Still lifes of outstanding masters of Western European countries, presentation. Presentation on the topic "Dutch still life"

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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What is still life? Still life is the depiction of inanimate objects in painting or graphics.

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From the history of still life. Still life arose in the era of antiquity, but as an independent genre it began to develop only in the 17th century. Its heyday began in Holland, where the Reformation, by prohibiting artists from painting on religious themes, forced them to look for new directions. Frans Snyders. Flemish school. Fish shop.

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Dutch still life In still lifes dating back to the early 17th century, objects are arranged in a strict order, like exhibits in a museum showcase. In such paintings, details are endowed with symbolic meaning. Apples are reminiscent of Adam's fall, and grapes are reminiscent of Christ's atoning sacrifice. A shell is a shell left behind by a creature that once lived in it; withered flowers are a symbol of death. A butterfly born from a cocoon means resurrection. Such are, for example, the paintings of Balthasar van der Ast. Balthasar van der Ast. Still life with apple flowers

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Dutch still life of the 17th century. amazes with its richness of themes. In every artistic center of the country, painters preferred their own compositions: in Utrecht - from flowers and fruits, in The Hague - from fish. In Haarlem they wrote modest breakfasts, in Amsterdam - luxurious desserts, and in the university of Leiden - books and other objects for studying science or traditional symbols of worldly vanity - a skull, a candle, an hourglass. Peter Claes. Breakfast with ham.

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For artists of the next generation, things no longer remind of abstract truths, but serve to create independent artistic images. In their paintings, familiar objects acquire a special, previously unnoticed beauty. Peter Klas subtly and skillfully emphasizes the uniqueness of each dish, glass, pot, finding the ideal neighborhood for any of them. In the still lifes of his fellow countryman Willem Claes Heda, picturesque disorder reigns. Most often he wrote “interrupted breakfasts.” A crumpled tablecloth, mixed up serving items, food that has barely been touched - everything here reminds of the recent presence of a person. The paintings are enlivened by diverse spots of light and multi-colored shadows on glass, metal, and canvas. Willem Claes Heda. Breakfast with crab.

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In the second half of the 17th century. Dutch still life, like landscape, became more spectacular, complex and multicolored. The paintings of Abraham van Beijern and Willem Kalf depict grandiose pyramids of expensive dishes and exotic fruits. Willem Kalf. Dessert. About 1659

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Flemish School of Painting The manner of the Flemish artist Jan Veit is more refined than that of his teacher Snyders. Emphatically modest in composition and size, Feit’s works are interesting due to the harmony of restrained light, subtle shades of brown, greenish and light gray tones. This incomparable sensitivity of the painter brings him closer to the Dutch masters. Ian Faith. Still life with a dog.

“Ordinary objects, unusual images” MHC lesson in high school
secondary school

Dear friends! Today we will take a trip to the Netherlands in the 17th century. and we will witness an important event in the history of culture - the

Dear friends! Today we will do
travel to the Netherlands in the 17th century. and we will become
witnesses to something important in cultural history
events - the formation of a new genre of art.

15th century – the golden age of Dutch art

Great masters of the 17th century

Interest in the world of things in Antiquity

Frescoes - fragments of the walls of villas in Rome
and Pompeii (50 BC-79 AD)

Franz Hals Still life - trompe l'oeil

Caravaggio. Christ at Emmaus.1606. Fragmet. National Gallery. London.

Caravaggio Fruit Basket. 1596-1597 Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Milan.

K. Masseys. Portrait of a money changer with his wife. 1514. Louvre. Paris.

Interest in the world of things

What is still life?

Still life (French: nature morte, Italian:
natura morta, literally - dead
nature; Dutch stilleven, German Stilleben,
English still life, literally - quiet or
still life), genre
fine arts (mainly
image of easel painting), which
dedicated to depicting things
located in a single environment and
organized into a group.

Still life - deceptive in its simplicity

In Ambrosius Bosshart
Senior at his work
"Flowers" in the center
depicts lily of the valley and
violet, stem
forget-me-nots, big
golden iris and two
tulip on the sides. IN
the picture shows two
world: earthly and heavenly
- window, sky and temple,
visible in the distance.

Flower still life

Decipher the still life
one of the first
masters of still life
Ambrosio Balthazar

Vanitas

Vanitas – lat. "emptiness,
futility, uselessness,
falsity,
vacuity"
Suppose they could
symbolize musical
tools in still life

Breakfast

"Luxurious" still lifes by Willem Kalf

Still lifes with
precious
utensils and
exquisite
dishes that
contemporaries
classified as
“luxurious”, more often
“read” by them
like a call to refuse
from excesses.

