Levitation in a magnetic field without rotation. It is possible to make a magnetic motor with your own hands
Studying the Faraday disk and the so-called. "Faraday's paradox", carried out several simple experiments and made some interesting conclusions. First of all, about what you should pay the most attention to in order to better understand the processes occurring in this (and similar) unipolar machine.
Understanding the principle of operation of a Faraday disk also helps to understand how all transformers, coils, generators, electric motors (including a unipolar generator and unipolar motor), etc. work in general.
In the note there are pictures and detailed video with different experiments illustrating all the conclusions without formulas and calculations, "on fingers".
All of the following is an attempt at comprehension without claims to academic reliability.
Direction of magnetic field lines
The main conclusion that I made for myself: the first thing you should always pay attention to in such systems is magnetic field geometry, direction and configuration of power lines.
Only the geometry of the magnetic field lines, their direction and configuration can bring some clarity to the understanding of the processes occurring in a unipolar generator or unipolar motor, Faraday disk, as well as any transformer, coil, electric motor, generator, etc.
For myself, I distributed the degree of importance as follows: 10% physics, 90% geometry(magnetic field) to understand what is happening in these systems.
Everything is described in more detail in the video (see below).
It must be understood that the Faraday disk and the external circuit with sliding contacts one way or another form a well-known frame- it is formed by a section of the disk from its center to the point of connection with the sliding contact at its edge, and also entire external circuit(conductors suitable for contacts).
Direction of Lorentz force, Ampere
The Ampere force is a special case of the Lorentz force (see Wikipedia).
The two pictures below show the Lorentz force acting on positive charges in the entire circuit ("frame") in the field of a donut magnet. for the case when the external circuit is rigidly connected to a copper disk(i.e. when there are no sliding contacts and the external circuit is directly soldered to the disk).
1 rice. - for the case when the entire chain rotates by external mechanical force (“generator”).
2 rice. - for the case when direct current is supplied through the circuit from an external source (“motor”).
Click on one of the pictures to enlarge.
The Lorentz force manifests itself (current is generated) only in sections of the circuit moving in a magnetic field
Unipolar generator
So, since the Lorentz force acting on the charged particles of a Faraday disk or unipolar generator will act oppositely on different sections of the circuit and disk, then to obtain current from this machine, only those sections of the circuit (if possible) should be set in motion (rotate) in the direction Lorentz forces in which will coincide. The remaining sections must either be stationary or excluded from the chain, or rotate in the opposite direction.
Rotation of the magnet does not change the uniformity of the magnetic field around the axis of rotation (see the last section), so whether the magnet stands or rotates does not matter (although there are no ideal magnets, and field inhomogeneity around magnetization axis caused by insufficient magnet quality, also has some influence on the result).
Here, an important role is played by which part of the entire circuit (including supply wires and contacts) rotates and which is stationary (since the Lorentz force arises only in the moving part). And most importantly - in what part of the magnetic field where the rotating part is located, and from which part of the disk the current is drawn.
For example, if the disk protrudes far beyond the magnet, then in the part of the disk protruding beyond the edge of the magnet, you can remove a current in the direction opposite to the current, which can be removed in the part of the disk located directly above the magnet.
Unipolar motor
All of the above about the generator is also true for the “engine” mode.
If possible, current should be supplied to those parts of the disk in which the Lorentz force will be directed in one direction. It is these areas that need to be freed, allowing them to rotate freely and “break” the chain in the appropriate places by placing sliding contacts (see pictures below).
The remaining areas should, if possible, either be excluded or their influence minimized.
Video - experiments and conclusions
Time of different stages of this video:
3 min 34 sec- first experiments
7 min 08 sec- what to pay the main attention to and continuation of experiments
16 min 43 sec- key explanation
22 min 53 sec- MAIN EXPERIENCE
28 min 51 sec- Part 2, interesting observations and more experiments
37 min 17 sec- erroneous conclusion of one of the experiments
41 min 01 sec- about Faraday's paradox
What is repelled from what?
A fellow electronics engineer and I discussed this topic for a long time and he expressed an idea built around the word " pushes off".
The idea with which I agree is that if something starts to move, then it must start from something. If something moves, then it moves relative to something.
In simple terms, we can say that part of the conductor (external circuit or disk) is repelled by the magnet! Accordingly, repulsive forces act on the magnet (through the field). Otherwise, the whole picture collapses and loses its logic. For magnet rotation, see the section below.
In the pictures (you can click to enlarge) there are options for the “engine” mode.
The same principles apply to the generator mode.
Here action-reaction occurs between two main “participants”:
Accordingly, when the disk rotates, and the magnet is stationary, then action-reaction occurs between magnet and part of the disk .
And when magnet rotates together with the disk, then action-reaction occurs between magnet and external part of the chain (fixed supply conductors). The fact is that the rotation of a magnet relative to the outer section of the circuit is the same as the rotation of the outer section of the circuit relative to a stationary magnet (but in the opposite direction). In this case, the copper disk is almost not involved in the “repulsion” process.
It turns out that, unlike charged particles of a conductor (which can move inside it), the magnetic field is rigidly connected to the magnet. Incl. along a circle around the magnetization axis.
And one more conclusion: the force attracting two permanent magnets is not some mysterious force perpendicular to the Lorentz force, but this is the Lorentz force. It's all about the "rotation" of electrons and that very " geometry". But that is another story...
Rotation of a bare magnet
At the end of the video there is a funny experience and a conclusion about why Part An electrical circuit can be made to rotate, but a donut magnet can be made to rotate around the magnetization axis - this does not work (with a stationary DC electrical circuit).
