P.Platonov. A.I

V. A. Zhukovsky was born and raised near the city of Tula, on his father’s estate. When he was fourteen years old, he was brought to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school at Moscow University. There he lived and studied for about three years. He studied well, read a lot, studied Russian and foreign literature. The name of Zhukovsky, “the best of the best” students, was written in gold letters on a marble plaque in the boarding hall. Returning home, Zhukovsky continued to study literature and wrote poetry. He was 18 years old when his poems were first published. The year 1812 arrived. “At this time, everyone should become a military man,” Zhukovsky decided and joined the militia. In August he was near Borodino, and a few months later all of Russia enthusiastically read his poems about the heroes of the Battle of Borodino. In these verses, he expressed the most sincere feelings of the Russian people, who during the war gave their lives for their Motherland, protecting it from the enemy. Zhukovsky also wrote several fairy tales in verse: “Ivan the Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, “The Sleeping Princess”, “Puss in Boots”.
Zhukovsky did a lot of translations, and through his excellent translations in Russia, for the first time, they became acquainted with many works of foreign literature. Zhukovsky was the most famous poet in Russia at that time. Young poets learned to write poetry from him and imitated him. Pushkin also studied with him. Zhukovsky treated him with care and consideration. He followed the successes of young Pushkin and rejoiced at his glory. When the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” was published, Zhukovsky gave Pushkin his portrait with the inscription “To the victorious student from the defeated teacher.” Zhukovsky happily gave up first place in Russian literature to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Drozhzhin Spiridon Dimitrievich

Drozhzhin, Spiridon Dimitrievich - peasant poet. Born in 1848 into a poor peasant family in Tver district; studied with a village sexton; in 1860 he was brought to St. Petersburg, where he served as a boy in taverns for several years, but took time to supplement his education; since 1896 he has lived in his native village, in no way separating himself from the peasantry. Drozhzhin began publishing his poems in 1873, mainly in magazines ("Literacy", "Spring", "Family Evenings", "Igrushechka", "Sincere Word", etc.), occasionally in "Delo", "Slovo" and "Russian Wealth". In his works, especially in the earlier ones and dedicated to village life, Drozhzhin reveals talent and warmth of feeling. Cheerfulness, faith in the “world of the ideal” and the search for it are characteristic features of his poetry. His "Poems, 1866 - 1888", with the poet's autobiography, were published in 1889 (St. Petersburg, 2nd edition, 1894; 3rd edition, Moscow, 1907). Then there are: “Poetry of Labor and Sorrow”, 1889 - 1898, indicating articles about the works of Drozhzhin (Moscow, 1901); "New Poems", 1898 - 1903, with an appendix of songs from the "Old Notebook" (Moscow, 1904); "Treasured Songs", poems 1904 - 1906 (Moscow, 1907); "Native Village", poems for children and youth (Moscow, 1905); "Songs of a Peasant" (Moscow, 1898); "The Year of the Peasant", poems for children and youth (Moscow, 1899); "Songs of Workers" (ib., 1906); “The Life of the Poet-Peasant S.D. Drozhzhin” (1848 - 1900), described by himself (St. Petersburg, 1900); "Selected Poems" (St. Petersburg, 1900); "Bayan" (Moscow, 1910); "New Russian Songs" (Moscow, 1909). Many of Drozhzhin's poems and songs have been set to music.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev
1795 – 1826

Ryleev wanted all Russian people to know about their heroes, be proud of their exploits, and love their fatherland more. He talked about Oleg the Prophet, about Dmitry Donskoy, about Ivan Susanin. Many, many years ago, when there was a war in Rus', Susanin led his enemies into the forest far from the road. The enemies realized that Susanin had deceived them.
"The villain! - the enemies shouted, boiling: -
You will die under swords!” - “Your anger is not terrible
He who is Russian at heart is cheerful and courageous,
And he dies joyfully for a just cause!”
This is how Susanin answered while dying. Ryleev also died for a just cause, for the happiness and freedom of his homeland. He was not only a poet - he was the leader of the revolutionary secret Northern Society. On December 14, 1825, when revolutionary troops came to Senate Square in St. Petersburg, the rebels were led by Ryleev and his friends. These were the first Russian Decembrist revolutionaries who rebelled against the tsarist government with arms in hand.
The uprising was suppressed. Ryleev was arrested and imprisoned in a fortress. He was accused of “contemplating regicide”, composing and distributing “outrageous”, that is, revolutionary poems that raised the people against the tsar. Ryleev spent almost 7 months in prison.
Prison is an honor to me, not a reproach,
I am in it for a righteous cause,
And should I be ashamed of these chains,
When do I wear them for my homeland? – he wrote in captivity.
On July 13, 1826, Ryleev was executed. He walked to his execution calmly. “Put your hand on my heart,” he said, “and see if it beats stronger.”
This is how the “great citizen” and poet Ryleev died courageously for the freedom of the Russian people.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin
1799 – 1837

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born in Moscow. He grew up with his older sister Olga and younger brother Lyovushka. The serf nanny Arina Rodionovna, whom Pushkin loved very much, looked after the children. She was kind and affectionate. She always told stories when she put the children to bed. When Pushkin grew older, the nanny was replaced by French tutors and governesses. By the age of seven, he already spoke, read and wrote French well, and even composed short plays in French himself. My father had a large library of French literature. Pushkin slowly climbed into the library and read everything that came to hand. And he learned Russian literacy from his grandmother. Pushkin's father, an educated man, was familiar with many Russian writers who often visited his house, talked about literature, and read their works. Little Pushkin at that time was sitting quietly somewhere in a corner and listening attentively.
At the age of 11, Pushkin was taken to St. Petersburg and sent to a new, newly opened educational institution - a lyceum, which was located not far from St. Petersburg, in Tsarskoe Selo. Pushkin fell in love with the lyceum, made friends with his comrades, and found friends there for life - Pushchin, Delvig, Kuchelbecker. At the Lyceum, students read a lot, published handwritten journals, and tried to write themselves. Pushkin, as his teachers said about him, had a special passion for poetry. He seemed to think in verses. One day the famous poet Derzhavin came to the Lyceum for an exam.
Derzhavin was already very old, and the exam tired him, but then Pushkin was called. “I read my “memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo” - standing two steps away from Derzhavin,” Pushkin later wrote. “I am unable to describe the state of my soul: when I reached the verse where I mention Derzhavin’s name, my adolescent voice rang and my heart began to beat with rapturous delight. I don’t remember how I finished my reading, I don’t remember where I ran away to. Derzhavin wanted to hug me... They looked for me, but did not find me. In 1817, Pushkin graduated from the Lyceum. He settled in St. Petersburg, where his parents had moved by this time. Like all the best Russian people of that time, Pushkin wanted there to be no serfdom in Russia and believed that the time would come when the people would rise up against the tsar. He wrote about this in his poems. Such poems could not be approved for publication. But they became known to the poet’s friends, they were rewritten, and the poems quickly spread throughout the country. “Pushkin should be exiled to Siberia - he flooded Russia with outrageous poems: all young people recite them by heart,” said Tsar Alexander 1. and Pushkin was exiled, but not to Siberia, but to the south of Russia, and then to the village of Mikhailovskoye, his mother’s small estate in Pskov province, where he lived for two years. He spent long winter evenings alone with his old nanny Arina Rodionovna and, as in childhood, again listened to her fairy tales.
On December 14, 1825, the Decembrist uprising took place in St. Petersburg. Among the rebels there were many friends of Pushkin. Having learned about the uprising, and then about the execution and exile of his friends, Pushkin was shocked. In the fall of 1826 he was allowed to return from exile. He lived in Moscow, in St. Petersburg, sometimes went to the village,
I traveled around Russia and, as always, worked a lot. But life became more and more difficult for him. The tsarist government continued to persecute him. On January 27, 1837, Pushkin was seriously wounded in a duel. Two days later he died. He was killed by the French officer Dantes. Dantes insulted Pushkin, and Pushkin was forced to challenge him to a duel. The royal gendarmes knew about the duel. They could have prevented her from doing so, but they did not, because they were sure that the king would like the murder of the poet. The Tsar ordered silence about Pushkin’s death. On February 3 at midnight, the coffin with the body, secretly from the people under the escort of a gendarme, was taken from St. Petersburg to Mikhailovskoye and buried in the cemetery of the Svyatogorsk Monastery.
The great Russian poet Pushkin, whom the whole world knows and loves, lived only 27 years. Pushkin left us more than a thousand poems, poems, fairy tales, dramas, stories, stories, articles. From early childhood you read his fairy tales “About Tsar Saltan”, “About the Fisherman and the Fish”, “About the Dead Princess”

Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky
1800 – 1844

E. A. Baratynsky was born on his parents’ estate, not far from the city of Tambov, and spent his childhood there. His parents cared very much about his education. At the age of 5, the boy learned to read and write in Russian, and at the age of 6 he spoke French and Italian well. At the age of 12, Baratynsky was sent to St. Petersburg to a military educational institution - the page corps.
For a long time he could not get used to life in St. Petersburg. He had no comrades in the corps who loved books or literature. He read a lot and began writing poetry early.
At the age of eighteen, Baratynsky entered military service in St. Petersburg. By this time he had already written many poems. His poems began to appear in print, they were praised, his friends, among whom were Pushkin, Delvig and many other poets, spoke well of them. Pushkin loved Baratynsky’s poems and said that he “belongs to our excellent poets.” So he writes about spring, and together with him you see light clouds in the high sky, listen to the singing of a lark, the sound of a stream... but spring and summer pass, autumn comes...
And here it is September! Slowing down your rise
The sun shines with a cold radiance
And its ray in the mirror of the shaky waters
Unfaithful gold trembles.
Baratynsky had to live in Finland for a long time, where he was transferred for service. He fell in love with the Finnish people, the nature of this country, and dedicated some of his poems to it.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov
18093 - 1846
N. M. Yazykov was born in the Simbirsk province. He spent his entire childhood on the Volga, saw on its banks the remains of ancient settlements, mounds, and caves. I loved listening to stories of Volga fishermen about Russian antiquity, about Pugachev, about Stenka Razin. At the age of 19, Yazykov entered the university. I studied a lot of history, especially ancient Russian history. He studied the life of Russian people, their wars, glorious victories. He wrote about this in his first poems. Pushkin loved his poems. Yazykov visited Mikhailovskoye when Pushkin lived there in exile. Pushkin and Yazykov read their poems to each other, talked a lot about what was most dear to them - Russian literature, and sometimes argued. Pushkin's nanny, Arina Rodionovna, always greeted Yazykov kindly. “Svet Rodionovna, will I forget you?” - this is how Languages ​​began one of his poems dedicated to Pushkin’s nanny. Yazykov wrote many poems about nature, about the great Russian river Volga, about the vast expanses of his native land. He loved folk songs, fairy tales, proverbs; collected them, recorded them, and used them in his work.

Alexey Vasilievich Koltsov
1809 - 1842

A.V. Koltsov was born in Voronezh. His father was a livestock trader. Koltsov hardly had to go to school at all. His father took him from second grade and decided to teach him to trade. Alexey Koltsov really wanted to study; he loved to read, but there were no books to read in the Koltsovs’ house. At school, Koltsov became friends with a boy who had a whole chest of books. The boys read and dreamed of quickly growing up and becoming the same glorious mighty heroes as Ilya Muromets. From the age of ten, Koltsov began helping his father: he kept account books, traveled to steppe villages to buy and sell livestock. He loved the steppe very much: hot summer days, dark nights with bright stars, feather grass, and an evening fire. Cattle drivers would gather around the fire, some passer-by would come up and conversations would begin, fairy tales would be told, and old Russian songs would be sung. Koltsov’s love for reading and books grew over the years. He tried his best throughout his life to expand his knowledge. But most of all he loved poetry. At the age of 16, he wrote his first poems. He wrote a lot. In them, Koltsov described his native nature, the difficult lot of the peasant, his work in the field - after all, he himself was from the people and wrote about what was close and dear to him. Koltsov began publishing poems in newspapers and magazines. In 1835, Koltsov’s first book of poems was published, and the next year he was in St. Petersburg and met Pushkin, reading his new poems to him. It was very difficult for Koltsov to live in Voronezh. His family didn't understand him. My father, an ignorant and rude man, believed that it was necessary to “do business - trade, and not write poetry, which does not bring any income.” Koltsov wanted to leave home, quit trading, and live in a new way. “Huckster” is a vile word, he wrote in one letter. A serious illness and early death prevented his dreams from coming true.

Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov
1814 – 1841

M.Yu. Lermontov was born in Moscow. His mother died very early and he was raised by his grandmother Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva. The poet spent his childhood on his grandmother’s estate, Tarkhany, not far from the city of Penza. The house in Tarkhany was spacious, with a large garden. As soon as he started walking, he was already choosing rhymes: he would run to his grandmother and repeat: “the floor is a table, the cat is a window,” and he laughs joyfully. The grandmother took great care of her grandson’s upbringing, invited the best teachers to him, and so that he would not be bored alone, she took several boys his age into the house. Growing up, Michel, as he was called in the family, loved to listen to the serf servants' stories about antiquity: about Ivan the Terrible, about Razin, about Pugachev, about the fire of Moscow in 1812, about the Volga robbers.
As a child, he was often sick, and his grandmother took him to the Caucasus several times for treatment. He liked the snowy mountain peaks, stormy mountain rivers, dark nights with bright stars, songs, fairy tales, and legends of the mountaineers - the inhabitants of the Caucasus.
Lermontov studied willingly, read a lot, spoke French and German, played chess, drew, sculpted, played the piano, violin - and in everything he showed extraordinary perseverance and perseverance.
He knew literature very well and loved Pushkin more than all Russian poets. When Lermontov turned 14, his grandmother decided to send him to the Noble boarding school at Moscow University. She moved with him to Moscow, and he began to prepare for the entrance exams. Often, after finishing his classes, Lermontov wandered around Moscow with his teacher. In the fall of 1828 he entered a boarding school. At the boarding school, the students studied literature a lot, read a lot, discussed the works of different writers, argued, and tried to write themselves. Lermontov studied very well - he was one of the first students.
In 1830 he entered Moscow University, but did not graduate: the authorities did not like the rebellious spirit of the student Lermontov. He had to leave the university. He moved to St. Petersburg and entered a military school. At the age of twenty, after graduating from military school, Lermontov became an officer in a guards regiment. At the beginning of 1837, Lermontov wrote the poem “Borodino”. In this poem, an old Russian soldier tells a young soldier about the Borodino battle, about the mood of the soldiers before the battle, and talks about the great love of the Russian people for their homeland. This was the first poem that I wanted to show to Pushkin, I wanted to publish it in the Sovremennik magazine, of which Pushkin was the editor. But he didn't have time to do this. Pushkin died in a duel. Lermontov's grief was boundless: he placed Pushkin above all the poets of the world. He wrote the poem “The Death of a Poet,” full of grief over the loss of his beloved poet, hatred, indignation and contempt for high society, which Lermontov blamed for the death of Pushkin. The poems quickly sold out. For this poem, Lermontov was arrested and exiled to the Caucasus.
At the beginning of 1838, Lermontov was returned from exile. More and more often, he now thought about leaving military service and devoting himself entirely to literature. He met Zhukovsky and Krylov. They all highly valued the poet and considered him Pushkin's successor. By this time he had already written more than three hundred poems, many poems, several dramas.
Again the tsarist government took care to remove the objectionable poet. A quarrel between him and the son of the French ambassador Barant was set up. He challenged the poet to a duel, and although it ended without bloodshed, Lermontov was arrested, and in April 1840 he was exiled to the Caucasus. On the last evening before leaving, friends gathered to say goodbye to him. Everyone was excited and sad. A little over a year later, Lermontov was challenged to a duel by his former cadet school comrade Martynov. Martynov took aim, fired - Lermontov was killed. This happened on June 15, 1841
Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev 1813 -1877