Markets and shops

Peter
Aersten
Snyders
"Meat
"Fish
shop"
shop" (1551)

Let's sum it up

In a still life, things are shown motionless
state, they are in a conditional state
timeless space.
Things are given as if in close-up, they
seen up close and examined in detail.
Being voluntarily, consciously
arranged, still life always contains
contains a message, a secret letter
(cryptogram). Things turn into
symbols.

Let's sum it up
The meanings of these symbols, the contents of messages
differs in great variety, but more often
of all is ideological and even
philosophical character.
At the end of the XVI-XVII centuries. Various
still life centers in the Netherlands. In business
bourgeois Haarlem - “breakfasts”, in
aristocratic Utrecht, long famous
growing flowers, - flower bouquets, in
port of The Hague - abundant fish compositions,
in Leiden (university town) - “scientists”
still lifes (so-called Vanitas,
dedicated to the frailty of life).

Let's sum it up
Historical diversity
still lifes are determined by the fact that they
appear as specific
manifestation of artistic styles and
national schools in their historical
evolution.
The existence of classical still life
briefly - XVI-XVII centuries.

Test yourself: which of the two slides
belongs to the vanitas genre?

Your journey to the 17th century Netherlands has come to an end. We hope that meeting with the wise and mysterious world of classical still life

Your journey has come to an end
Netherlands of the 17th century. We hope that the meeting
with the wise and mysterious world of classical
You liked the still life. Kuznetsov,
Yu.N.. Social content of still life. –M.:
http://ec-dejavu.ru/n/Nature_morte.html
Flora http://scit.boom.ru/iskustvo/iskustvo_italii18.htm
and fauna, 1984
Still life
in European painting of the 16th and early 20th centuries.
http://art.1september.ru/articlef.php?
Catalog.
- M.: Soviet artist, 1976.
ID=200601602
Whipperhttp://www.vcc.ru/reshenie/2003-3/23
B.R. The problem and development of still life. – St. Petersburg, 2005.
Shcherbachev
M.I., Still life in Dutch painting. -L.,
http://bibliotekar.ru/kholland/8.htm
1945; http://www.psyho-study.com/study.php?
Kuznetsov
Yu. I., Western European still life. - L. - M.,
l=1&cat=1&file=15&page=4
1966;
Glozman I.M., On the history of Russian still life of the 18th century, in the book:
Russian art of the 18th century. Materials and research, M.,
1968, p. 53-71;

Author

Dimina Elena Viktorovna, senior
teacher of the history department,
teacher of MHC and cultural studies,

