home-Suits-Terraforming characters and abilities. Technical feasibility

Terraforming characters and abilities. Technical feasibility

In the world of Naruto, two years flew by unnoticed. Former newcomers joined the ranks of experienced shinobi at the rank of chunin and jonin. The main characters did not sit still - each became a student of one of the legendary Sannin - the three great ninjas of Konoha. The guy in orange continued his training with the wise but eccentric Jiraiya, gradually ascending to a new level of combat skill. Sakura became the assistant and confidant of the healer Tsunade, the new leader of the Leaf Village. Well, Sasuke, whose pride led to his expulsion from Konoha, entered into a temporary alliance with the sinister Orochimaru, and each believes that they are only using the other for the time being.

The brief respite ended, and events in Once again rushed with hurricane speed. In Konoha, the seeds of old strife sown by the first Hokage are sprouting again. The mysterious Akatsuki leader has set in motion a plan for world domination. There is turmoil in the Sand Village and neighboring countries, old secrets are resurfacing everywhere, and it is clear that someday the bills will have to be paid. The long-awaited continuation of the manga inspired new life into the series and new hope into the hearts of countless fans!

© Hollow, World Art

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    Swordsman Tatsumi, a simple boy from the countryside, goes to the Capital to earn money for his starving village.
    And when he gets there, he soon learns that the great and beautiful Capital is just an appearance. The city is mired in corruption, cruelty and lawlessness that comes from the Prime Minister, who rules the country from behind the scenes.
    But as everyone knows, “Alone in the field is no warrior,” and nothing can be done about it, especially when your enemy is the head of state, or rather the one who hides behind him.
    Will Tatsumi find like-minded people and be able to change something? Watch and find out for yourself.

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    Fairy Tail is a Guild of Hired Wizards, famous throughout the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, having become one of its members, she had ended up in the most wonderful Guild in the world... until she met her comrades - the explosive fire-breathing and flying Natsu, who sweeps away everything in his path talking cat Happy, the exhibitionist Gray, the boring berserker Elsa, the glamorous and loving Loki... Together they will have to overcome many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!

  • (46233)

    18-year-old Sora and 11-year-old Shiro are half-brother and sister, complete recluses and gambling addicts. When two loneliness met, an indestructible union was born " Empty place», terrifying for all eastern gamers. Although in public the boys are shaken and distorted in ways that are not childish, on the Internet little Shiro is a genius of logic, and Sora is a monster of psychology who cannot be fooled. Alas, worthy opponents soon ran out, which is why Shiro was so happy about the chess game, where the master’s handwriting was visible from the first moves. Having won to the limit of their strength, the heroes received an interesting offer - to move to another world, where their talents will be understood and appreciated!

    Why not? In our world, nothing holds Sora and Shiro, and the cheerful world of Disboard is ruled by the Ten Commandments, the essence of which boils down to one thing: no violence and cruelty, all disagreements are resolved in fair play. There are 16 races living in the game world, of which the human race is considered the weakest and most untalented. But the miracle guys are already here, in their hands is the crown of Elquia - the only country of people, and we believe that the successes of Sora and Shiro will not be limited to this. The Earth's envoys just need to unite all the races of Disbord - and then they will be able to challenge the god Tet - by the way, an old friend of theirs. But if you think about it, is it worth doing?

    © Hollow, World Art

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    Fairy Tail is a Guild of Hired Wizards, famous throughout the world for its crazy antics. The young sorceress Lucy was sure that, having become one of its members, she had found herself in the most wonderful Guild in the world... until she met her comrades - the explosive fire-breathing and sweeping away everything in his path Natsu, the flying talking cat Happy, the exhibitionist Gray , the boring berserker Elsa, the glamorous and loving Loki... Together they will have to defeat many enemies and experience many unforgettable adventures!

  • (62578)

    University student Kaneki Ken ends up in a hospital as a result of an accident, where he is mistakenly transplanted with the organs of one of the ghouls - monsters that feed on human flesh. Now he himself becomes one of them, and for people he turns into an outcast subject to destruction. But can he become one of the other ghouls? Or is there no more room for him in the world now? This anime will tell about the fate of Kaneki and the impact he will have on the future of Tokyo, where there is a continuous war between two species.

