bark, leaves and seeds of plants, flowers, feathers, branches, moss, pebbles;

Clay, plasticine, wood, plastic, special dough;

Drawing paper of different formats and shades, cardboard;

Brushes of different sizes, sponges for painting large spaces, scissors, thread, pieces of wool, buttons different types glues, tape.

Main groups of materials

1) shapeless materials that allow you to create three-dimensional images;

2) materials having a certain form;

3) objects that have a certain shape that can be used as materials.

Let's consider the main groups of materials and their properties.

Group 1 - shapeless materials, allowing you to create three-dimensional images. Various soft and hard shapeless materials can be used to create three-dimensional images from them. The features of artistic products are determined by the properties of the material to the extent that it influences the artistic concept and the work process itself.

Soft materials , such as paints, art supplies, clay and sand mixed with water, do not have a specific shape and can be different types game manipulations, and can also be used to create artistic objects, paintings or sculptures.

Hard materials , such as stone, metal and wood, are used to create three-dimensional images and to carve various images on their surface. The level of mental development of the client and his skills in using different materials determines the characteristics of the artistic products he creates. At high level artistic skill and technical skills, metal or stone sculptures can be created that combine high durability with significant expressiveness, allowing the depiction of the human body, fabric, etc.

Group 2 - materials that have a certain shape. These materials, taking into account their properties, are included in the visual process unchanged. The qualities of certain materials, without any explanation, can be associated with emotional states, indicating certain events for the author. For example, transparent cellophane, thin translucent paper, silk, sand, gravel or sawdust can be included in the visual work unchanged and evoke in the client certain feelings and associations associated with the different qualities of these materials: a feeling of lightness, tenderness, roughness and etc.

Group 3 - objects that have a certain shape and are used as materials. Natural or man-made objects or parts thereof can be used as materials in the process of artistic creativity. At the same time, they retain their previous content to a certain extent. Old buttons or parts wristwatch sometimes used to create compositions from clay in order to create prints with their help, or to make some kind of mosaic.

The meaning of these objects in artistic work is determined by their function, color, characteristics of the materials from which they are made, complementing the associations with certain feelings and memories. However, being included in a work of art, they retain a certain content, determined by their previous function, associations of the author and their new role in the context of the completed work.

Another classification of materials, used in art therapy, is based on their specific properties, how they are typically used, and the feelings and images they are capable of evoking in a person. The choice of material has great importance, since it indicates conflict situations and the degree of readiness for emotional self-expression. If the choice of materials is not very large and the material is transformed in such a way that it takes on the properties of another material, this indicates that clients require a different material to express their state of mind.

We went through drawing school. Everyone needs to study to master the secrets of realistic depiction.

This drawing course helps to master the features of depicting the shape and proportions of objects, their texture, conveying volume using light and shadow and linear perspective.

To learn how to draw, it is not enough just to read a book, you must carefully follow special exercises and long-term drawings, strive to achieve success.

Of course, you will study the art of drawing gradually, step by step, mastering the secrets of mastery in theoretical and practical exercises during class and homework.

Drawings from the book showing the sequence of the image can be repeated, but remember that the basis of training should be drawing from life.

By observing the surrounding reality, making sketches and sketches from life, learn the basics of realistic depiction. Use this knowledge and skills in the process of drawing from memory and imagination, in creative compositions.

To complete a drawing, as a rule, complex devices are not required. Everyone has had to draw with pencils, felt-tip pens or fountain pens on paper, but achieving mastery in accurately conveying movement, character, and texture is not easy.

Knowledge art materials and a technician working with them will help you the best way realize your creative ideas in a small sketch or finished drawing. The more subtly you learn to understand the features of drawing techniques and master them, the more fully you will feel the features of their artistic expression.

Educational practice has shown that in secondary school To complete drawing tasks, the most commonly used are graphite and colored pencils, felt-tip pens, watercolors, ink, crayons, as well as charcoal, sanguine, and pastels.

A graphite pencil is equally convenient for both educational and professional use. creative works. He has a pleasant gray tone and some shine, can easily be corrected, and can be erased with an eraser. With this pencil you can create linear, line-line and tonal-painterly drawings. Of all the drawing materials, graphite pencil is the simplest and most accessible medium. Graphite, in combination with other art materials, holds enormous possibilities for every artist.

Graphite fits well on any paper and does not crumble. You need to select a pencil and paper in accordance with the assigned tasks. First you need to learn how to work with one pencil and try to extract from it everything that it can give. Lines and strokes work well on thick, smooth paper, while grainy paper is suitable for working with tone.