A conductor can be torn in places opposite the direction of the Lorentz force, but a magnet cannot be torn
The fact is that the magnet and the entire conductor (the external circuit and the disk itself) form a connected pair - two interacting systems, each of which closed inside yourself . In the case of a conductor - closed electrical circuit, in the case of a magnet, the lines of force are “closed” magnetic field.
At the same time, in an electrical circuit, a conductor can be physically break without disturbing the circuit itself (by placing the disk and sliding contacts), in those places where the Lorentz force “turns around” in the opposite direction, “letting go” of different sections of the electrical circuit to move (rotate) each in its own direction, opposite to each other, and breaking the “chain” of force lines of the magnetic field or magnet, so that different sections of the magnetic field “did not interfere” with each other - apparently impossible (?). It seems that no semblance of “sliding contacts” for a magnetic field or magnet has yet been invented.
Therefore, a problem arises with the rotation of a magnet - its magnetic field is an integral system, which is always closed in itself and inseparable in the body of the magnet. In it, opposing forces in areas where the magnetic field is multidirectional are mutually compensated, leaving the magnet motionless.
Wherein, Job Lorentz and Ampere forces in a fixed conductor in a magnetic field apparently go not only to heating the conductor, but also to distortion of magnetic field lines magnet.
BY THE WAY! It would be interesting to conduct an experiment in which, through a stationary conductor located in the field of a magnet, pass huge current, and see how the magnet will react. Will the magnet heat up, demagnetize, or maybe it will simply break into pieces (and then I wonder - in what places?).
All of the above is an attempt to comprehend without claims to academic reliability.
Questions
What remains not completely clear and requires verification:
1. Is it still possible to make a magnet rotate separately from the disk?
If you give both the disk and the magnet the opportunity, freely rotate independently of each other, and apply current to the disk through the sliding contacts, will both the disk and the magnet rotate? And if so, in which direction will the magnet rotate? The experiment requires a large neodymium magnet - I don’t have one yet. With a regular magnet there is not enough magnetic field strength.
2. Rotating different parts of the disk in different directions
If done freely rotating independently of each other and from a stationary magnet - the central part of the disk (above the “donut hole” of the magnet), the middle part of the disk, as well as the part of the disk protruding beyond the edge of the magnet, and apply current through the sliding contacts (including sliding contacts between these rotating parts of the disk ) - will the central and outer parts of the disk rotate in one direction, and the middle part in the opposite direction?
3. Lorentz force inside a magnet
Does the Lorentz force act on particles inside a magnet whose magnetic field is distorted by external forces?
As shown earlier, one of the most important advantages of multiphase systems is the production of a rotating magnetic field using stationary coils, on which the operation of AC motors is based. Let's begin our consideration of this issue by analyzing the magnetic field of a coil with a sinusoidal current.
Magnetic field of a coil with sinusoidal current
When a sinusoidal current is passed through the winding of a coil, it creates a magnetic field, the induction vector of which changes (pulsates) along this coil also according to a sinusoidal law. The instantaneous orientation of the magnetic induction vector in space depends on the winding of the coil and the instantaneous direction of the current in it and is determined by the right-hand gimlet rule. So for the case shown in Fig. 1, the magnetic induction vector is directed upward along the axis of the coil. After half a period, when at the same magnitude the current changes its sign to the opposite one, the magnetic induction vector at the same absolute value will change its orientation in space by 1800. Taking into account the above, the magnetic field of a coil with a sinusoidal current is called pulsating.
Circular rotating magnetic field of two- and three-phase windings
A circular rotating magnetic field is a field whose magnetic induction vector, without changing in magnitude, rotates in space with a constant angular frequency.
To create a circular rotating field, two conditions must be met:
The axes of the coils must be shifted in space relative to each other by a certain angle (for a two-phase system - by 90 0, for a three-phase system - by 120 0).
The currents feeding the coils must be shifted in phase according to the spatial displacement of the coils.
Let's consider obtaining a circular rotating magnetic field in the case of a two-phase Tesla system (Fig. 2,a).
When harmonic currents are passed through the coils, each of them, in accordance with the above, will create a pulsating magnetic field. Vectors and, characterizing these fields, are directed along the axes of the corresponding coils, and their amplitudes also change according to a harmonic law. If the current in coil B lags behind the current in coil A by 90 0 (see Fig. 2,b), then .
Let us find the projections of the resulting magnetic induction vector on the x and y axes of the Cartesian coordinate system associated with the axes of the coils:
The module of the resulting magnetic induction vector in accordance with Fig. 2.v is equal
The resulting relationships (1) and (2) show that the vector of the resulting magnetic field is unchanged in magnitude and rotates in space with a constant angular frequency, describing a circle, which corresponds to a circular rotating field.
Let us show that a symmetrical three-phase system of coils (see Fig. 3, a) also makes it possible to obtain a circular rotating magnetic field.
Each of the coils A, B and C, when passing harmonic currents through them, creates a pulsating magnetic field. The vector diagram in space for these fields is shown in Fig. 3, b. For projections of the resulting magnetic induction vector onto
axes of the Cartesian coordinate system, the y-axis of which is aligned with the magnetic axis of phase A, can be written
The given relations take into account the spatial arrangement of the coils, but they are also fed by a three-phase current system with a temporary phase shift of 1200. Therefore, for the instantaneous values of the coil inductions, the relations take place
;
;.
Substituting these expressions into (3) and (4), we get:
|
|
In accordance with (5) and (6) and Fig. 2.c for the magnitude of the magnetic induction vector of the resulting field of three coils with current can be written:
,
and the vector itself makes an angle a with the x-axis, for which
,
Thus, in this case, there is a constant magnetic induction vector, rotating in space with a constant angular frequency, which corresponds to a circular field.