  • (34972)

    The continent that lies in the center of the Ignola ocean is the large central one and four more - Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western, and the gods themselves look after it, and it is called Ente Isla.
    And there is a name that plunges anyone on Ente Isla into Horror - the Lord of Darkness Mao.
    He's the boss other world where all the dark creatures live.
    He is the embodiment of fear and horror.
    The Lord of Darkness Mao declared war on the human race and sowed death and destruction throughout the continent of Ente Isla.
    The Lord of Darkness was served by 4 powerful generals.
    Adramelech, Lucifer, Alciel and Malacoda.
    The four Demon Generals led the attack on the 4 parts of the continent. However, a hero appeared and spoke out against the army of the underworld. The hero and his comrades defeated the troops of the Lord of Darkness in the west, then Adramelech in the north and Malacoda in the south. The hero led the united army of the human race and launched an attack on the central continent where the castle of the Lord of Darkness stood...

  • (33443)

    Yato is a wandering Japanese god in the form of a thin, blue-eyed youth in a tracksuit. In Shintoism, the power of a deity is determined by the number of believers, but our hero has no temple, no priests, all donations fit into a sake bottle. The guy in the neckerchief works as a handyman, painting advertisements on the walls, but things are going very badly. Even the tongue-in-cheek Mayu, who worked as a shinki—Yato’s Sacred Weapon—for many years, left her master. And without weapons, the younger god is no stronger than an ordinary mortal magician; he has to (what a shame!) hide from evil spirits. And who needs such a celestial being anyway?

    One day, a pretty high school girl, Hiyori Iki, threw herself under a truck to save some guy in black. It ended badly - the girl did not die, but gained the ability to “leave” her body and walk on the “other side.” Having met Yato there and recognizing the culprit of her troubles, Hiyori convinced the homeless god to heal her, for he himself admitted that no one can live long between worlds. But, having gotten to know each other better, Iki realized that the current Yato did not have enough strength to solve her problem. Well, you need to take matters into your own hands and personally guide the tramp on the right path: first, find a weapon for the unlucky one, then help him earn money, and then, you see, what happens. It’s not for nothing that they say: what a woman wants, God wants!

    © Hollow, World Art

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    IN high school Suimei University of Arts has many dormitories, and there is the Sakura apartment building. While hostels have strict rules, everything is possible at Sakura, which is why its local nickname is “madhouse.” Since in art genius and madness are always somewhere nearby, the inhabitants of the “cherry orchard” are talented and interesting guys who are too far out of the “swamp”. Take, for example, the noisy Misaki, who sells her own anime to major studios, her friend and playboy screenwriter Jin, or the reclusive programmer Ryunosuke, who communicates with the world only via the Internet and telephone. Compared to them, the main character Sorata Kanda is a simpleton who ended up in a “psychiatric hospital” just for... loving cats!

    Therefore, Chihiro-sensei, the head of the hostel, instructed Sorata, as the only sane guest, to meet his cousin Mashiro, who transfers to their school from distant Britain. The fragile blonde seemed like a real bright angel to Kanda. True, at a party with new neighbors, the guest behaved stiffly and said little, but the newly minted admirer attributed everything to understandable stress and fatigue from the road. Only real stress awaited Sorata in the morning when he went to wake up Mashiro. The hero realized with horror that his new friend, a great artist, was absolutely out of this world, that is, she was not even able to dress herself! And the insidious Chihiro is right there - from now on, Kanda will forever look after her sister, because the guy has already practiced on cats!

    © Hollow, World Art

  • (33618)

    In the 21st century, the world community finally managed to systematize the art of magic and raise it to a new level. Those who are able to use magic after completing the ninth grade in Japan are now welcome in magic schools - but only if applicants pass the exam. The quota for admission to the First School (Hachioji, Tokyo) is 200 students, the best hundred are enrolled in the first department, the rest are in the reserve, in the second, and teachers are assigned only to the first hundred, “Flowers”. The rest, the “Weeds,” learn on their own. At the same time, there is always an atmosphere of discrimination in the school, because even the forms of both departments are different.
    Shiba Tatsuya and Miyuki were born 11 months apart, making them the same year in school. Upon entering the First School, the sister finds herself among the Flowers, and the brother among the Weeds: despite the excellent theoretical knowledge, the practical part is not easy for him.
    In general, we are waiting for the study of a mediocre brother and an exemplary sister, as well as their new friends - Chiba Erika, Saijo Leonhart (or just Leo) and Shibata Mizuki - at the school of magic, the quantum physics, Tournament of Nine Schools and much more...