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">Dutch and Flemish still life 17th century.">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-2.jpg" alt=">Holland 1. AMBROSIUS BOSCHART THE ELDER (1570- 1621) 2. BALTHASAR VAN DER ACT (1594 -1656)"> Голландия 1. АМБРОЗИУС БОСХАРТ СТАРШИЙ (1570- 1621) 2. БАЛТАЗАР ВАН ДЕР ACT (1594 -1656) 3. ПИТЕР КЛАС (1597- 1061) 4. ВИЛЛЕМ КЛАС ХЕДА (1594 -1682) 5. АБРАХАМ ВАН БЕЙЕРЕН (1620/21- 1690) 6. БИЛЛЕМ КАЛФ (1622- 1693) Голландское искусство ХУ 11 века не оставалось безразличным к достижениям живописи крупнейших фламандских мастеров. Однако это воздействие (бывшее к тому же взаимным) не могло стать определяющим для живописной школы, установившейся, окрепшей и достигшей расцвета.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> AMBROSIUS BOSCHART THE SR. Flemish"> АМБРОЗИУС БОСХАРТ СТАРШИЙ Фламандский живописец цветов, Родоначальник жанра натюрморт в Голландии. Натюрморт с цветами. 1614!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-4.jpg" alt="> Vase with flowers in a window niche, about 1620 g Vase with"> Ваза с цветами в оконной нише, около 1620 г Ваза с цветами 1622 г. Цветочный натюрморт стал развиваться в Южных Нидерландах немного раньше, чем на Севере, и северонидерландские мастера были фламандского происхождения или формировались под прямым или косвенным влиянием фламандцев. В дальнейшем развитие шло параллельно, более того, на Севере страны этот жанр получил большее распространение, чем на Юге.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-5.jpg" alt="> BALTHAZAR VAN DER ACT Utrecht artist,"> БАЛТАЗАР ВАН ДЕР ACT Утрехтский художник, подражатель и ученик Амброзиуса Босхарта Старшего. Он, с его поисками внешней занимательности натюрморта, шел по ложному пути, отвергнутому его последователями, но беспредельная любовь художника к малым формам и мельчайшим деталям предметного мира стала национальной чертой голландского натюрморта. Корзина с фруктами 1625 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-6.jpg" alt=">Still life with a blossoming branch of an apple tree 1635 In still lifes dating back to the beginning of the 17th centuries, details"> Натюрморт с цветущей веткой яблони 1635 В натюрмортах, относящихся к началу 17 века, детали наделены символическим значением. Яблоки – Грехопадение Адама, виноград – искупительная жертва Христа. Раковина – оболочка, оставленная когда-то жившим в ней существом, увядшие цветы – символ смерти. Бабочка – воскресение.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-7.jpg" alt=">Still Life with Fruit 1657 This work illustrates the early stage of Dutch still life, for which is characterized"> Натюрморт с фруктами 1657 Эта работа иллюстрирует раннюю стадию голландского натюрморта, для которой характерен подбор несколько необычных объектов изображения. А поскольку автор еще не может объединить это пестрое зрелище в единую картину средствами самого натюрморта он привносит в натюрморт присущие другим жанрам живописи литературный сюжет и механическое движение.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-8.jpg" alt="> PETER KLAS"> ПИТЕР КЛАС Питеру Класу принадлежит честь открытия тона и световоздушной среды как главнейших средств выявления этого единства и даже честь создания целого жанра так называемых монохромных завтраков. Кладбищенское спокойствие 1630!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-9.jpg" alt="> Was the first master who concentrated all his"> Был первым мастером, сосредоточившим все свое внимание на изображении предметов, окружающих человека в его повседневной жизни. Суета сует!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-10.jpg" alt=">Still life with a nautilus cup 1633">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-11.jpg" alt=">Still life 1646. Subtly and skillfully emphasizes the originality of each dish, pot , glasses, finding for"> Натюрморт 1646 г. Тонко и умело подчеркивает своеобразие каждого блюда, горшка, бокала, найдя для каждого идеальное соседство.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-12.jpg" alt=">Breakfast with ham 1647 Subtly harmonized in color “Breakfast with ham" (1647)."> Завтрак с ветчиной 1647 г. Тонко сгармопирован по цвету «Завтрак с ветчиной» (1647). Локальные цвета предметов подчинены нежному серебристому тону, прозрачная светотень мягко лепит объемы, очень сдержанно выявляя фактурное разнообразие вещей.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> WILLEM KLAS HEDA Second Lead Master"> ВИЛЛЕМ КЛАС ХЕДА Второй ведущий мастер жанра «монохромных завтраков» . Колорит его произведений в большей степени, чем у Класа, подчинен тоновому началу, и его натюрморты состоят из предметов, почти лишенных ярких локальных цветов: цинковые кувшины, оловянные тарелки, прозрачное или зеленоватое стекло, серебряный или, иногда, позолоченный кубок. Натюрморт с позолоченным кубком, 1635!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">Still life with ham 1635. The composition of Heda’s still lifes is strictly thought out and always solidly built."> Натюрморт с окороком 1635 г. Композиция натюрмортов Хеды строго продумана и всегда крепко построена. За кажущейся случайностью расположения вещей скрывается тонкий расчет на контраст различных материальных качеств предметов и настойчивое желание полнее рассказать о каждом из них.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-15.jpg" alt="> The flowing calm serves the same purposes"> Этим же целям служит льющийся спокойным потоком свет, посредством многочисленных рефлексов обобщающий все предметы. ВЕТЧИНА И СЕРЕБРЯНАЯ ПОСУДА. 1648 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-16.jpg" alt="> The calmness of Dutch still lifes, with rare exceptions,"> Спокойствие голландских натюрмортов, за редким исключением, не нарушается присутствием живых существ, но изображение вещей так проникнуто личным отношением, что в натюрморте всегда ощущается близость человека и предметы как бы сохраняют следы его прикосновения. Натюрморт 1948 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-17.jpg" alt="> Intentional disorder designed to impress"> Намеренный беспорядок, призванный произвести впечатление большей "живости", обманчив. Натюрморт построен очень строго - линия стола и стоящие на нем кубки и бокалы образуют четкую систему горизонталей и вертикалей - композиция его нерушима. Цвет в натюрморте подчинен единству коричневато-серой тональности, даже красный краб и зеленые оливки должны пожертвовать своим естественным цветом ради этой цели. Завтрак с крабом. 1648!