Magnetic field in an electric machine
In order to strengthen and concentrate the magnetic field in an electric machine, a magnetic circuit is created for it. An electric machine consists of two main parts (see Fig. 4): a stationary stator and a rotating rotor, made respectively in the form of hollow and solid cylinders.
There are three identical windings on the stator, the magnetic axes of which are shifted along the bore of the magnetic core by 2/3 of the pole division, the value of which is determined by the expression
,
where is the radius of the magnetic core bore, and p is the number of pole pairs (the number of equivalent rotating permanent magnets creating a magnetic field - in the case shown in Fig. 4, p = 1).
In Fig. 4 solid lines (A, B and C) mark the positive directions of the pulsating magnetic fields along the axes of the windings A, B and C.
Assuming the magnetic permeability of steel to be infinitely large, let us construct a distribution curve of the magnetic induction in the air gap of the machine, created by the winding of phase A, for a certain moment t (Fig. 5). When constructing, we take into account that the curve changes abruptly at the locations of the coil sides, and in areas devoid of current, there are horizontal sections.
Z 
Let us replace this curve with a sinusoid (it should be noted that in real machines, due to the appropriate design of the phase windings for the resulting field, such a replacement is associated with very small errors). Taking the amplitude of this sinusoid for the selected time t equal to VA, we write
|
|
;|
|
.Having summed up relations (10)…(12), taking into account the fact that the sum of the last terms on their right-hand sides is identically equal to zero, we obtain for the resulting field along the air gap of the machine the expression
which is the traveling wave equation.
Magnetic induction is constant if 
. Thus, if you mentally select a certain point in the air gap and move it along the magnetic core bore at a speed
,
then the magnetic induction for this point will remain unchanged. This means that over time, the magnetic induction distribution curve, without changing its shape, moves along the circumference of the stator. Therefore, the resulting magnetic field rotates at a constant speed. This speed is usually determined in revolutions per minute:
.
Operating principle of asynchronous and synchronous motors
The design of an asynchronous motor corresponds to the image in Fig. 4. The rotating magnetic field created by the current-carrying windings located on the stator interacts with the rotor currents, causing it to rotate. The most widely used currently is an asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor due to its simplicity and reliability. Current-carrying copper or aluminum rods are placed in the grooves of the rotor of such a machine. The ends of all the rods at both ends of the rotor are connected by copper or aluminum rings that short-circuit the rods. This is where the rotor got its name.
Eddy currents arise in the short-circuited rotor winding under the influence of the emf caused by the rotating field of the stator. Interacting with the field, they involve the rotor in rotation at a speed fundamentally lower than the rotation speed of the field 0. Hence the name of the engine - asynchronous.
Magnitude
called relative slip. For standard motors S=0.02…0.07. The inequality of the speeds of the magnetic field and the rotor becomes obvious if we take into account that the rotating magnetic field will not cross the current-carrying rods of the rotor and, therefore, currents involved in the creation of rotating torque will not be induced in them.
The fundamental difference between a synchronous motor and an asynchronous one is the design of the rotor. The latter in a synchronous motor is a magnet made (at relatively low powers) on the basis of a permanent magnet or on the basis of an electromagnet. Since opposite poles of magnets attract, the rotating magnetic field of the stator, which can be interpreted as a rotating magnet, drags along the magnetic rotor, and their speeds are equal. This explains the name of the motor - synchronous.
In conclusion, we note that unlike an asynchronous motor, which usually does not exceed 0.8...0.85, with a synchronous motor it is possible to achieve a higher value and even make it so that the current will lead the voltage in phase. In this case, like capacitor banks, a synchronous machine is used to improve the power factor.
Literature
Basics circuit theory: Textbook. for universities / G.V. Zeveke, P.A. Ionkin, A.V. Netushil, S.V. Strakhov. –5th ed., revised. –M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989. -528 p.
Bessonov L.A. Theoretical foundations of electrical engineering: Electric circuits. Textbook for students of electrical engineering, energy and instrument engineering specialties of universities. –7th ed., revised. and additional –M.: Higher. school, 1978. –528 p.
Theoretical basics of electrical engineering. Textbook for universities. In three volumes. Under general. ed. K.M.Polivanova. T.1. K.M.Polivanov. Linear electrical circuits with lumped constants. – M.: Energia- 1972. –240 p.
Control questions
What field is called pulsating?
What kind of field is called a rotating circular field?
What conditions are necessary to create a circular rotating magnetic field?
What is the operating principle of an asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor?
What is the operating principle of a synchronous motor?
At what synchronous speeds are general industrial AC motors produced in our country?
By RMF (Rotating Magnetic Field) we mean the field whose magnetic excitation gradient, without changing in magnitude, circulates with a stable angular velocity.
A good example
The practical effect of magnetic fields will be demonstrated by an installation assembled at home. This is a rotating aluminum disk mounted on a stationary impost.
If you bring a magnet close to it, you can make sure that it is not carried away by the magnet, that is, it is not magnetized. But, if you place a rotating magnet in close proximity, this will cause inevitable rotation of the aluminum disk. Why?
The answer may seem simple - the rotation of the magnet is caused by vortex air flows that spin the disk. But everything is actually different! Therefore, for proof, organic or ordinary glass is installed between the disk and the magnet. And yet, the disk rotates, carried away by the rotation of the magnet!
The reason is that when the magnetic field changes (and a rotating magnet creates it), an EMF (electrical driving force) of excitation (induction) appears, which contributes to the emergence of electric currents in an aluminum disk, first discovered by the physicist A. Foucault (most often they are called "Foucault currents"). The currents that appear in the disk, through their influence, create their own, separate magnetic field. And the interaction of two fields causes their opposition and the spin of the aluminum disk.
Operating principle of the electric motor
This experiment raises the question: is it possible to create a high magnetic field without rotating a magnet, but using the nature of alternating current? The answer is yes, you can! An entire branch of electrical equipment, including electric motors, is built on this physical law.