Pencil drawings on paper that has turned yellow with age look good. In general, if we talk about paper, try different types of paper for your drawings. Don't be embarrassed if something doesn't work out for you. The main thing is that you will gain invaluable experience that you can use in your creativity.

When working with a graphite pencil, you should not get too carried away with shading, as this often creates the impression that the drawing is worn out and greasy.

Lightening the tone of the picture can be achieved with the help of bread crumb. You need to lay the drawing horizontally, chop it finely White bread and wipe the drawing with it.

A graphite pencil is good for drawings in an album, on a Whatman paper, but if you need to cover large surfaces, then charcoal is usually used.

You can also achieve a variety of graphic or pictorial effects with colored pencils, especially watercolor pencils, which can be washed away with water, achieving painting techniques work.

Coal as a drawing material has been used by artists since ancient times. Drawing charcoal has great expressive possibilities, they can be used to create landscapes, portraits, still lifes and subject compositions.

Charcoal can be used to draw both the thinnest and widest lines; you can quickly shade large surfaces with the side. Charcoal gives a deep velvety black color and a wide range of tonal transitions. They can be used for quick sketches, sketches and long-term drawings. It is very convenient to use and easy to wash. Coal clearly reveals the shape of an object and makes it possible to convey light and shadow. Charcoal can be drawn on paper, cardboard, canvas, wall and other surfaces suitable for drawing. It is better to use rough paper, you can also use thick drawing paper, which should be lightly rubbed with fine sandpaper. Interesting drawings charcoal is obtained on a colored background of soft tones.

Drawing coals should be different in size and shape. To draw fine lines, charcoal is sharpened obliquely, since middle part(core) of coals made from twigs is more loose. When working on canvas, the charcoal sharpens itself.

It is allowed to combine charcoal with other materials - sanguine, chalk, pastel, colored pencils, watercolors, special charcoal pencil"Retouch".

Charcoal can be worked in two ways: with a regular graphite pencil, using lines and strokes, and with the use of tonal shading. You can rub the charcoal with a cloth, your hand, or a special shading tool, which is made from suede, kid leather or thick paper and is a tightly rolled roller with pointed ends. You should not use a rubber band for this, as it will cause the charcoal to lie unevenly.

You can lighten the tone by brushing off excess charcoal with a cloth or bristle brush. It is recommended to walk along the illuminated areas of the form with a soft roll or work them with chalk.

Charcoal drawings should be fixed. You can use a special fixative or hairspray for this. Fix by spraying the varnish gradually, in several stages, from a distance of about one meter, avoiding the formation of drops. Keep in mind that even the most careful fixing will make the drawing darker.

Anyone who draws with a felt-tip pen needs to take its capabilities into account. The felt-tip pen glides easily across the paper and leaves behind a beautiful smooth line, which cannot be erased, so they need to work with a firm and confident hand. Felt pens come in thin and thick, different colors, which expands them artistic possibilities. They can be worked using a line, stroke or decorative spots. Felt-tip pens are good for sketches from nature, sketches of landscapes, and decorative design work.

Sanguine, a red-brown material, was used in drawings by Leonardo da Vinci. Another name for this material is red chalk. Sanguine is produced in the form of round or square sticks and can be different shades. You can draw with sanguine using a line, a stroke, using shading, on various papers, cardboard, and primed canvas. Artists often combine sanguine with charcoal, chalk, and pencil. For those who have not acquired the first skills in drawing, working with sanguine is not recommended. Mastering the technique of working with this material should begin in sketches, and continue in longer drawings from life or from an idea.

Works created by sanguine outstanding masters- Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rubens, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Titian, Chardin and many others - varied in technical techniques.

Pen drawing is an excellent school for training the hand and eye. There are feathers different sizes and from different materials. First of all, for work it is important that the pen does not scratch the paper. By changing the pressure on the pen, you can achieve different line thicknesses. The steel pen gives a clear, thin line, and goose or reed - lively and expressive.

When working with a pen on a large-format sheet, you must ensure that the line and stroke are varied. It is better to draw with a pen on smooth coated paper, where mistakes made sometimes can be corrected using a razor blade. Expressive works are obtained when the line and stroke are combined with the tone of the paper (gray, blue, yellow, greenish, etc.) and create the impression of a picturesque manner of drawing.