Herzen and Ogarev

One summer day in 1827, in Moscow, on the Sparrow Hills, two boys stood - Sasha Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev. Herzen was 14, Ogarev was 13 years old. With bold dreams - to fight for the freedom and happiness of our native people. They then entered Moscow University. Together they organized a student circle, the members of which were revolutionary-minded students. But Ogareva failed to graduate from university. Secret police surveillance was established over him, and in the summer of 1834 he was arrested. He was accused of freethinking, of singing “daring songs”, of having a revolutionary line of thought. 9 months after his arrest, Ogarev was exiled to a small town under police supervision. In exile, he got to know the life of the Russian people better and saw how difficult life was for serfs. In his poems, the author sought to tell truthfully and simply about the Russian village, about the serfs.
Like all progressive people, it became more and more difficult for Ogarev to live in Tsarist Russia.
In 1856, he went abroad forever and settled with Herzen in England. Together they published and secretly smuggled the newspaper Kolokol to Russia. In the newspaper they wrote the truth about Russian life, called for a fight against the autocracy, and published banned poems by Pushkin, Ryleev and other poets. Until the end of his life, Ogarev was faithful to the oath he took in his youth.

Ivan Savvich Nikitin
1824- 1861

He was born in Voronezh, on the outskirts of the city, in a small house above the river. His father, a poor merchant, dreamed of becoming a learned doctor. At the age of six, the boy began to learn to read and write from his neighbor, a shoemaker. When he was eight years old, his father sent him to school. Nikitin really wanted to become an educated person, but he didn’t have to study: his father went broke, he had to help him.
Nikitin worked at an inn where cabbies with convoys stopped for the night and sold candles, dishes, and various small items at the market. It was hard for him, but he did not lose heart; he read all his free time and began writing poetry.
In 1853, the poem “Rus” was published in a Voronezh newspaper.
Under the big tent of blue skies
I see the distance of the steppes turning green...
This is how this song began about the vastness of the great Russian land, about its riches, about its heroic past and glorious future. The poem was a great success: it was rewritten and memorized. The success encouraged him. Nikitin began to write more confidently, boldly, freely. He simply, truthfully wrote about the need, about the grief of the people. The poems were sad - the same as his life and the life of the people. In 1856, the first collection of his poems was published. By this time he already had many friends among the educated people of Voronezh. They helped him open a bookstore, which he had long dreamed of. His shop was special: it had a library, and he himself issued books. 4 he subscribed to new ones, tried to ensure that the books were good and useful. People came to the shop not only to buy or exchange a book, but also to talk about literature and listen to the poems of the owner-poet. Now Nikitin could already do what he loved - literature. But his health was undermined by a hard life, and in 1861 Nikitin died.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
1821 – 1877

On the banks of the Volga, not far from the city of Yaroslavl, near the village of Greshnevo, there stood a gray, boring house, surrounded by a large shady garden. N. A. Nekrasov spent his childhood in this house. Childhood was not fun; the father was a landowner, a rude man who treated the peasants cruelly, oppressed his family, and offended his wife. Little Nekrasov did not like his father, he was afraid of him.
He saw how often his mother cried from resentment towards his father, and he loved and pitied her very much. The boy often ran away from the gloomy house to the peasant children, although his father forbade him to play with them. And the mother was glad that the boy lived in friendship with the village children, got to know their simple, working life, their sorrows and joys. Together with his comrades, he rode down the mountains in the winter, played snowballs, and in the summer went to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries. He was happy and free in the forest, in the field, on the banks of the Volga. On the banks of the Volga, Nekrasov experienced his first great grief. At this time, barge haulers were pulling barges with goods along the banks of the Volga. It was hard, exhausting work. And then one day a boy heard a barge hauler, sick and tired, say that he would like to die before he saw the morning. The boy was amazed by these words. in his eleventh year, Nekrasov was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium. A stocky, short, lively, sociable boy quickly made friends with his comrades. I read a lot, and especially loved Pushkin’s poems. He began writing poetry himself very early. Nekrasov did not graduate from high school. In the 5th grade he fell ill and lay ill for several months. He turned 17 and his father sent him to St. Petersburg, to a military school. Nekrasov decided not to enroll in military school. He wanted to study at university, write poetry, and be a poet. When the father found out that his son did not enter military school, he refused to send him money. Nekrasov found himself alone, in a strange city, without friends, without any help. He took on all kinds of work: rewrote roles for actors, wrote poems and articles for newspapers and magazines. The work was paid little. But his character was stubborn, persistent; he studied, continued to write poetry, and met many writers. Nekrasov dedicated many of his works to the difficult life of people in Tsarist Russia. He strove to write simply and understandably, because he wanted to write not only about the people, but also for the people. His poems reached every heart of people, awakening in them hatred of the oppressors, love for the homeland, for its simple and good people, for its nature. Nekrasov loved nature with a deep, tender love, he felt his own, dear, Russian in it. What wonderful poems he wrote about the Russian winter with its deep snowdrifts, about spring, about golden ears of corn in the field, about bees, birds, animals. He was a tireless hunter. In the summer in the village, he often wandered from morning to night with a gun and a dog through the forests and swamps, spending the night in the first hut, hut, or night guard he came across. He had many friends among the peasants. For example, old Mazai from the village of Malye Vezhi told him the story of the hares. Nekrasov loved peasant children very much.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev
1803 -1873

Tyutchev was born and raised on his father's estate in the Oryol province. He learned early to love nature. When the boy was 10 years old, a teacher was invited to him - Semyon Grigorievich Raich. Raich became very attached to his student, and it was impossible not to love him. He was an affectionate, calm, very talented boy. Raich, a well-educated man, poet, translator, was the first to awaken a love of poetry in his student. He taught him to understand literature and encouraged his desire to write poetry. At the age of 15, Tyutchev was already a student. Moscow University. At 18, he graduated from the university with flying colors and a few months later went to serve in the Russian embassy abroad. He lived for 22 years in foreign lands, far from his homeland, but he never stopped thinking about her and dedicating his poems to her. Tyutchev left us a small literary legacy - a little more than 300 poems, but, as the poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet rightly said, Tyutchev’s small book of poems was “many volumes heavier.”

Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev
1825 – 1893

He first appeared in print in 1844, and in 1846 the first book of his poems was published. In 1849, Pleshcheev was arrested for belonging to the revolutionary circle of Petrashevsky and exiled to the Orenburg region. He spent eight years in exile. He was very sad, wrote little, and only the books that he was allowed to subscribe to helped him overcome the heaviness and boredom of his exiled years.
In 1858, Pleshcheev returned from exile. He lived either in Moscow or in St. Petersburg. He met and became friends with many writers, and began to publish himself. In addition to poetry, he wrote stories, novellas, and translated poems by the Ukrainian poet Shevchenko into Russian. Pleshcheev wrote many poems especially for children.