To do this, you can take four coils and arrange them in pairs, at 900 relative to each other. Then apply alternating current, alternately to one and then to another pair of coils, but through a capacitor. In this case, the voltage on the second pair of coils will shift relative to the current by π/2. This creates a two-phase current.
If there is zero voltage on one pair of coils, there is no magnetic field. On the second pair, at this time the voltage is peak and the magnetic field (magnetic field) is maximum. Alternately connecting and disconnecting the coils will create a VMF with a change in direction and a constant value. Essentially, an electric motor was created, a type called single-phase capacitor.
How are three-phase currents created?
They flow through four-wire wires. One plays the role of zero, and the other three supply a sinusoidal current with a phase shift of 120º. If, using the same principle, three windings were placed on one axis at an angle of 120º and a current from three phases was applied to them, the result would be the appearance of three magnetic rotating fields or the principle of a three-phase electric motor.
Practical use
The supply of electric current in three phases is most widely used in industry as an effective way of transmitting energy. Motors and generator sets driven by three-phase current are more reliable in operation than single-phase ones. Their ease of use is due to the absence of the need for strict adjustment of a constant rotation speed, as well as the achievement of greater power.
However, motors of this type cannot be used in all cases, since their speed depends on the frequency of rotation of the magnetic field, which is 50 Hz. In this case, the lag in engine speed must be half as much as the rotation of the magnetic field, since otherwise the effect of magnetic excitation will not appear. Adjusting the rotor speed of an electric motor is possible only with constant current, using a rheostat.
For this very reason, trams and trolleybuses are equipped with DC motors, with the ability to control the rotation speed. The same control principle is used on electric trains, where the alternating current voltage, due to the movement of thousand-ton loads, corresponds to 28000V. The conversion of alternating current into direct current occurs due to rectifiers, which occupy most of the electric locomotive.
Nevertheless, the efficiency in asynchronous AC motors reaches 98%. It is also worth noting that the rotor of such an AC motor consists of a non-magnetic material with a predominant aluminum component. The reason is that currents best cause the effect of magnetic field induction in aluminum. Perhaps the only limitation in using a three-phase motor is the unregulated speed. But additional mechanisms such as variators or gearboxes cope with this task. True, this leads to an increase in the cost of the unit, as is the case with the use of a rectifier and rheostat for a DC motor.
This is how entertaining physics, the rotating magnetic field in particular, helps humanity create engines, and not only, for a more comfortable existence.
This article focuses on permanent magnet motors that attempt to achieve efficiency >1 by changing the wiring configuration, electronic switching circuits, and magnetic configurations. Several designs are presented that can be considered traditional, as well as several designs that seem promising. We hope that this article will help the reader understand the essence of these devices before investing in such inventions or receiving investments for their production. Information about US patents can be found at http://www.uspto.gov.
Introduction
An article devoted to permanent magnet motors cannot be considered complete without a preliminary review of the main designs that are presented on the modern market. Industrial permanent magnet motors are necessarily DC motors because the magnets they use are constantly polarized before assembly. Many permanent magnet brushed motors are connected to brushless electric motors, which can reduce friction and wear of the mechanism. Brushless motors include electronic commutation or stepper motors. The electric stepper motor, often used in the automotive industry, contains a longer operating torque per unit volume compared to other electric motors. However, usually the speed of such motors is much lower. The electronic switch design can be used in a switched reluctance synchronous motor. The outer stator of such an electric motor uses soft metal instead of expensive permanent magnets, resulting in an internal permanent electromagnetic rotor.
According to Faraday's law, torque is mainly generated by the current in the plates of brushless motors. In an ideal permanent magnet motor, linear torque is opposed to a speed curve. In a permanent magnet motor, both outer and inner rotor designs are standard.
To highlight the many problems associated with the motors in question, the handbook states that there is a “very important relationship between torque and reverse electromotive force (emf) that is sometimes overlooked.” This phenomenon is associated with electromotive force (emf), which is created by applying a changing magnetic field (dB/dt). Using technical terminology, we can say that the “torque constant” (N-m/amp) equals the “back emf constant” (V/rad/sec). The voltage at the motor terminals is equal to the difference between the back emf and the active (ohmic) voltage drop, which is due to the presence of internal resistance. (For example, V=8.3 V, back emf=7.5V, active (ohmic) voltage drop=0.8V). This physical principle forces us to turn to Lenz's law, which was discovered in 1834, three years after Faraday invented the unipolar generator. The contradictory structure of Lenz's law, as well as the concept of "back emf" used in it, are part of the so-called physical law of Faraday, on the basis of which a rotating electric drive operates. Back emf is the reaction of alternating current in a circuit. In other words, a changing magnetic field naturally generates a back emf, since they are equivalent.
Thus, before starting to manufacture such structures, it is necessary to carefully analyze Faraday's law. Many scientific papers, such as Faraday's Law - Quantitative Experiments, are able to convince the new energy experimenter that the change occurring in the flow that produces the back electromotive force (emf) is essentially equal to the back emf itself. This cannot be avoided when generating excess energy, as long as the amount of change in magnetic flux over time remains variable. These are two sides of the same coin. The input energy produced in a motor whose design contains an inductor will naturally be equal to the output energy. In addition, with respect to "electrical induction", the changing flux "induces" a back emf.