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-18.jpg" alt="> ABRAHAM VAN BEYEREN Still life with"> АБРАХАМ ВАН БЕЙЕРЕН Натюрморт с рыбой 1653 г. Лучший «живописец рыб» . Тональный колорит господствует в натюрмортах мастера 1640- 1650 -х годов, хотя отдельные пятна красного, розового и синего цветов уже оживляют монохромное видение мира. «Рыбная лавка» 1650 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-19.jpg" alt="> In the late period of Wang’s work"> В поздний период творчества ван Бейерен обращается к теме «завтраков» , но не в прежнем скромном, типичном для Класа и Хеды, а в роскошном и пышном варианте, который будет характерен для второй половины XVII столетия. Роскошный натюрморт, около 1655 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-20.jpg" alt="> New trends have appeared in the field of still life,"> Новые тенденции появились в области натюрморта, который, хотя и оставался по-прежнему на реалистических позициях и даже сумел их обогатить и умножить, обслуживал теперь эстетические потребности верхушки общества. Дело в том, что сам предметный мир в жизни Голландии второй половины века выступает все чаще в качестве свидетельства могущества национальной буржуазии. Натюрморт 1660 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-21.jpg" alt="> WILLEM KALF The largest Dutch"> ВИЛЛЕМ КАЛФ Крупнейший голландский натюрмортист второй половины XVII века, исходил в своем творчестве из достижений Ф. Рейкхалса и Я. Трека. К первому из них он был близок широтой тематики: у обоих можно встретить все разновидности жанра натюрморта - от кухонного до роскошного. Натюрморт с кувшином и фруктами, около 1650!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-22.jpg" alt="> No one else, including the most talented"> Никто другой, включая и самых талантливых учеников Рембрандта, не мог достичь того богатства и тонкости светотени, той сочности и глубины как бы изнутри светящихся красок, того горячего золотистого колорита, какие отличают произведения Калфа. В умении видеть живописную сторону предмета, в мастерстве перевода прозы материальных вещей на поэтический язык живописи Калф не имел соперников. Натюрморт с китайской супницей. 1655 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-23.jpg" alt="> But more often this wealth of pictorial qualities is combined in"> Но чаще это богатство живописных качеств сочетается в натюрмортах Калфа с роскошью и пышностью предметного мира, вошедшего в быт знатного буржуа второй половины XVII века. Эрмитажный «Десерт» , принадлежащий к этому ряду произведений, - подлинный шедевр мастера. Весь свет сосредоточен на китайской фарфоровой тарелке с фруктами и небрежно скомканной под нею белой салфетке. «Десерт» свидетельствует о победе новых качеств в натюрморте: яркой красочности, золотистого колорита, выразительной светотени и подвижной живописной пластики. ДЕСЕРТ 1659!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-24.jpg" alt="> Portraying the same as his predecessors,"> Изображая те же, что и его предшественники, обыденные, «демократические» , предметы домашнего обихода: старую бочку, глиняный горшок и медный котел, - художник сумел открыть волшебное воздействие на вещи золотистого солнечного света, который превращал этот бедный крестьянский скарб в изысканные произведения ювелирного искусства. Натюрморт 1660 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-25.jpg" alt=">Flanders 1. Frans Snyders (1579 -1657) 2. Jan Faith (1611 -1661) General feature"> Фландрия 1. Франс Снейдерс (1579 -1657) 2. Ян Фейт (1611 -1661) Общей чертой обеих художественных школ была любовь к жизни, к ее земным радостям. Но в то время как голландские художники изображали быт, повседневную будничную действительность, фламандские живописцы, часто связанные заказами католической церкви и знатных дворян, обращались к религиозным и мифологическим темам. Фламандскому искусству было свойственно стремление создавать героические образы, большие многофигурные сцены, разнообразные по содержанию и характеру.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-26.jpg" alt="> Frans Snyders Unlike most"> Франс Снейдерс В отличие от большинства фламандских мастеров творчество Снейдерса ограничено достаточно узким кругом тем: по преимуществу это сцены охоты и натюрморты. Натюрморт с крабом и фруктами 1613 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-27.jpg" alt=">Still life with a basket of fruit, 1613. Dutch still lifes are simple in composition and include,"> Натюрморт с корзиной фруктов 1613 г. Голландские натюрморты просты по композиции и включают, как правило, немногочисленные предметы, а фламандский художник каждый натюрморт стремился превратить в гимн богатству и изобилию даров природы.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-28.jpg" alt=">Still life 1616. Snyders's early still lifes in his native Antwerp were widely popular and"> Натюрморт 1616 г. Ранние натюрморты Снейдерса в его родном Антверпене были широко популярны и породили многочисленные подражания. Это скромных размеров холсты с одинокой корзиной или чашей с плодами; иногда к этому прибавляется ваза с цветами.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-29.jpg" alt=">Fruit and vegetable counter 1616. Subsequently, the canvases sharply increase in sizes, filled with many"> Фруктово-овощной прилавок 1616 г. В дальнейшем холсты резко возрастают в размерах, заполняются множеством предметов: битой дичью, рыбой, устрицами, мясными тушами, овощами, фруктами.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-30.jpg" alt=">Pantry 1617">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-31.jpg" alt="> In 1618, Snyders received an order for"> В 1618 г. Снейдерс получает заказ на монументальные декоративные картины, изображающие нагруженные дичью, рыбой, овощами и фруктами прилавки, за которыми стоят продавцы и покупатели. Композиции, воплотившие дух фламандского барокко, имели грандиозный успех. Рыбная лавка 1618 г.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-32.jpg" alt=">Fish shop 1618 In general, shops selling various kinds of food occupy in creativity"> Рыбная лавка 1618 г. Вообще лавки, торгующие разного рода снедью, занимают в творчестве Снейдерса значительное место.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-33.jpg" alt=">Cook at the food counter 1630s.">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-34.jpg" alt=">Fruit seller. 1636. The artist paints each item with great care, however, first of all he"> Торговка фруктами. 1636. Художник со всей тщательностью пишет каждый предмет, однако прежде всего он видит натюрморт в целом, стремясь к всеобъемлющему изображению богатства природы. Яркие, нарядные натюрморты Снейдерса полны ликующей праздничности и меньше всего могут быть названы «мертвой натурой» - настолько полны они кипучей жизни.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-35.jpg" alt="> Ian Faith More reserved"> Ян Фейт Более сдержанно и утонченно творчество Яна Фейта. Он не стремится, в отличие от Снейдерса, к созданию произведений мощного монументально-декоративного размаха. Его натюрморты - это замкнутые станковые картины, более интимные, более строгие в выборе предметов, обладающие четкой и компактной композицией и редкой красотой колорита. Натюрморт с собакой!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-36.jpg" alt="> Dogs Striving for dynamic forms, Flemish masters"> Собаки Стремясь к динамичности форм, фламандские мастера очень часто вводили в натюрморт изображения людей и животных (обычно дерущихся или преследующих друга).!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/19073041_26144984.pdf-img/19073041_26144984.pdf-37.jpg" alt=">The booty of 1649. With particular virtuosity, Feith conveys the texture of the depicted objects: delicate iridescent pearl gray"> Добыча 1649 г. С особой виртуозностью Фейт передает фактуру изображенных предметов: нежных переливчатых жемчужно-серых перьев птиц, пушистого мягкого меха зайца, влажного, сияющего, как драгоценности, винограда.!}