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet
1820-1892

From early childhood, Fet, as he said about himself, “was greedy for poetry,” tried to find them everywhere, learned them by heart, and very early began to write himself. He spent his childhood in his father's province, in the Oryol province, a serf nanny looked after him, a serf servant taught him to read, in the summer he ran with the village children through the forest, caught siskins, climbed trees, and rode horseback. On winter evenings, when the courtyard girls were spinning yarn in the dim light of tallow candles, he listened to their songs, tales about the firebird, the merman, and Baba Yaga.
At the age of 14, Fet was taken to St. Petersburg to prepare for a university exam. He studied hard, and three years later, having passed the exam, he entered Moscow University. He became interested in literature and theater, met writers and poets, and continued to write poetry. When he had a lot of poems, he decided to show them to Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Gogol liked Fet’s poems, he found “undoubted talent” in them. This praise from the famous writer encouraged the young poet, he began to write more and became more confident in his abilities.
In 1840, Fet’s first book of poems was published, 10 years after the first, the second was published, and then several more collections.
Almost half of the poems are dedicated to Russian nature - after all, he lived in the village for many years, deeply felt his native nature and loved it very much.

Apollon Nikolaevich Maikov
(1821-1897)

Apollo Nikolaevich Maikov was born near Moscow in the village of Nikolskoye. His mother was a writer, his father an artist. His mother taught him to read and write, his father taught him to draw, because... the boy had a talent for drawing. There were three children in the family. They had a free, joyful childhood: in the summer they went fishing with their father, watched how fragrant hay was harvested in the meadow. In autumn we ran through the golden leaves. In winter, we listened to our nanny’s fairy tales and waited for spring, when we could run into the forest and fields again. At the age of 12, Maykov was taken to St. Petersburg to prepare for entering the university. It was difficult for him to get used to city life. He was sad, felt lonely, but knew that he needed to study. At the age of three, he completed the entire gymnasium course and passed the university exam perfectly. By this time, the entire Maykov family had moved to St. Petersburg. My parents had many friends among writers, artists, and musicians. In the evening they gathered at the Maykovs': they sang, read their poems and stories. The Maykovs published a home-written handwritten magazine “Snowdrop”; Maykov himself published his first poems in this magazine. He was 22 years old when his first book of poems was published. He continued his studies, studied Russian history and wrote several poems about the War of 1812. Maikov traveled a lot, saw a lot, and in his poems he often spoke about different countries and peoples. He wrote good poems about Russian nature. Maikov also wrote poems about children and their lives.

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
1817-1875
Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg. He spent his childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle, the writer Antony Pogorelsky. Tolstoy never went to school; he grew up alone, without friends. Little Tolstoy was taught by his mother, a very smart and educated woman, by Russian teachers and foreign tutors. Very early - at the age of six, he learned to read, fell in love with poetry, memorized them and already tried to write them himself. “From the age of six I started making paper.” For 10 years he was in Germany and Italy with his family and traveled a lot: he traveled around Russia and visited abroad. He always said later that these trips were a good school for him. Tolstoy kept a diary, where he told a lot of interesting things about nature, cities, museums, art galleries, and the people he met. All these years he did not stop writing poetry. His uncle praised him for them, helped him with his advice, showed his poems to Pushkin and Zhukovsky, with whom he was well acquainted. Pushkin and Zhukovsky approved the first poems of the young poet, and he was happy when he found out about it. In all of Tolstoy’s works, always bright and expressive, one can feel his love for his native land, for its great past, its rich folk art.

Ivan Zakharovich Surikov
1841 – 1880

Ivan Zakharovich Surikov was born and spent his early childhood in the village of Novoselovo, Yaroslavl province. His father was a serf peasant. The landowner who owned it sent him to Moscow to earn money. For this, Surikov’s father had to pay him an annual quitrent - most of his earnings. Surikov’s father took up trade. When his son was nine years old, he moved him and his mother to live with him. The father wanted his son to also become a merchant. A difficult life began for Surikov. From morning to evening he worked in the shop, cleaned it, delivered goods to customers, and learned to trade. A lively, talented boy, he somehow imperceptibly learned to read and write, fell in love with reading, learned the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov and other Russian writers, and began to compose a little himself. They laughed at him, his father was angry. But Surikov did not give up: in fits and starts, often at night, on the sly from everyone, he continued to write poetry, and became more and more convinced that his calling was to be a poet. The older he got, the more he thought about how to quit the hated trade, study seriously, and write poetry. But he could not find any other income and had to engage in petty trade all his life. He bought and sold scrap iron, all kinds of rags, and coals. When Surikov was 21 years old, he met the poet Pleshcheev and showed him his poems. Pleshcheev liked the poems and he helped Surikov publish one of the poems in the magazine. In 1871, the first collection of Surikov's poems was published. From that time on, his poems began to appear in print, they were often set to music and sung. Surikov wrote many poems for children and, probably, when he wrote them, he recalled his childhood in the village: cheerful skiing from the mountains, and trips at night, and sweet, always dear and beloved pictures of Russian nature.

Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin
1895-1925

S. A. Yesenin was born in the Ryazan province, in the village of Konstantinovo. (now this village is called “Yesenino”) his parents were poor peasants. When the boy was 2 years old, they sent him to be raised by the wealthy family of his maternal grandfather. Grandfather's sons were much older than Yesenin. The boy spent whole days in the summer in freedom. He loved the endless fields and meadows of his native village, rejoiced at the white birch and fragrant bird cherry, loved flowers and animals. Climbing onto the bed, he loved to listen to his grandmother's fairy tales and her sad steppe songs. I wanted to write it myself. He composed his first poems at the age of 9. He studied at a rural school, from which he graduated with a diploma of commendation. After finishing school, he was sent to another village, to a closed church-teachers school. His relatives wanted him to become a teacher, but Yesenin did not want to be one and left for Moscow. He was 17 years old then. In Moscow, he met the writers of the literary and musical circle named after the poet Surikov. They helped him get a job at a printing house and at the People's University, where he attended lectures on literature. Yesenin’s first published poem “Birch” appeared in 1914. In 1916, the first book of his poems was published. It was received immediately and very warmly. Since then, his poems have often been published in magazines and published as separate books. In one of his poems he wrote: I think how beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!
And his entire work is permeated with a tender, anxious love for man.