Switched reluctance motors
Investigating an alternative method of induced motion, Ecklin's permanent magnetic motion converter (Patent No. 3,879,622) uses rotating valves to alternately shield the poles of a horseshoe magnet. Ecklin's patent No. 4,567,407 ("Shielded unified alternating current motor-generator having a constant plate and field") reiterates the idea of switching the magnetic field by "switching the magnetic flux." This idea is common for motors of this kind. As an illustration of this principle, Ecklin gives the following thought: “The rotors of most modern generators are repelled as they approach the stator and are attracted again by the stator as soon as they pass it, in accordance with Lenz's law. Thus, most rotors face constant non-conservative operating forces and therefore modern generators require constant input torque.” However, “the steel rotor of a flux-switching unitary alternator actually contributes to the input torque for half of each turn, since the rotor is always attracted but never repelled. This design allows some of the current supplied to the motor plates to supply power through a continuous line of magnetic induction to the AC output windings...” Unfortunately, Ecklin has not yet been able to construct a self-starting machine.
In connection with the problem under consideration, it is worth mentioning Richardson's patent No. 4,077,001, which reveals the essence of the movement of an armature with low magnetic resistance both in contact and outside it at the ends of the magnet (p. 8, line 35). Finally, we can cite Monroe's patent No. 3,670,189, which discusses a similar principle, in which, however, the transmission of magnetic flux is controlled by passing the rotor poles between the permanent magnets of the stator poles. Requirement 1 stated in this patent, in its scope and detail, seems to be satisfactory for proving patentability, however, its effectiveness remains in question.
It seems implausible that, being a closed system, a motor with switchable magnetic reluctance can become self-starting. Many examples prove that a small electromagnet is necessary to bring the armature into synchronized rhythm. The Wankel magnetic motor in its general terms can be compared with the type of invention presented. Jaffe's patent #3,567,979 can also be used for comparison. Minato's patent No. 5,594,289, similar to the magnetic Wankel motor, is quite intriguing to many researchers.
Inventions like the Newman motor (U.S. Patent Application No. 06/179,474) have revealed the fact that a nonlinear effect such as pulsed voltage is beneficial in overcoming the Lorentz force conservation effect of Lenz's law. Also similar is the mechanical equivalent of the Thornson inertial motor, which uses a nonlinear impact force to transmit momentum along an axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation. A magnetic field contains angular momentum, which becomes apparent under certain conditions, such as the Feynman disk paradox, where it is conserved. The pulse method can be advantageously used in this motor with magnetic switched resistance, provided that the field switching is carried out quickly enough with a rapid increase in power. However, more research is needed on this issue.
The most successful option for a switched reluctance motor is Harold Aspden's device (patent No. 4,975,608), which optimizes the throughput of the coil input device and work on the bend of the B-H curve. Switchable jet engines are also explained in.
The Adams motor received widespread recognition. For example, Nexus magazine published a glowing review calling the invention the first free energy engine ever observed. However, the operation of this machine can be fully explained by Faraday's law. The generation of pulses in adjacent coils driving a magnetized rotor is essentially the same as in a standard switched reluctance motor.
The slowdown that Adams talks about in one of his Internet posts discussing the invention can be explained by the exponential voltage (L di/dt) of the back emf. One of the latest additions to this category of inventions that confirms the success of the Adams motor is International Patent Application No. 00/28656, awarded in May 2000. inventors Brits and Christie, (LUTEC generator). The simplicity of this motor is easily explained by the presence of switchable coils and a permanent magnet on the rotor. In addition, the patent explains that "a direct current applied to the stator coils produces a magnetic repulsion force and is the only current applied externally to the entire system to produce net motion..." It is a well-known fact that all motors are running according to this principle. Page 21 of the said patent contains an explanation of the design, where the inventors express a desire to “maximize the effect of back emf, which helps maintain the rotation of the rotor/armature of the electromagnet in one direction.” The operation of all motors in this category with a switchable field is aimed at obtaining this effect. Figure 4A, shown in the Brits and Christie patent, reveals the voltage sources "VA, VB and VC". Then on page 10 the following statement is given: "At this time, current is supplied from the power supply VA and continues to be supplied until brush 18 ceases to interact with contacts 14 to 17." It is not unusual that this design can be compared to the more complex attempts previously mentioned in this article. All of these motors require an electrical power source, and none of them are self-starting.
What confirms the claim that free energy has been generated is that the operating coil (in pulsed mode) when passing a constant magnetic field (magnet) does not use a rechargeable battery to create current. Instead, it was proposed to use Weygand conductors, and this would cause a colossal Barkhausen jump when aligning the magnetic domain, and the pulse would take on a very clear shape. If we apply a Weygand conductor to the coil, it will create a fairly large impulse of several volts for it when it passes a changing external magnetic field of a threshold of a certain height. Thus, this pulse generator does not require any input electrical energy at all.
Toroidal motor
Compared to existing motors on the market today, the unusual design of the toroidal motor can be compared to the device described in the Langley patent (No. 4,547,713). This motor contains a two-pole rotor located in the center of the toroid. If a single-pole design is chosen (for example, with north poles at each end of the rotor), the resulting device will resemble the radial magnetic field for the rotor used in the Van Geel patent (#5,600,189). Brown's Patent No. 4,438,362, owned by Rotron, uses a variety of magnetizable segments to make a rotor in a toroidal arrester. The most striking example of a rotating toroidal motor is the device described in the Ewing patent (No. 5,625,241), which also resembles the already mentioned Langley invention. Based on the magnetic repulsion process, Ewing's invention uses a microprocessor-controlled rotary mechanism mainly to take advantage of Lenz's law and also to overcome the back emf. A demonstration of Ewing's invention can be seen in the commercial video "Free Energy: The Race to Zero Point." Whether this invention is the most highly efficient of all engines currently on the market is questionable. As stated in the patent: “functioning of the device as a motor is also possible when using a pulsed direct current source.” The design also contains programmable logic control and power control circuitry, which the inventors hypothesize should make it more efficient than 100%.