    © Sa4ko aka Kiyoso

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    The "Seven Deadly Sins", once great warriors revered by the British. But one day, they are accused of trying to overthrow the monarchs and killing a warrior from the Holy Knights. Subsequently, the Holy Knights stage a coup d'état and seize power into their own hands. And the “Seven Deadly Sins”, now outcasts, scattered throughout the kingdom, in all directions. Princess Elizabeth was able to escape from the castle. She decides to go in search of Meliodas, the leader of the Seven Sins. Now all seven must unite again to prove their innocence and avenge their expulsion.

  • (28416)

    2021 An unknown virus "Gastrea" came to earth and destroyed almost all of humanity in a matter of days. But this is not just a virus like some kind of Ebola or Plague. He doesn't kill a person. Gastrea is an intelligent infection that rearranges DNA turning the host into scary monster.
    The war began and eventually 10 years passed. People have found a way to isolate themselves from the infection. The only thing that Gastrea cannot tolerate is a special metal - Varanium. It was from this that people built huge monoliths and surrounded Tokyo with them. It seemed that now the few survivors could live behind the monoliths in peace, but alas, the threat has not gone away. Gastrea is still waiting for the right moment to infiltrate Tokyo and destroy the few remnants of humanity. There is no hope. The extermination of people is only a matter of time. But the terrible virus also had another effect. There are those who are already born with this virus in their blood. These children, the "Cursed Children" (Exclusively girls) have superhuman strength and regeneration. In their bodies, the spread of the virus is many times slower than in the body of an ordinary person. Only they can resist the creatures of “Gastrea” and humanity has nothing more to count on. Will our heroes be able to save the remaining living people and find a cure for the terrifying virus? Watch and find out for yourself.

  • (27521)

    The story in Steins,Gate takes place a year after the events of Chaos,Head.
    The intense plot of the game partly takes place in a realistically recreated area of ​​Akahibara, in famous place shopping otaku in Tokyo. The plot is as follows: a group of friends installs a device in Akihibara to send text messages to the past. A mysterious organization called SERN is interested in the experiments of the game's heroes, which is also engaged in its own research in the field of time travel. And now friends have to make enormous efforts to avoid being captured by SERN.

    © Hollow, World Art


    Added Episode 23β, which serves as an alternate ending and lead-up to the sequel in SG0.
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    Thirty thousand players from Japan and many more from around the world suddenly found themselves locked in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Legend of the Ancients. On the one hand, gamers were physically transported to a new world; the illusion of reality turned out to be almost flawless. On the other hand, the “victims” retained their previous avatars and acquired skills, user interface and leveling system, and death in the game only led to resurrection in the cathedral of the nearest large city. Realizing that there was no great goal, and no one named the price for exit, the players began to flock together - some to live and rule by the law of the jungle, others - to resist lawlessness.

    Shiroe and Naotsugu, in the world a student and a clerk, in the game - a cunning magician and a powerful warrior, have known each other for a long time from the legendary “Mad Tea Party” guild. Alas, those days are gone forever, but in the new reality you can meet old acquaintances and just good guys with whom you will not be bored. And most importantly, “Legends” appeared in the world indigenous people, which considers aliens to be great and immortal heroes. Involuntarily, you want to become a kind of knight of the Round Table, beating dragons and saving girls. Well, there are plenty of girls around, monsters and robbers too, and for relaxation there are cities like hospitable Akiba. The main thing is that you shouldn’t die in the game, it’s much more correct to live like a human being!