Technological map of a literature lesson.
Author of the development: Kulmukhametova E.B., teacher
MOBU Secondary School No. 2, Baymak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Class: 6
Academic subject: Literature. Author: Merkin G.S.
Lesson topic: V.K. Zheleznikov. Brief information about the writer. “Trop”: the world of animals and humans as depicted by the writer. Images of Trope, Petya and Masha. The theme of kindness, feelings of gratitude, loyalty.
Lesson type: Initial presentation of new knowledge.
Forms of organization: frontal, group, individual.
The purpose of the teacher’s activity: to create conditions for getting acquainted with
by the work of V.K. Zheleznikov, using the example of artistic images
works show that a dog is a man’s friend, you have to pay for good
good.
Lesson objectives: 1).Give an idea about the writer and the themes of his work.
2).Help students feel compassion and mercy towards
to all living things, to evoke in them a feeling of kindness and to promote their
moral education.
3).Develop creative work skills during analysis
a work of art.
Planned results:
Subject: _ improve executive skills,
foster an attentive attitude to the artistic word,
recreate a holistic impression of what they read and heard,
reveal inner potential, develop a creative worldview,
independence, activate cognitive interest in the subject,
learning something new. Understanding small genres of folklore, students
imbued with the understanding that proverbs and sayings are a repository of native
language, become convinced how great their role is in moral
improvement of the people, perceive the accuracy of assessments and judgments on
all occasions.
Metasubject:
Personal - provide adequate self-assessment of educational activities,
realize the boundaries of their own knowledge and “ignorance”, strive for them
overcoming.
Cognitive - structure knowledge on the subject, consciously and
freely construct a statement in oral and written form, read,
listen, extract the necessary information, make generalizations and conclusions.
Regulatory - understand and maintain the learning task, plan their
action in accordance with the task, make the necessary
adjustments to action after completion based on evaluation and accounting
the nature of the mistakes made, are able to evaluate the correctness of execution
actions at the level of objective retrospective assessment, adequate
perceive the teacher's assessment.
Lesson equipment: portrait of V.K. Zheleznikov, filmstrip based on the story.
Methodological techniques: analytical conversation, commented reading,
work with text.
The lesson lasts two hours.
During the classes.
1. Activation of students, mood for the lesson: -Good afternoon, friends! I
I am glad to welcome you on such a beautiful spring day!
Don't stand aside indifferently
When someone is in trouble.
Need to rush to the rescue
Any minute always.
And if it helps anyone
Your kindness and your smile,
Are you happy that the day was not lived in vain?
That you have not lived for years in vain!
-Look at the illustrations about who and what we will talk about
in class today? (I show photos, illustrations on the topic “Dog and
Human"). (students' answers).
2. Message from the teacher and students about the personality of the writer L.N. Andreev.
Vladimir Karpovich Zheleznikov is a famous children's writer and
screenwriter. Born in 1925. The first part of my life, the most
short - meaning childhood - traveled a lot. His father was
a career military man, and therefore the family often changed their place of residence.
The cities of Russia, Belarus, the Baltic States flashed by... How did it turn out?
creative fate of the writer? How did he understand that he wanted to be childish?
a writer? He started writing very early. At the age of nine he was already driving some
diaries, “Just before the war, when I was fifteen, I wrote
a little story. I did not choose the professional writing field
straightaway. During the war years I studied at a special school for the Air Force and at
artillery school. After the war he came to Moscow and graduated here
Law Institute. My studies developed in parallel
writing." One day, an aspiring writer came to the New World with his story. Having become acquainted with the work, they began to talk about it
shortcomings. And Vladimir Karpovich, as a beginner, was worried about the question: “Will I be able to write at all?” “When I asked it to the consultant, he said: “Well, you know, young man, you can teach a cow to write.” I was
I was so taken aback that I didn’t write for some time afterwards.” However, after law school, Vladimir Karpovich enters the Literary Institute.
He combines learning a new profession with work in the magazine “Murzilka”, in
which was the first publication. Thus, what Vladimir
Karpovich began working and publishing in a children's magazine - an accident, as he himself says. “But this accident determined the fact that I became a children's writer.” His love for children helped him become a children's writer. And curiosity. “Whenever I saw two or three teenagers talking, I always tried to sit next to them and listen to what they were talking about. I heard snatches of conversations, but that was enough for me.” His first book, a collection of short stories “A Colorful Story,” was published in 1957, at the same time that Zheleznikov had just graduated from the Gorky Literary Institute. Then the writer was already 32 years old, and he, having experienced a difficult fate in life, scorched by the flames of war, freshly and soulfully reproduced in his stories what he had experienced and learned personally, led the reader to a bold and frank conversation about the ideological and moral development of a child’s personality, about the ability to do anything. conditions to defend honor and justice, to feel not only one’s own, but also other people’s pain. In 1961, his second collection of stories, “Good Morning to Good People,” was published. The writer's call - to live according to conscience, to stand up for the weak and undeservedly offended - became the leitmotif of all the works of Vladimir Zheleznikov. What is noteworthy in this collection is the author’s ability to pose and artistically solve complex problems that arouse the interest of not only children, but also adults. The problems of the spiritual development of a growing personality, which are at the center of the works of Vladimir Zheleznikov, are solved, as a rule, in an unconventional, bold and masterful manner. Even in the most ordinary, ordinary events, he finds and shows the diversity of a person’s spiritual life, rich in thoughts and experiences. He writes about human feelings with genuine sincerity, forcing us to take to heart everything that happens to his heroes. The writer is having a serious conversation with the reader not only about how children should grow up,
but how adults should act in this or that case is also posed
the theme of human relations in the family, school,
Everyday life. Masterpieces of children's literature created by him - stories
“The Eccentric from the Sixth “B” (1962) and “Scarecrow” (1975) found a second life as
classic films “The Freak from 5th B” and “Scarecrow”. At the same time, Zheleznikov’s “fault” in the success of both timeless films is considerable: he is the author not only of the literary basis, but also of the scripts for these films. In general, the writer very often “changed” the field of fine literature, again and again
once again helping to create a talented work for children (and not only
children's cinema. The first time this happened was in the early 60s, when his script based on his own story “Tanya and Yustik”
"materialized" on a small television screen. Further more. IN
In 1965, his new script, again based on his own story, became
already in the film for the big screen "Traveler with Luggage". But
Vladimir Karpovich is not only “his own screenwriter.” He also created and is creating original scripts. This is, for example, the script of the film “Silver Trumpets,” which was a great success at one time, which told the story of the life of Arkady Gaidar. There were also many cinematic adaptations of the works of literary colleagues. Since 1989, he has been creating films not only as a screenwriter, but also as a producer, director of the Globus film company, which produces primarily films for children and youth. Died in Moscow at the age of 90.
3. Watching a filmstrip based on the story “Trop” by V.K. Zheleznikova.
4. Conversation based on the story:
1) What is this story about, what topic is it dedicated to?
2). What is the composition of the story, how is it built? Is it possible to parts
title?
3). What kind of dog is depicted at the beginning of the story?
4) How did Petya and Trop meet?
5) What can you say about their friendship?
6). Why is Trop bored?
7). How did the dog react to Masha's appearance?
8). What is jealousy? Do you think dogs are capable of jealousy?
9). What action did Trope commit? What expression do you remember in
in this case?
Sample answers:
-A dog is man's best friend
-A good dog will not be left without an owner.
-As the owner is, so are his dogs.
-Not every dog ​​that barks bites.
-A dog can only bite because it lives as a dog.
-It’s not the scary dog ​​that barks, but the one that bites on the sly. (Proverb)
“If dogs learned to talk, we would lose our last friend.”
Danil Rudy
3. Work in groups:
Group 1: describe the dog. -
Group 2: describe Petya.
Group 3: describe Masha.
Group 4: remember proverbs and sayings about friendship between a dog and a person.
Explain their meaning.
Group 5: discussion on the topic “2017 - the Year of Ecology.”
Conclusions, evaluation of student work in groups.
5. Reflection:
- What new did we learn in the lesson?
-Did you like the work?
-What life lesson did you learn, what did the author want to tell us?
-Have we achieved the goals and objectives of the lesson?
-Your mood?
6.Homework:
1. I put a question mark at the end of the lesson topic: “You are forever in
answer for everyone you tamed? (These are also the words of Exupery). Write your
the answer to this question.
2. Read the story “A Horse with a Pink Mane” by V.P. Astafiev.
List of used literature:
Websites1. https://www.livelib.ru/author/27189-vladimir-zheleznikov 2. http://diafilmy.su/3070-trop.html

Nosov Nikolai Nikolaevich was born on November 10 (23), 1908 in Kyiv in the family of a pop artist. The future writer spent his childhood near Kiev, in the small town of Irpen. Nikolai Nikolaevich received his primary education at the local gymnasium, which in 1917 was reorganized into a seven-year school. Nosov’s family was in dire straits, so the future writer had to start working at the age of 14; he was a navvy, a newspaper merchant, a log carrier, and a mower.

Education. The beginning of creative activity

In 1924, Nikolai Nikolaevich graduated from school and went to work as a laborer at a concrete plant in Irpen, then got a job at a brick factory in the city of Bucha. In 1927, Nosov entered the Kiev Art Institute. However, having become interested in cinematography and photography, in 1929 he moved to the Moscow Institute of Cinematography. After graduating from an educational institution in 1932, Nikolai Nikolaevich began working as a director and director of educational, scientific and animated films for children in the Soyuzkino studio. In 1938, Nosov's stories were first published in the magazine "Murzilka", where such famous children's writers as S. Marshak, E. Blaginina, A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, B. Zakhoder were also published.

Mature creativity

During the Great Patriotic War, Nosov directed educational military-technical films. In 1945, Nosov’s collection “Knock-knock-knock” was published, which included previously published stories. In 1946, the writer’s next collection, “Steps,” was published. In 1947, the collection “Funny Stories” was published, and soon Nosov’s “Merry Family” (1949) and “The Diary of Kolya Sinitsyn” (1950) were published.