Even if motor models prove effective in generating torque or converting force, the magnets moving inside them may render these devices unusable. Commercialization of these types of motors may not be profitable, as there are many competitive designs on the market today.
Linear motors
The topic of linear induction motors is widely covered in the literature. The publication explains that these motors are similar to standard induction motors in which the rotor and stator are removed and placed out of plane. The author of the book "Motion Without Wheels", Laithwaite is famous for the creation of monorail structures designed for trains in England and developed on the basis of linear induction motors.
Hartman's Patent No. 4,215,330 is an example of one device in which a linear motor is used to move a steel ball upward along a magnetized plane approximately 10 levels. Another invention in this category is described in Johnson's patent (No. 5,402,021), which uses a permanent arc magnet mounted on a four-wheeled cart. This magnet is exposed to a parallel conveyor with fixed variable magnets. Another equally amazing invention is a device described in another Johnson patent (No. 4,877,983) and the successful operation of which was observed in a closed loop for several hours. It should be noted that the generator coil can be placed in close proximity to the moving element, so that each of its runs is accompanied by an electrical impulse to charge the battery. The Hartmann device can also be designed as a circular conveyor, allowing the demonstration of first-order perpetual motion.
Hartman's patent is based on the same principle as the famous electron spin experiment, which in physics is commonly called the Stern-Gerlach experiment. In a non-uniform magnetic field, the influence on an object using a magnetic torque occurs due to the potential energy gradient. In any physics textbook you can find an indication that this type of field, strong at one end and weak at the other, contributes to the generation of a unidirectional force directed towards a magnetic object and equal to dB/dx. Thus, the force pushing the ball along the magnetized plane 10 levels upward in a direction is completely consistent with the laws of physics.
Using industrial quality magnets (including ambient temperature superconducting magnets, the development of which is currently in the final stages), it will be possible to demonstrate the transport of sufficiently large loads without the cost of electricity for maintenance. Superconducting magnets have the unusual ability to maintain the original magnetized field for years without requiring periodic power supply to restore the original field strength. Examples of the current market situation in the development of superconducting magnets are given in Ohnishi's patent No. 5,350,958 (lack of power produced by cryogenic technology and lighting systems), as well as in the republished article on magnetic levitation.
Static electromagnetic angular momentum
In a provocative experiment using a cylindrical capacitor, researchers Graham and Lahoz expand on an idea published by Einstein and Laub in 1908, which suggested that an additional period of time was needed to preserve the principle of action and reaction. The article cited by the researchers was translated and published in my book, presented below. Graham and Lahoz emphasize that there is a "real angular momentum density" and propose a way to observe this energetic effect in permanent magnets and electrets.
This work is an inspiring and impressive study using data based on the work of Einstein and Minkowski. This research can have direct application in the creation of both a unipolar generator and a magnetic energy converter, described below. This possibility is due to the fact that both devices have an axial magnetic field and a radial electric field, similar to the cylindrical capacitor used in the Graham and Lahoze experiment.
Unipolar motor
The book describes in detail the experimental research and history of the invention made by Faraday. In addition, attention is paid to the contribution that Tesla brought to this research. However, recently a number of new design solutions for a unipolar multi-rotor motor have been proposed, which can be compared with the invention of J.R.R. Serla.
The renewed interest in Searle's device should also bring attention to unipolar motors. A preliminary analysis reveals the existence of two different phenomena occurring simultaneously in a unipolar motor. One of the phenomena can be called the “rotation” effect (No. 1), and the second - the “rolling” effect (No. 2). The first effect can be represented as magnetized segments of some imaginary solid ring that rotate around a common center. Approximate designs that allow segmentation of the rotor of a unipolar generator are presented in.
Taking into account the proposed model, effect No. 1 can be calculated for Tesla power magnets, which are magnetized along the axis and located near a single ring with a diameter of 1 meter. In this case, the emf generated along each roller is more than 2V (electric field directed radially from the outer diameter of the rollers to the outer diameter of the adjacent ring) at a roller rotation speed of 500 rpm. It is worth noting that effect No. 1 does not depend on the rotation of the magnet. The magnetic field in a unipolar generator is associated with space, and not with a magnet, so rotation will not affect the Lorentz force effect that occurs when this universal unipolar generator operates.
Effect #2, which takes place inside each roller magnet, is described in, where each roller is considered as a small unipolar generator. This effect is recognized as something weaker, since electricity is generated from the center of each roller to the periphery. This design is reminiscent of a Tesla unipolar generator, in which a rotating drive belt binds the outer edge of a ring magnet. When rollers with a diameter approximately equal to one tenth of a meter are rotated around a ring with a diameter of 1 meter and in the absence of towing of the rollers, the voltage generated will be equal to 0.5 Volts. Searle's design of a ring magnet would enhance the roller's B-field.
It should be noted that the principle of overlap applies to both of these effects. Effect No. 1 is a uniform electronic field that exists along the diameter of the roller. Effect No. 2 is a radial effect, which was already noted above. However, in fact, only the emf acting in the roller segment between the two contacts, that is, between the center of the roller and its edge, which is in contact with the ring, will contribute to the emergence of an electric current in any external circuit. Understanding this fact means that the effective voltage generated by effect No. 1 will be half the existing emf, or slightly more than 1 Volt, which is approximately twice as much as that generated by effect No. 2. When applying superposition in a confined space we will also find that the two effects oppose each other and the two emfs must be subtracted. The result of this analysis is that approximately 0.5 Volts of regulated emf will be provided to generate electricity in a separate installation containing rollers and a ring with a diameter of 1 meter. When current is received, a ball-bearing motor effect occurs, which actually pushes the rollers, allowing the roller magnets to acquire significant electrical conductivity. (The author thanks Paul La Violette for this comment.)