    © Hollow, World Art

  • (27854)

    The ghoul race has existed since time immemorial. Its representatives are not at all against people, they even love them - mainly in their raw form. Lovers of human flesh are outwardly indistinguishable from us, strong, fast and tenacious - but there are few of them, so ghouls have developed strict rules for hunting and camouflage, and violators are punished themselves or quietly handed over to fighters against evil spirits. In the age of science, people know about ghouls, but as they say, they are used to it. The authorities do not consider cannibals a threat; moreover, they view them as an ideal basis for creating super-soldiers. Experiments have been going on for a long time...

    The main character Ken Kaneki faces a painful search for a new path, because he realized that people and ghouls are similar: it’s just that some literally eat each other, others figuratively. The truth of life is cruel, it cannot be changed, and the one who does not turn away is strong. And then somehow!

  • (26987)

    In the world of Hunter x Hunter, there is a class of people called Hunters who, using psychic powers and trained in all manner of fighting, explore the wild corners of the mostly civilized world. Main character, a young man named Gon (Gun), the son of the great Hunter himself. His father mysteriously disappeared many years ago, and now, having grown up, Gon (Gong) decides to follow in his footsteps. Along the way he finds several companions: Leorio, an ambitious medical doctor whose goal is to get rich. Kurapika is the only survivor of his clan, whose goal is revenge. Killua is the heir to a family of assassins whose goal is training. Together they achieve their goal and become Hunters, but this is only the first step on their long journey... And ahead is the story of Killua and his family, the story of Kurapika’s revenge and, of course, training, new tasks and adventures! The series stopped with Kurapika's revenge... What awaits us next after all these years?

  • (26556)

    The action takes place in an alternate reality where the existence of demons has long been recognized; V Pacific Ocean there is even an island - “Itogamijima”, where demons are full citizens and have equal rights with people. However, there are also human magicians who hunt them, in particular, vampires. An ordinary Japanese schoolboy named Akatsuki Kojou for some unknown reason turned into a “purebred vampire”, the fourth in number. He begins to be followed by a young girl, Himeraki Yukina, or "blade shaman", who is supposed to monitor Akatsuki and kill him if he gets out of control.

  • (24907)

    The story tells of a young man named Saitama, who lives in a world ironically similar to ours. He is 25, bald and handsome, and, moreover, so strong that with one blow he can annihilate all dangers to humanity. He is looking for himself on the difficult path of life, simultaneously handing out slaps to monsters and villains.

  • (22744)

    Now you have to play the game. What kind of game it will be will be decided by roulette. The bet in the game will be your life. After death, people who died at the same time go to Queen Decim, where they have to play a game. But in fact, what is happening to them here is the Heavenly Judgment.

    • “Terra Formars” is an animated series that successfully combines action, science fiction and horror. If this title didn't exist, it should have been made.

    Long before the events of the series ( in our native 21st century) humanity begins the process of terraforming Mars. Having chosen the most effective and, importantly, cheapest method, scientists populate the Red Planet with moss and cockroaches. Five centuries later, the time has come to reap the fruits of painstaking and lengthy work, but humanity turns out to be completely unprepared for the results. The description of the series, which, by the way, is written very clumsily, tells us what surprises await on Mars and what method of solving problems the earthlings have chosen. And then the events of the anime begin, getting to know the characters and the very declared genres.

    The anime consists of far from new, but definitely exciting ideas that add up to an exciting plot. It's like a synthesis of Starship Troopers, The Fly, Mimicry and Attack on Titan, resulting in Terraforming. Everything about it is either excellent or good. Pleasant art and justifiable dullness are successfully combined with emotional tension, an abundance of battle scenes on Mars and dialogues on Earth, which here are akin to intertitles in a silent movie. In addition to this, there is a small bonus in the form of an excursion into botany and zoology. As an anime adaptation of the manga of the same name, there is no fault with the series. He consistently and almost without digression illustrates individual volumes. On the other hand, a series can exist on its own, and in this case the viewer has more reasons to get to the bottom of it. But is there a need for this?

    "Terra Formars" has a number of advantages, including a 13-episode format, a lot of action and interesting characters. The only thing essential The omission here is that the combination of action and a limited number of episodes adversely affects the development of characters. Everything else is a matter of taste.