In 1952, the writer was awarded the Stalin Prize of the third degree for the story “Vitya Maleev at school and at home” (1951). In 1954, the children's film “Two Friends” was made based on the work. Soon other collections of Nosov’s stories were published - “On the Hill” (1953), “Hide and Seek” (1956), “Funny Stories and Tales” (1958).

Last years

A short biography of Nosov would be incomplete without mention of his late work. In 1969, the writer’s satirical collection “Ironic Humoresques” was published. In 1971 - 1972, Nosov created the autobiographical work “The Tale of My Friend Igor”, in 1977 - the artistic-memoir story “The Secret at the Bottom of the Well” (its first version, “The Tale of Childhood”).

On July 26, 1976, children's writer Nosov died. Nikolai Nikolaevich was buried at the Kuntsevo cemetery in Moscow.

Works about Dunno

The works of Nikolai Nikolaevich about Dunno received the greatest fame. After the first fairy tale (“Vintik, Shpuntik and the vacuum cleaner”), Nosov published a trilogy about his small, restless, comical and inquisitive hero. The fairy tales “The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends”, “Dunno in the Sunny City”, “Dunno on the Moon” have become very popular. For the children's trilogy in 1969, Nikolai Nikolaevich was awarded the State Krupskaya Prize.

Other biography options

• In the 1920s, Nosov became interested in chemistry and set up a chemical laboratory in the attic of his house. Nikolai Nikolaevich even intended to enter the chemistry department of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, but at the last moment he changed his mind.
• Nosov composed his first fairy tales for his son Peter and did not plan to publish them.
• According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Nikolai Nosov, whose biography covered the most difficult periods of Russian history (the First World War, the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War), was a very reserved and silent person in life.
• The trilogy about Dunno was illustrated by famous artists A. Laptev, G. Valk, A. Kanevsky, D. Bisti, I. Semenov, V. Goryaev and others.

Biography test

Take the final test on the short biography of Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov.

Soviet times Nikolai Nosov, who invented the famous hero Dunno, in life was an unsociable and silent person with a complex and unyielding character, but this did not stop him from creating very cheerful and funny works. The biography of Nikolai Nosov was not particularly different from the biographies of millions of his other compatriots, who were born during the turbulent years of wars and revolutions, but who nevertheless found the strength to live and create. Nosov was awarded many awards and medals, among them the Order of the Red Star (1943), the Stalin Prize of the 3rd degree (1952), the State Prize of the RSFSR. Krupskaya N.K. (1969).

Nikolai Nosov: biography

The writer was born in Kyiv on November 23, 1908. His father was an artist, and at the same time worked as a railway worker. Nikolai spent his entire childhood in the small town of Irpen near Kiev, where he went to study at the gymnasium.

The biography of Nikolai Nosov tells that the future writer was not the only child of his parents; he had two more brothers and a sister. Little Kolya loved going to his father’s concerts and performances. And the parents began to seriously think about the fact that perhaps their boy would become an artist. Kolya wanted to play the violin, but it turned out to be beyond his strength, and he abandoned this activity.

Hobbies

The biography of Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov further tells that the writer’s childhood and youth fell on the difficult years of the First World War and the Civil War. Hunger and cold were the companions of his family. As a result, all its members suffered from typhus, but God was merciful and none of them died. Nikolai himself later recalled that he was sick longer and more severely than anyone, and there was almost no hope for recovery. But, against all odds, he survived, and his mother simply cried with joy when he recovered. So he realized that tears come not only from grief.

In addition to music and theater, Nosov was attracted to photography, chess, and electrical engineering. Times were hard, so from the age of 14 he had to earn extra money selling newspapers, as a mower, and as a digger. After the revolution, their gymnasium became a seven-year school. After graduating in 1924, Nosov first went to work as a laborer at the Irpin concrete plant, and then to a brick factory in Bucha.

Search for a profession

Expanding further on the topic “Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov: biography,” I would like to note that from his youth the future writer became very interested in chemistry, he even had his own laboratory in the attic, where he and his friends conducted their experiments. It was then that he began to dream of becoming a chemist and wanted to enter the Kiev Polytechnic Institute. To do this, he went to study at an evening vocational school, after which his plans changed dramatically. At the age of 19, he decided that he would study at the Kiev Art Institute.

Then, after two years of study, in 1929 Nikolai Nosov was transferred to the Moscow Institute of Cinematography. The biography contains information that in 1932 he successfully completed it and went to work as a director and producer of animated, educational and scientific films.

Nikolai Nikolaevich partially reflected his autobiography in the book “The Secret at the Bottom of the Well.” During the Great Patriotic War, he worked as a director of educational military-technical films for the country's armed forces.

Creation

Then Nikolai Nosov tried himself as a children's writer in 1938. His first story was published under the title “Entertainers”, then “Living Hat”, “Wonderful Trousers”, “Dreamers”, “Mishkina Porridge” and others appeared. All these stories were published in the magazine “Murzilka”. In 1945, the first collection of stories, “Knock-Knock-Knock,” was published, and a year later another collection of his, “Steps,” was published.

Nikolai Nosov himself admitted that he became a children's writer completely by accident. It all started when he began to invent and tell funny stories to his son, and then he realized that this was the best activity for him that he could do. Nosov began to thoroughly study not only children's literature, but also child psychology. The writer believed that children should be treated with love, warmth and great respect, which is why his books became popular among children's audiences.

Other works for children

In 1947, another adventure collection by Nikolai Nosov, “Funny Stories,” was published. And his most famous stories were “The Cheerful Family” and “The Diary of Kolya Sinitsyn.”

In 1952, Nikolai Nosov was awarded the Stalin Prize, III degree, for the story “Vitya Maleev at school and at home.” A little later, in 1954, the children's film “Two Friends” was made based on it.

Using the examples of his heroes, he showed children what friendship, responsiveness, mutual assistance are, and how difficult it is to live without all this. Such bad qualities as envy, vanity and lies were very much condemned by Nikolai Nosov. The biography (it is also accessible and understandable for children) indicates that a moral educational theme can be traced in all his works.

Dunno

Nosov's most famous works were adventure stories about Dunno. It all started with his first work, “Vintik, Shpuntik and the Vacuum Cleaner,” followed by the trilogy “The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends,” “Dunno in the Sunny City,” and “Dunno on the Moon.”

The very first illustrator of his works about Dunno was A.M. Laptev, who gave the children’s viewer the image of a restless boy in a hat. Then G.O. took up illustrations of Nosov’s books. Valk, and then the artists I. Semenov, A. Kanevsky, E. Afanasyeva and others.

Ironic humoresques

Nikolai Nosov is not only a children's writer, in 1969 he published a collection of satires called “Ironic Humoresques,” which touched on issues of modern literature. He also wrote about teacher-student relationships, parent-child relationships, bad habits, etc.

The topic “Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov: biography” is very well revealed by his autobiographical work “The Tale of My Friend Igor,” consisting of three parts, which was written in 1972. The third part of this work, “The Secret at the Bottom of the Well,” was published in 1977, when the writer was no longer alive.

Nosov had two wives. The first wife died and left a son, fifteen-year-old Peter. The second wife had no children. The writer's son Pyotr Nosov was a photojournalist.

On July 26, 1976, the beloved writer Nikolai Nosov died in Moscow at the age of 68. His biography mentions that he is buried in the capital’s Kuntsevo cemetery.

5th grade

Lesson No. 24.

Subject. N.V.Gogol. Brief information about the writer. Little Russia in the life and fate of N.V. Gogol.