In a related paper, researchers Roshchin and Godin published the results of experiments with a single-ring device they invented, called a “Magnetic Energy Converter” and having rotating magnets on bearings. The device was designed as an improvement on Searle's invention. The author's analysis above does not depend on what metals were used to make the rings in the Roshchin and Godin design. Their discoveries are quite convincing and detailed, which will renew the interest of many researchers in this type of motor.
Conclusion
So, there are several permanent magnet motors that can contribute to the emergence of a perpetual motion machine with an efficiency exceeding 100%. Naturally, conservation of energy concepts must be taken into account, and the source of the proposed additional energy must be investigated. If constant magnetic field gradients claim to produce a unidirectional force, as the textbooks claim, then there will come a point when they will be accepted to produce useful energy. The roller magnet configuration, which is now commonly called "magnetic energy converter", is also a unique magnetic motor design. Illustrated by Roshchin and Godin in Russian Patent No. 2155435, the device is a magnetic motor-generator that demonstrates the ability to generate additional energy. Since the operation of the device is based on the circulation of cylindrical magnets rotating around a ring, the design is actually more of a generator than a motor. However, this device is a working motor, since the torque generated by the self-sustaining movement of the magnets is used to start a separate electric generator.
Literature
1. Motion Control Handbook (Designfax, May, 1989, p.33)
2. "Faraday's Law - Quantitative Experiments", Amer. Jour. Phys.,
3. Popular Science, June, 1979
4. IEEE Spectrum 1/97
5. Popular Science, May, 1979
6. Schaum's Outline Series, Theory and Problems of Electrical
Machines and Electromechanics (Theory and problems of electrical
Machinery and Electromechanics) (McGraw Hill, 1981)
7. IEEE Spectrum, July, 1997
9. Thomas Valone, The Homopolar Handbook
10. Ibidem, p. 10
11. Electric Spacecraft Journal, Issue 12, 1994
12. Thomas Valone, The Homopolar Handbook, p. 81
13. Ibidem, p. 81
14. Ibidem, p. 54
Tech. Phys. Lett., V. 26, #12, 2000, p.1105-07
Thomas Walon Integrity Research Institute, www.integrityresearchinstitute.org
1220 L St. NW, Suite 100-232, Washington, DC 20005
The beginning of the modern stage in the development of electrical engineering dates back to the 90s of the last century, when the solution to a complex energy problem brought to life the power transmission and electric drive. Electrification began when it became possible to build large power stations in places rich in primary energy resources, combine their work into a common network and supply electricity to any centers and power consumption facility.
The technical side of electrification consisted in the development of multiphase systems, from which practice chose a three-phase system. The most important and, in any case, new elements of the three-phase system were electric motors, the operation of which is based on the use of the phenomenon of a rotating magnetic field.
Previously mentioned was Arago's experiment, in which a disk and a rotating magnet reflected the principle of an asynchronous electric motor with a rotating magnetic field. However, this field was created not by a stationary device, such as the stator in modern machines, but by a rotating magnet (Fig. 4.2).
For a long time, the phenomenon discovered by Arago did not find practical application. Only in 1879, W. Beley (England) designed a device (Fig. 6.1), in which the spatial movement of the magnetic field was carried out using a stationary device - by alternately magnetizing four electromagnets located along the periphery of a circle. Magnetization was carried out by direct current pulses sent to the windings of electromagnets by a commutator specially adapted for this purpose. The polarity of the upper ends of the rods changed in a certain sequence so that after every eight switchings of the commutator the magnetic flux changed its direction in space by 360. Above the poles of the electromagnets, as in Arago’s experiments, a copper disk 2 was suspended. Beli pointed out that for an infinitely large number electromagnets could ensure uniform rotation of the magnetic field. Beli's device did not find any use. However, he was somewhat of a link between Arago's experience and later research. From the standpoint of today, it seems extremely simple to implement a rotating field in a Beli installation or in a similar device of a different design by feeding electromagnets with sinusoidal currents with different initial phases. However, in the 80s of the last century, this took several years of work and search by many scientists, among whom were the French physicist Marcel Depres, who in 1883 developed a system for synchronous communication of two movements, the authors of one of the designs of induction electric meters, Borel and Shallenberger, the inventor of the repulsion engine I. Thomson, American electrical engineer C. Bradley, German engineer F. Haselwander and others. In this regard, it is interesting to quote Eli Thomson’s phrase: “It is difficult to create a combination of magnets, alternating current and pieces of copper that would not have a tendency to rotate "
The history of the discovery of the rotating magnetic field and multiphase systems is extremely complicated. In the 90s, many trials took place in which various companies that bought up inventors' patents tried to assert their rights to multiphase systems. The American firm Westinghouse alone has conducted more than 25 trials.
However, the exhaustive and best-known experimental and theoretical studies of the rotating magnetic field were carried out independently of each other by outstanding scientists, the Italian Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897) and the Serbian Cikola Tesla (1856-1943).
G. Ferraris claimed that he realized the essence of the phenomenon of a rotating magnetic field back in 1885, but he made a report “Electrodynamic rotation produced by alternating currents” at the Turin Academy (of which he was a member since 1880) on March 18, 1888 .
N. Tesla said in his autobiography that the idea of a two-phase asynchronous motor was born to him back in 1882, when he worked at the Budapest Telegraph Company. While walking in a park with a friend, he was struck by an idea and “with his cane he sketched a principle in the sand, which he presented six years later at a conference at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.” The report at this institute took place on May 16, 1888, i.e. two months later than Ferraris' report. But Tesla filed his first patent application for multiphase systems on October 12, 1887, i.e. previously Ferraris performances.