    The characters here are really good, most of them are not stereotyped and attractive. The problem is that there are too many of them for 13 episodes, worthy ones are deprived of attention, which is a pity. As a result, one part of the heroes remains without proper empathy, but the other part ( in fact, units) received full screen time from the creators. And it turns out that against the backdrop of the undeniably most spectacular hero, Adolf Reinhardt, even the main characters seem insufficiently important, although intriguing.

    In conclusion, a few words about what can be mistakenly taken for shortcomings. We are talking about those few nuances that migrated from the base and lead to certain questions in the anime ( why, for example, from the Annex-1 crew, consisting of one hundred people, are hardly more than two dozen people combat-ready, or why are there more of the same combat-ready people in one detachment than in another?). In this case, you can endlessly blame the creators, or you can use your imagination and fill in the gaps yourself, justifying the ambiguous episode to a reasonable extent. The presence of controversial issues does not become a disadvantage just because of a reluctance to think and fantasize.

    In general, the series can be considered both as a 13-episode action film and as a prelude to something more, because there will definitely be a continuation. And this means only one thing: no matter how you look at it, Terra Formars is good.

    Ova as the beginning of the plot + 1 episode of the series = that’s the whole plot of this anime. The remaining 12 episodes are pure beautiful action with liters of blood, dismemberment and pheromones of rage. There are almost no complaints. There are a couple of funny moments where I was facepalming

    poor Adolf, such a powerful fighter is entrusted with supervising the useless, and moreover - stupid people. I really can’t imagine why it was necessary to send pacifists and pissants to Mars with such a hostile environment. They are of no use, and guarding them also distracts from battles. Or those moments when a commander bows to a subordinate, when a pumped-up terraformar stands 20 meters away. Well lol let's go.


    The trick with cockroaches and human hybrids worked perfectly. Especially for me, because... I live in a dorm, so the war against cockroaches goes on non-stop. These are the moments when the author posed a really good question: “We crush cockroaches without thinking. What would happen if cockroaches started crushing people?”
    And by the way, the design of the terraformars was done with a bang. These mechanical actions, eyes that express nothing but primitive instincts, voice acting. And a wide range of emotions is conveyed through the eyes of all the characters. which better reveals the theme of drama in the series.
    Both the opening and the ending are nothing at all. Well, it depends on everyone, but as for me, with a good opening, the anime is better perceived and remembered in long time.
    8/10 will last for a couple of evenings.

    I don't understand why the series is so criticized. It fully corresponds to all the described genres. Weak plot? Well, there’s no detective or psychological here, this is an action movie about terrible cockroaches from Mars. For its genre, an excellent plot, blood and guts, drama, muscles, cute mustaches of the heroes.
    I like the setting and story. About color scheme they wrote above that everything is gray and dirty, well, they didn’t come to pick flowers on Mars, this is a war of survival, it’s dirty and disgusting. I also liked the battles, dynamic and brutal, the opening matches the atmosphere, the characters die like cockroaches - forgive me my pun)
    Regarding the fact that the expedition was trained for 2 years, but they did not live up to expectations and were mowed down almost immediately - I can add that the expedition is not destructive, but research, and in my opinion it is obvious that some of the Persians will not be combative and seem to be useless. Adolf is a sweetheart, I listened to his sermon with bated breath. 8/10 is quite good for its genre.

    I've watched so many different anime, but this one managed to surprise me. I have never seen anything like this anywhere before. Even if it’s a little boring in places and makes you want to yawn, even if there were very few events in 13 episodes (in fact less than a day passed). However, this title knows how to surprise. You constantly worry about the heroes, because you don’t know whether he will survive or not. It’s generally difficult to guess when and who will die, everything happens too unexpectedly. Sometimes, when you stop to “chat” during a battle (as often happens in anime), you want to shout to them through the screen to be careful, since they can really be killed during the conversation. The idea itself with cockroaches, although crazy, is interesting and unusual. The anime clearly stands out from others, for which it deserves special respect.

    Terraforming(from Latin terra - earth and format- species) - a change in the climatic conditions of a planet, satellite or other cosmic body to bring the atmosphere, temperature and environmental conditions to a state suitable for habitation of terrestrial animals and plants. Today this problem is of mainly theoretical interest, but in the future it may be developed in practice.