Target:

introduce the children to some facts from the biography of N.V. Gogol that influenced the development of the writer’s personality; recreate the atmosphere of the era of the early 19th century, introduce the history of the creation of the collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”;

to develop the ability to highlight the main thing in the message of the teacher and students, work with the textbook and illustrations;

to cultivate interest in the personality and work of N.V. Gogol.

Equipment: multimedia presentation.

DURING THE CLASSES.

2. Introductory speech by the teacher.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the most original Russian writers. His books are read all my life, each time in a new way. His word is perceived today as prophetic. Gogol is a man of an exceptional, tragic fate, a thinker who sought to unravel the historical fate of Russia.

It is impossible to overestimate the influence that Gogol had on Russian and world literature. Dostoevsky, speaking about himself and his literary contemporaries, said that they all came out of Gogol’s “The Overcoat.”

Domestic and foreign theater and cinema have turned and continue to turn to Gogol’s work, finding new content in it.

3. The story of the teacher and prepared students about N.V. Gogol.

Abstracts of the story (they can be written down in a notebook):

Years of life: 1809-1852.

Born in Ukraine on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province.

The father, Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, belonged to the new nobility, was interested in literature and even wrote several comedies in Ukrainian.

Mother Maria Ivanovna is the daughter of a wealthy landowner.

Ukraine is the cradle of the great writer. Little Russian legends and songs – the world of Gogol’s childhood.

He was educated at the Nizhyn gymnasium, where his interest in literature and painting, as well as his acting talent, showed.

After graduating from high school - St. Petersburg, public service. Meeting Pushkin (1831).

The name of the young writer became widely known after the publication of Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.

3.1. N.V. Gogol's childhood, his parents.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Bolshiye Sorochintsy on the border of the Mirgorod district of the Poltava province. Nicholas was named after the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas. According to family legend, he came from an old Ukrainian Cossack family and was a descendant of the famous Cossack Ostap Gogol, who was the hetman of Right Bank Ukraine at the end of the 17th century.

Great-great-grandfather Yan Yakovlevich, a graduate of the Kyiv Theological Academy, “went to the Russian side,” settled in the Poltava region, and from him the nickname “Yanovsky” came.

Gogol's father, Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, died when his son was 15 years old. Vasily Afanasyevich was educated at the Poltava Theological Seminary and retired early. He had the gift of a cheerful storyteller, and guests often came to him.

Not far from Vasilievka lived a rich relative - the nobleman Troshchinsky. Vasily Afanasyevich had to perform the duties of a manager, director, and artist for him. He staged plays, wrote plays himself and acted them out. His plays have not reached us.

Gogol's mother Maria Ivanovna, nee Kosyarovskaya, was married off at the age of fourteen. According to contemporaries, she was exceptionally pretty. The groom was twice her age. In addition to Nikolai, there were eleven more children in the family. There were six boys and six girls in total. The first two boys were stillborn. Gogol was the third child. The fourth son was Ivan, who died early. Then daughter Maria was born. All middle children also died in infancy. The last born were daughters Anna, Elizaveta and Olga.

Life in the village before school and after, during the holidays, went on in the fullest atmosphere of Ukrainian life, both lordly and peasant.

3.2. Years of study of N.V. Gogol.

At the age of ten, Gogol was taken to Poltava to one of the local teachers to prepare for the gymnasium; then he entered the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in Nizhyn. Gogol was not a diligent student, but had an excellent memory, prepared for exams in a few days and moved from class to class; he was very weak in languages ​​and made progress only in drawing and Russian literature.

Apparently, the gymnasium itself, which was not very well organized in the first years of its existence, was partly to blame for the poor teaching.

The shortcomings of school were made up for by self-education in a circle of comrades, where there were people who shared literary interests with Gogol.

Comrades contributed magazines; They started their own handwritten journal, where Gogol wrote a lot in poetry. At that time, he wrote poems, tragedies, historical poems and stories, as well as the satire “Something about Nezhin, or the law is not written for fools.” Along with literary interests, a love for the theater also developed, where Gogol, already distinguished by his unusual comedy, was the most active participant.

The death of his father was a heavy blow for the whole family. Concerns about business also fall on Gogol; he gives advice, reassures his mother, and must think about the future arrangement of his own affairs. The mother idolizes her son Nikolai, considers him a genius, she gives him the last of her meager funds to provide for his life in Nezhin, and subsequently in St. Petersburg. Nikolai also paid her all his life with ardent filial love. Later, he would renounce his share of the common family inheritance in favor of his sisters in order to devote himself entirely to literature.

Towards the end of his stay at the gymnasium, he dreams of broad social activity, which, however, he sees not at all in the literary field; no doubt under the influence of everything around him, he thinks to move forward and benefit society in the service. Thus, plans for the future were unclear; but Gogol was sure that he had a wide career ahead of him.

3.3. N.V. Gogol in St. Petersburg.

In December 1828, Gogol moved to St. Petersburg. Here, for the first time, severe disappointment awaited him: his modest means turned out to be completely insignificant in the big city, and his brilliant hopes were not realized as quickly as he expected. His letters home from that time are a mixture of this disappointment and a vague hope for a better future. He had a lot of character and practical enterprise in reserve: he tried to enter the stage, become an official, and devote himself to literature.

He was not accepted as an actor; the service was so meaningless that he began to feel burdened by it; the more attracted he was to the literary field. In St. Petersburg, at first he kept to a society of fellow countrymen, which consisted partly of former comrades. He realized that Little Russia aroused keen interest not only among Ukrainians, but also among Russians. The failures he experienced turned his poetic dreams to his native Ukraine, and from here arose the first plans for a work that was supposed to satisfy Gogol’s artistic needs, as well as bring practical benefits: these were plans for “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.”

3.4. Artistic portrait of N.V. Gogol.

In 1832, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka was published. In the same year, the artist A.G. Venetsianov asks his friends to get him this book, and in 1833 the writer and artist met, and in 1834 Gogol ordered his portrait from him

The artist accurately conveyed the appearance of the romantic writer. The portrait of young Gogol, taken from life, is unique.

A.S. Pushkin also painted a portrait of Gogol. His drawing is a phenomenon of special value. But Gogol in it looks a little older than in Venetsianov. This is no longer a dandy romantic and a merry fellow. Pushkin, as a subtle portrait artist, conveyed the features of the thinker.

In 1841, Gogol in Italy commissioned a portrait of his mother from the Russian artist F. Moller. S.T. Aksakov in “Memoirs” describes the appearance of Gogol who returned from Italy: “Gogol returned not at all the same dandy as he went abroad in 1836 and as depicted in the portrait drawn by Venetsianov. Gogol's appearance changed so much that he might not have been recognized. His beautiful blond hair lay almost to his shoulders, a beautiful mustache and goatee completed the change. Facial features have taken on a completely different meaning.” Moller’s portrait expresses a certain balance of thought and spirit, a harmonious state, and an elegant suit and hairstyle give a noble secularity. Gogol wanted to look exactly like this. That's how they know him. This is his most famous portrait.

In 1838 in Italy, fate brought Gogol together with the artist A. Ivanov, when he painted the painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People.”

The idea of ​​introducing Gogol into the painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People” is captured in a sketch of the same year in the figure of a penitent. Its similarity is absolute, but not only in external characteristic features - it is a portrait of spiritual confusion, contrition, repentance and fear of a sinner, his humiliation. Subsequently, in the painting, the artist rethought the image of Gogol in a different psychological key, but this unique portrait remained as evidence of spiritual drama.

At the end of 1840, in Gogol’s fate, as he himself said, “the right path, drawn from above, strengthened by thought and spirit,” emerges. We see Gogol of this time through the eyes of the brilliant A. Ivanov.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Gogol’s birth in 1909, a monument to him was erected in Moscow by sculptor N.A. Andreev. The image of Gogol also reflected the dramatic time when the monument was created.

Gogol's iconography is small, and he is different in all portraits. Only in all together - this is Gogol.