The technique of drawing with a brush on paper has become widespread. It allows you to perform the finest drawings and broadly lay out large planes in tone, achieve sculpting of the form using a brushstroke. Good materials for drawing with a brush - black and colored ink. Artists can only choose gray or Brown color while working watercolor paints. Monochrome painting - grisaille - was widely used by the old masters. It is useful to complete grisaille tasks for drawing still lifes and landscapes from life for educational purposes.

Since watercolor, like pastel, can be classified as both graphics and painting, be careful when classifying works made with these materials, rely largely on intuition and common sense, follow what the artist prefers - line or tone, one color or a wealth of color shades.

The pastel technique is multifaceted and simple. Pastel crayons- fragile and delicate in color. They can be used as a stroke or with wide impasto strokes. Rubbing color into color gives an unusual effect of softness and precision of tonal transitions.

Pastel loves a tinted base; it can be used on colored velvet paper, cardboard treated with fine-grained sandpaper. Pastels adhere better to rough surfaces. It requires securing and careful storage. It is better to protect the colorful layer of pastel from shedding with thin sheet paper, attaching it with a flap on back side drawing. Then the pastel retains its color, which gives greater technical capabilities to the artist. But you can also use hairspray for this, in which case the pastel colors will darken a little.

Making drawings with any artistic material, as a rule, is carried out from the general to the specific, in order to return to the general in the end. First it is thought out compositional solution drawing, objects are placed on a sheet of the selected format, they are drawn general shape, monitor compliance with proportional relationships, work on details. Then they move on to the cut-off modeling of the form, achieving the integrity of the drawing.

If you learn to draw a cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and cone, you will be able to convey all the diversity of the world in your creative works. It is easy to see that all complex shapes are based on simple geometric bodies. In the process of drawing, you must be able to measure and compare distances, determine the proportions of your model, and convey volume using light and shadow.

Drawing simple geometric bodies individually and as part of a still life, drawing a jug, plaster ornament, various thematic still lifes, human figures and heads, animals, objects of technology and architecture should be mastered by every draftsman.

You also need to be careful; the drawing must be protected from anything that could stain it, including your hand. Purity - required condition when doing work. Don't forget to keep your hands and work area clean.

Remember that all drawing lessons should be supported by your own thoughts, only then educational process can be considered completed.

Sokolnikova N.M., Fine arts. Basics of drawing: A textbook for teachers. 5 grades - Obninsk: Title, 2008. - 96 p.: tsv.il.

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PASTEL

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) is one of the oldest artistic materials used in graphics and painting. Is different bright colors and velvety texture. Artists of the 16th century, including Leonardo da Vinci, called the technique of drawing with both black Italian pencil and red sanguine “a pastello,” from which pastel took its name.

There are three main types of pastels:

Dry pastel

Ultra soft pastel

Contains 35% more pigment than soft pastels. Outwardly similar to shadows, it comes in small jars, mixes perfectly, which allows you to achieve the most accurate color rendition. It is applied with special applicators with microporous sponge attachments.

PANPASTEL

Soft pastel

Contains more pigment and less binder. Because of this composition, soft pastels crumble easily, but are ideal for shading or broad strokes.

Pastel pencils

Outwardly they resemble regular pencils, with the only difference being that they have a pastel core. Used mainly for working on small details.

Oil pastel

Contains pigment with mineral oil. The colors are less matte. Works created with oil pastels are easier to store; the colors do not smudge and do not require additional fixation. Soft varieties oil pastel can be shaded with your fingers, and solid ones - using a solvent, special or for oil paints. It must be borne in mind that some types of solvent can make the pastel more faded, and linseed oil- on the contrary, give shine.

Wax pastel

Also known as watercolor. Contains wax and water-soluble components, which is why a drawing created with watercolor pastels, when interacting with water, looks more like a drawing with watercolors.

PASTEL PAPER

To draw with pastels, you need paper with a special textured surface that will hold the pigment. Usually paper for pastels is colored, its tone is selected individually for each drawing. It should be taken into account that on white paper light shades pastels do not look as clean as on tinted ones, but rich colors pastels such as blue, green, red look more juicy.

In addition to texture and color, it is also important to consider paper density: technique pastel pattern often requires blending with fingers or tools, which means that sometimes the pigment will have to be rubbed in with force that can wrinkle very thin paper. In addition, the higher the density, the higher the moisture resistance of the paper.

Paper is produced in various formats: single sheets, rolls, albums and glued notes (notebooks with an adhesive side along one edge).