    The term "terraforming" was coined by Jack Williamson in a science fiction story published in 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction, although the idea of ​​converting planets to Earth-like conditions had been present in earlier works by other science fiction writers.

    Factors that may lead to the need to settle other planets

    The practical significance of terraforming is determined by the need to ensure the normal existence and development of humanity. Over time, the growth of the Earth's population, environmental and climatic changes can create a situation where the lack of suitable territory for habitation will threaten the continued existence and development of earthly civilization. Such a situation, for example, will be created by inevitable changes in the size and activity of the Sun, which will greatly change living conditions on Earth. Therefore, humanity will naturally strive to move to a more comfortable zone.

    Besides natural factors, the consequences of the activities of humanity itself can also play a significant role: the economic or geopolitical situation on the planet; global catastrophe caused by the use of weapons of mass destruction; exhaustion natural resources planets, etc.

    The possibility of relocation to extraterrestrial colonies may, over time, lead to the formation of cultural traditions where the relocation of people to colonies will continue continuously for many generations. Cultural traditions can be changed by the progress of medicine, which can lead to a significant extension of human life. This, in turn, can lead to a “conflict of generations”, when representatives of younger generations and older ones begin to fight among themselves for vital resources. In general, the possibility of resolving political conflicts by emigrating dissidents to colonies can significantly change the political structure of many democratic states. In this case, the process of creating new colonies will be similar to the process of building “elite” microdistricts, when colonies are created by commercial structures in the hope of recoupment; or, conversely, the construction of public housing for the poor to reduce crime in slums and reduce the influence of political opposition in them. Sooner or later, the “real estate” in the Solar System will be divided, and the process of resettlement will not be limited to planetary objects existing in the Solar System, but will be directed towards others star systems. Feasibility Question similar projects depends on manufacturability and the allocation of sufficient resources. As in any other super-projects (such as the construction of huge hydroelectric power stations or railways"from sea to sea", or, say, the Panama Canal), the risk and size of the investment are too great for one organization and with high probability will require intervention government agencies and attracting appropriate investments. Time for implementation of projects for terraforming near-Earth space in best case scenario can be measured in decades or even centuries.

    Criteria for the suitability of planets for terraforming

    • A habitable planet (a planet like Earth) most suitable for habitation.
    • A biologically comparable planet, that is, a planet in a state similar to Earth's billions of years ago.
    • An easily terraformable planet. Terraforming a planet of this type can be done at minimal cost. For example, a planet with a temperature exceeding the optimum for an Earth-type biosphere can be cooled by spraying dust into the atmosphere according to the “nuclear winter” principle. A planet with an insufficiently high temperature, on the contrary, can be heated by carrying out targeted nuclear strikes on hydrate deposits, which would lead to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

    Not every planet can be suitable not only for settlement, but also for terraforming. For example, in the solar system, gas giants are unsuitable for terraforming, since they do not have a solid surface, and also have high gravity (for example, Jupiter has 2.4, that is, 23.54 m/s²) and a strong radiation background (at approaching Jupiter, the Galileo spacecraft received a dose of radiation 25 times higher than the lethal dose for humans). In the Solar System, Mars has the most suitable conditions for supporting life after terraforming. The remaining planets are either unsuitable for terraforming or encounter significant difficulties in transforming climatic conditions.

    The suitability of planets for terraforming depends on physical conditions on their surface. The main ones of these conditions are:

    • Acceleration of free fall on the surface of the planet. The gravity of the terraformed planet must be sufficient to maintain an atmosphere with the appropriate gas composition and humidity. Planets that are too small in size and, therefore, mass are completely unsuitable, since there will be a rapid leakage of the atmosphere into outer space. In addition, a certain degree of attraction is necessary for the normal existence of living organisms on the planet, their reproduction and sustainable development. Too high gravity can also make a planet unsuitable for terraforming due to the impossibility of a comfortable existence for people on it.
    • Amount of solar energy received. To carry out work on terraforming planets, a sufficient amount of solar energy is required to warm the surface and atmosphere of the planet. First of all, the illumination of the planet by the Sun (as well as by any other parent star) must be sufficient to warm the planet’s atmosphere at least until an artificial greenhouse effect is achieved to maintain temperatures on the surface sufficient for the stable presence of water in a liquid state. Illumination is also necessary for energy reproduction using photo- or thermal converters and for performing terraforming tasks. In terms of illumination, the zone in which there is the necessary amount of solar energy and in which suitable planets are located reaches the orbit of Saturn, and therefore in deeper regions of space terraforming is currently impossible. In the future, with the expansion of the Sun, a level of energy sufficient to support life for a short time (several hundred million years) will be within the orbit of Pluto or even in the near regions of the Kuiper Belt.
    • Availability of water. The amount of water necessary to support the population of the planet with plants and animals is one of the constant conditions for the possibility of settlement and successful terraforming. There are not many planets in the Solar System that have sufficient volumes of water, and in this regard, besides Earth, only Mars and the satellites of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) and Saturn can be mentioned. In other cases, it is necessary to either bring water to the planet using technical means, or abandon terraforming. Planets with an excessive amount of water, as well as the above-mentioned satellites of Jupiter and Saturn covered with a continuous layer of ice, may also be unsuitable for settlement for the reason that colonists would have to bring all the necessary elements of the periodic table with them, since all minerals would be buried under many kilometers of water. layer of ice.
    • Radiation background on the planet.
    • Surface characteristics. It is obvious that on gas giant planets it is almost impossible to create a solid surface. The technological level for this must be an order of magnitude higher than for “defrosting” an earth-like planet by spraying soot over the surface. The same applies to a planet with ammonia glaciers several hundred kilometers deep or a planet with high volcanic activity. Problems associated with constant eruptions of molten rock, earthquakes, or tidal waves (similar to tsunamis on Earth) will also pose significant challenges to terraforming.
    • The planet has a magnetic field. IN Lately there is evidence that in the absence magnetic field The solar wind actively interacts with the upper layers of the atmosphere. In this case, water molecules are split into hydrogen and the hydroxyl group OH. Hydrogen leaves the planet, which becomes completely dehydrated. A similar mechanism operates on Venus.
    • Asteroid situation. In a planetary system where the asteroid situation differs from ours for the worse, that is, where the asteroid belt is dangerously close to the proposed settlement site, the planet may be at risk of frequent collisions with asteroids, which can cause significant damage to the surface of the planet and thereby return it to its previous state (before terraforming). This means that in such a system, terraformers will have to create means of “regulating asteroid motion,” which will require a fairly high technological level.

    “Conditions for habitability of flora and fauna” according to McKay

    Parameter Meaning Explanation
    average temperature 0 - 30 °C The average surface temperature should be around 15°C
    Flora
    Average atmospheric pressure > 10 kPa The main components of the atmosphere should be water vapor, O 2, N 2, CO 2
    O2 partial pressure > 0.1 kPa Plant respiration
    CO2 partial pressure > 15 Pa The lower limit for the conditions for the photosynthesis reaction to occur; no clear upper limit
    Partial pressure N 2 > 0.1-1 kPa Nitrogen fixation
    Fauna
    Average atmospheric pressure > 5 kPa
    < 500 кПа
    O2 partial pressure > 25 kPa
    CO2 partial pressure < 10 кПа Limiting CO 2 content to avoid intoxication
    Partial pressure N 2 > 30 kPa Buffer content