III. The history of the creation of “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”.

1. Introductory speech by the teacher.

Gogol turned out to be the only Russian classic who was able to organically combine in his work two fraternal Slavic cultures - Russian and Ukrainian. “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” represented a fresh, perky view of a writer who belonged to the all-Russian culture, a citizen of a great country.

2. The history of the book.

We cannot say exactly when the idea of ​​writing these stories in the Little Russian spirit was born. Probably soon after his arrival in St. Petersburg in the winter of 1829, when Gogol, in letters to his mother and sisters, asked to send him everything that had at least some relation to Ukrainian folk customs, costumes and legends: “You have a subtle, observant mind, you have a lot of you know the customs of our Little Russians... In the next letter I expect from you a description of the complete outfit of the village sexton, from the outer dress to the very boots with the name, as it was all called by the most inveterate, the most ancient, the least changed Little Russians... Another detailed description of the wedding, without missing out the smallest details... A few more words about carols, about Ivan Kupala, about mermaids. If there are, in addition, any spirits or brownies, then more details about them with names and deeds...” Even then he himself did not know why he was using the information received from his homeland. The career of an official has not yet developed, so maybe writing could at least bring in income? After all, he remembered from childhood the unforgettable stories of his grandmother Tatyana Semyonovna, with which she spoiled him every time he came to her rooms in Vasilyevka: about the Cossacks and the glorious ataman Ostap Gogol, about terrible witches, sorcerers and mermaids lying in wait for the traveler on dark paths.

Gogol first tried to present his works on Little Russian themes to the world in February 1830. His story in Ukrainian “Bisavryuk, or the Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala” was published in Otechestvennye zapiski.

The first part of “Evenings...” was ready in the summer of 1831, when Gogol lived in Pavlovsk in the house of Princess Vasilchikova. That summer, society was fleeing outside the city from the cholera epidemic in St. Petersburg, Pushkin rented a dacha in Tsarskoye Selo, and Gogol secured a position as a home teacher for the princess’s son, who was born mentally retarded. It is believed that Gogol visited Pushkin at Kitaeva’s dacha, where he read him excerpts from “Evenings...”

And the book is already being printed in St. Petersburg at a printing house on Bolshaya Morskaya Street. Returning to the city in August, the young author hurries to visit there to make sure for himself that everything is going well. The typesetters of the printing house, seeing him, turn away and shake their fists - that’s how the book given to them made them laugh.

Finally, at the beginning of September 1831, the book came out of print and arrived in bookstores. Laudatory reviews, “Evenings...” are in great demand. Who said about this work: “This is real gaiety, sincere, relaxed, without affectation, without stiffness”? Of course, Pushkin!

Gogol sends a copy of the book to his mother and immediately asks his sister Maria to continue sending him recordings of Ukrainian fairy tales and songs. Now, after such success, the second volume can be prepared for publication. This time, in his requests, Gogol is not limited to notes and observations alone: ​​“I remember very well that once in our church we all saw one girl in an old dress. She'll probably sell it. If you come across an old hat or dress somewhere from a man that is distinguished by something unusual, even if it is tattered, buy it!.. Put it all in one chest or suitcase, and if the opportunity arises, you can send it to me "

The second volume is published in March 1832 - the author is in seventh heaven, as he himself writes about in a letter to Danilevsky. A little earlier, in February 1832, another significant event took place - N.V. Gogol was invited to a dinner given by the publisher and bookseller A.F. Smirdin to celebrate the opening of a new store on Nevsky Prospekt. Among the guests are A.S. Pushkin, K.N. Batyushkov, F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech. Just a year ago it would have been impossible to dream of something like this.

For the sake of objectivity, it should be noted that there were also critical reviews of the book, but that’s how it should be! The highest clergy did not approve of “Evenings...” - of course, who would approve of flights on the devil!

Retelling Gogol’s wonderful stories is a thankless task. Let’s just say that the fun in “Evenings...” coexists with the creepy, blood-chilling. One sorcerer from “Terrible Vengeance” is worth it! Evil in these stories can be funny, like the devil in “The Night Before Christmas” or in “Sorochinskaya Fair”, or it can be disgusting and insidious, like the witch forcing a young man in love to kill a baby in order to get the desired bride in “The Evening on the Eve of Midsummer” . This neighborhood is not surprising for folk tales.

“Evenings...”, despite all its fabulousness, turned out to be surprisingly realistic - not only information sent by relatives was used, but also works on ethnography, linguistic articles and even treatises on witchcraft. Gogol himself admitted that he could not invent stories out of nothing; he needed a certain outline, which he unfolded into a bewitching narrative with amazing precision and skill.

3. Composition of the book.

“Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” consists of two parts, each of which begins with a preface and contains four stories

Part one

In Gogol's book there is a narrator, the author indicates that the stories were published by the pasichnik Rudy Panko. In the preface to the first part there are the following words: “What kind of unprecedented thing is this: “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”? What are these “Evenings”? And some beekeeper threw it into the light! God bless! They haven’t yet stripped the geese of their feathers and turned their rags into paper! There are still a few people, of all ranks and rabble, who have their fingers dirty in ink! The hunt also gave the beekeeper the urge to trudge after the others! Really, there’s so much printed paper that you can’t quickly think of anything to wrap it in.”

I heard, my prophetic heard all these speeches within a month! That is, I say that our brother, the farmer, should stick his nose out of his remote place into the big world - my fathers! It’s just like what happens sometimes when you go into the chambers of a great master: everyone surrounds you and starts to fool you. It would be nothing, let it be the highest lackey, no, some ragged boy, look - rubbish, who is digging in the back yard, and he will pester; and they will start stamping their feet from all sides. “Where, where, why? let's go, man, let's go!.." I'll tell you... But what can I say! It’s easier for me to go twice a year to Mirgorod, where neither the judge from the zemstvo court nor the venerable priest have seen me for five years, than to appear in this great world. But it seemed - don’t cry, give me an answer.

Here, my dear readers, don’t say this in anger (you may be angry that the beekeeper speaks to you simply, as if to some matchmaker or godfather), - here on our farms it has long been the custom: as soon as the work in the field will end, the man will climb up to rest on the stove for the whole winter, and our brother will hide his bees in a dark cellar, when you no longer see cranes in the sky or pears on the tree - then, just evening, probably somewhere in the end The streets are lit with lights, laughter and songs are heard from afar, the balalaika is strumming, and sometimes the violin, talking, noise... These are our vespers! They are, if you please, similar to your balls; I just can’t say that at all. If you go to balls, it is precisely to twirl your legs and yawn in your hand; and here a crowd of girls will gather in one hut, not at all for a ball, with a spindle, with combs; and at first they seem to be busy: the spindles are noisy, songs are flowing, and each one does not even raise an eye to the side; but as soon as the couple with the violinist arrives at the hut, a scream will rise, a shawl will start, dancing will begin and such things will happen that it is impossible to tell.

But it’s best when everyone huddles together in a tight group and starts asking riddles or just chatting. My God! What they won’t tell you! Where antiquities won't be dug up! What fears will not be caused! But nowhere, perhaps, were so many wonders told as at the evenings at the beekeeper Rudy Panka’s. Why the laity called me Rudy Pank - by God, I can’t say. And it seems that my hair is now more gray than red. But we, if you please, do not get angry, have this custom: when people give someone a nickname, it will remain forever and ever.

IV. Summing up the lesson.

V. Homework.

2. Find fragments of the story that talk about Oksana’s beauty and give details of her portrait. Prepare a story about her.

3.Write down key words that help tell about the character of the blacksmith Vakula. Write a story about a hero.

4. Group task: prepare an expressive reading of a passage based on roles from the words “Heaps of girls with bags broke into Chub’s hut and surrounded Oksana” to the words “The girls took the capricious beauty with them.”