Let us first dwell on the work of G. Ferraris, proceeding not from priority considerations, but from the fact that his work provides a more detailed theoretical analysis and also because it was the translation of Ferraris’ report in an English journal that at one time fell into the hands of M. O. Dolivo- Dobrovolsky and caused the first impulse in a series of subsequent remarkable inventions. Galileo Ferraris was a famous scientist in Europe who represented Italy at various international exhibitions and congresses.
The professor developed the theory of alternating currents and was able to explain complex physical processes in a very clear form. This is how he explained the phenomenon of a rotating magnetic field in his transcription.
Let's consider the one shown in Fig. 6.2. a spatial diagram in which the x-axis: represents the positive direction of the magnetic induction vector created by one of the coils, and the y-axis is the positive direction of the field of the other coil. For the moment of time when the induction of one field at point O is depicted by the segment OA, and the other - OB, the total resulting induction will be depicted by the segment OR. When OA and OB change, point R moves along a curve, the shape of which is determined by the laws of changes in time of two fields. If two fields have identical amplitudes and are shifted in phase by a quarter of a period, then the locus of point R will be a circle. There is a rotation of the magnetic field. If the phase of one of the fields or the current exciting it is changed by 180, then the direction of rotation of the resulting field will also change. If you place a copper cylinder equipped with a shaft and bearings in this field, it will rotate. Later, asynchronous motors with a hollow rotor in the form of a copper glass were called Ferraris motors.
But how to obtain two alternating currents shifted relative to each other in phase? Ferraris proposed the “phase splitting” method, in which a phase shift was artificially created by connecting two mutually perpendicular coils of phase-shifting devices in the circuit. In Fig. 6.3. shows the appearance of a model of a two-phase asynchronous motor, stored in the Turin Museum, whose director at the end of his life was Galileo Ferraris.
In his theoretical analysis, Ferraris, being captive of the methods of “low-current technology”, suggested that the asynchronous Reader should operate in a mode consistent with the reading source, that is, in the mode of transmission from the source to the engine of Maximum power. This resulted in the condition for the engine to operate at 50 -percent slip, and, as a consequence, the efficiency of such an engine could only be below 50%. “These calculations,” Ferraris believed, “and the experimental results confirm the obvious a priori conclusion that an apparatus based on this principle cannot have any or practical significance...” This unfortunate and instructive mistake of an outstanding scientist reduced the value of the discovery and limited the scope of its application only to measuring devices. But it was this unfortunate phrase for Ferraris that turned out to be a happy discovery for Dat 11 Dobronol i-kot.
Nikola Tesla, one of the most famous and prolific scientists in the field of electrical engineering, who began his scientific career in the 80s of the last century, received 41 patents in the field of multiphase systems alone. For some time, Tesla worked for the Edson company in Paris (1882-1884), and then moved to the USA. In 1888, Tesla sold all his patents on multiphase systems to the head of a well-known company, George Vstannhaus, who, in his plans for the development of alternating current technology ( in contrast to the Edison company) made a machine made by Tesla. Subsequently, Tesla paid attention to high-frequency technology (“Tesla transformer”) and the idea of transmitting electricity without wires. An interesting detail: when deciding on the standardization of industrial frequency, the proposal range was from 25 to 133 Hz, Tesla strongly supported the frequency of 60 Hz he adopted for his experimental installations. Then the refusal of the Westinghouse engineers from Tesla's proposal served as the initial impetus for the scientist who decided to part with Westingaul. But soon it was precisely this frequency that was adopted in the USA as a standard.
Tesla's patents described various options for multiphase systems. Unlike Ferraris, Tesla believed that multiphase currents should be obtained from multiphase sources, and not use phase-shifting devices. Claiming that a two-phase system, being a minimal version of a multiphase system, would also be the most economical, Tesla, and after him the Westhouse company, focused their attention on this system.
Schematically, the Tesla system in its most characteristic form is presented in Fig. 6.4, a synchronous generator is shown blindly, and an asynchronous motor is shown on the right. In the generator, two mutually perpendicular coils rotated between the poles in which current bottoms were generated, shifted in phase by 90. The ends of each coil were brought out onto rings located on the generator shaft (in the drawing, for clarity, these rings have different diameters).
The engine rotor also had a winding in the form of two coils located at right angles to each other, closed on themselves. The main disadvantage of the Tesla engine, which later made it uncompetitive, was the presence of lumped winding salient poles. These motors had high magnetic resistance and an extremely unfavorable distribution of the magnetizing force along the air gap, which led to deterioration in machine performance. These were the consequences of the mechanical transfer of the design circuits of a direct current machine into alternating current technology.
The design of the rotor winding, as it turned out later, also turned out to be unsuccessful. Indeed, making the windings concentrated (and not distributed over the entire circumference of the rotor) with protruding poles on the stator led to a deterioration in the starting conditions of the engine (dependence of the starting torque on the initial position of the rotor), and the fact that the rotor windings had a relatively high resistance worsened the performance characteristics .
The choice of a two-phase current system from all possible multiphase systems also turned out to be unsuccessful. It is known that a significant portion of the cost of an installation for transmitting electricity consists of the costs of linear structures and, in particular, linear wires. In this regard, it seemed obvious that the smaller the number of phases adopted, the smaller the number of wires and the more economical the power transmission device will be. A two-phase system required four wires, and doubling the number of wires compared to direct or single-phase AC installations was undesirable. Therefore, Tesla proposed in some cases using a three-wire line in a two-phase system, that is, making one wire common. In this case, the number of wires was reduced to three. However, the metal consumption for wires decreased less than could be expected, since the cross-section of the common wire should be approximately 1.5 times (more precisely, 2 times) larger than the cross-section of each of the other two wires.
The economic and technical difficulties encountered delayed the introduction of the two-phase system into practice. The Westinghouse company built several stations using this system, of which the largest in scale was the Niagara hydroelectric power station.