    Orbits of planets in the Gliese 581 system

    Preterraforming

    Preterraforming (paraterraforming listen)) - an intermediate step between a planetary station and final terraforming, such as the construction of a garden city, essentially a huge artificial biosphere. This kind of greenhouse-biosphere can cover the entire planet, especially in conditions of low gravity, in which the planet does not retain its own atmosphere around it. This technological solution also eliminates the problem of cooling the atmosphere: inner surface greenhouses can be coated with a microscopically thin layer of aluminum that reflects infrared radiation. With this type of terraforming, colonists receive comfortable living conditions almost immediately upon arrival on the planet, since it is technologically not difficult to make a protective dome from light material so that it can be transported on one transport ship of an acceptable size. The dome can be made of soft material and maintain its shape due to internal pressure. However, when colonizing planets with a dense atmosphere (for example, Venus), this option is not applicable. (Under the conditions of Venus or a similar planet with a dense atmosphere, it is possible to create a giant dome-type settlement, turned into a balloon, since the earth’s air, that is, a mixture of nitrogen with 21% oxygen, weighs lighter than the Venusian atmosphere, and the lifting force of the air in the atmosphere Venus accounts for about 40% of the lifting force of helium.) With a dome roof height of several kilometers inside such a biosphere, the climate will be similar to that of Earth and can be controlled. A similar colony can be placed in a geological depression, such as a crater or valley, to place the base of the dome above the bottom of the depression. In modern large cities, the population density sometimes reaches 10,000 people/km². At the same time, there is space for parks, gardens, beaches and other recreational facilities that provide residents with the opportunity to relax. For a colony of a million people in size, it will be necessary to build a biosphere with a size of about 100 km², that is, a hemisphere with a diameter of 12 km and a weight (without guy wires, frame and other supporting devices) of 15 thousand tons or 15 kg per person (that is, less than hand luggage that can be carried airplane passengers). There will undoubtedly be a danger of the system depressurizing in such emergency situations as an asteroid fall, a spaceship crash, or a terrorist attack. In the event of hostilities, the surface of the dome will be the enemy's first target. This means that such a colony will be forced to spend significant resources on defense-type activities. One way or another, the concept of the biosphere is quite realistic, taking into account the development of modern technologies, and the question of the feasibility of the project depends on reducing the cost of delivering cargo to the “high” Earth orbit, which this moment costs about $10,000 per kg.

    Prospects for terraforming planets and satellites of the solar system

    Moon

    Terraformed Moon as seen from Earth; artist's drawing

    What happens if you combine Marvel comics and Japanese animation? That's right, it will be something like TerraFormers.
    But seriously, the series is very ambiguous: on the one hand, there is a common sense idea that when “letting the genie out of the bottle,” a person often does not think about the consequences (there are no moral and ethical standards in military science; in order to obtain new weapons, the military is ready to carry out any experiments on the use of ammunition, viruses, artificial mutations and various drugs even on citizens of their own countries, often without informing anyone); on the other hand, greetings from the senseless and merciless Starship Troopers. A long-standing question arises: “Why all this?” Why not use unmanned combat vehicles (even just a large bulldozer would do), why send people to slaughter without even properly arming them? The answer is simple: all for the sake of spectacle! All in order to show more terrible deaths and cool battles between various monsters (previously, one of the channels even had a program about beetle battles - there you could see who would win the praying mantis or the bulldog ant, etc.). It seems that, inspired by this idea, the authors decided that cutting cockroaches from rapid-firing aircraft cannons is not as cool as forcing them to fight “hand-to-hand.” Moreover, the “dirty trick” of the anime and film industry was used: to tie the viewer to the character, make him believe that he is one of the main ones, and then brutally kill him almost at the beginning of the story. Would you say that we are breaking stereotypes? No! You should be ashamed, fellow authors!
    According to the laws of the genre, each character has a terrible past and no future. They make you worry about everyone. Gradually, this artificial pressure begins to irritate: well, why, a couple of seconds before the death of absolutely minor characters, explain that this one comes from a collective farm in Peru and flew to pay the debts of his native village, which suffered from a natural disaster; but her husband left her, leaving in his arms a terminally ill seven-year-old son, etc. When they try to force a tear out of a viewer, it is, to put it mildly, very upsetting.
    And so, in order to take a break from the meaningless “mochilov”, towards the end they give us riddles and terrible secrets. I think it's a little late. This won't fix anything.
    In general, if we agree that there is magic here, then watching becomes somehow easier and more interesting: the incredible and sometimes simply strange transformations, growing limbs (without a general loss of body weight - well, that’s where the material for the new arm suddenly came from) no longer hurts the eye, and even with huge claws) and fantastic abilities.
    Well, if we put aside emotions and stifle the desire to swear about every mistake we see, then we have a rather exciting story with excellent panache. The intense plot does not allow you to stop watching halfway through and despite all the criticism, you still want a continuation.



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