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Presentation on the topic: Dutch still life

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Still life arose in the era of antiquity, but as an independent genre it began to develop only in the 17th century. Still life arose in the era of antiquity, but as an independent genre it began to develop only in the 17th century. Its heyday began in Holland, where the Reformation, by prohibiting artists from painting on religious themes, forced them to look for new directions.

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In still lifes dating back to the early 17th century, objects are arranged in a strict order, like exhibits in a museum showcase. In such paintings, details are endowed with symbolic meaning. Apples are reminiscent of Adam's fall, and grapes are reminiscent of Christ's atoning sacrifice. A shell is a shell left behind by a creature that once lived in it; withered flowers are a symbol of death. A butterfly born from a cocoon means resurrection. Such are, for example, the paintings of Balthasar van der Ast. In still lifes dating back to the early 17th century, objects are arranged in a strict order, like exhibits in a museum showcase. In such paintings, details are endowed with symbolic meaning. Apples are reminiscent of Adam's fall, and grapes are reminiscent of Christ's atoning sacrifice. A shell is a shell left behind by a creature that once lived in it; withered flowers are a symbol of death. A butterfly born from a cocoon means resurrection. Such are, for example, the paintings of Balthasar van der Ast.

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Dutch still life of the 17th century. amazes with its richness of themes. In every artistic center of the country, painters preferred their own compositions: in Utrecht - from flowers and fruits, in The Hague - from fish. In Haarlem they wrote modest breakfasts, in Amsterdam - luxurious desserts, and in the university of Leiden - books and other objects for studying science or traditional symbols of worldly vanity - a skull, a candle, an hourglass. Dutch still life of the 17th century. amazes with its richness of themes. In every artistic center of the country, painters preferred their own compositions: in Utrecht - from flowers and fruits, in The Hague - from fish. In Haarlem they wrote modest breakfasts, in Amsterdam - luxurious desserts, and in the university of Leiden - books and other objects for studying science or traditional symbols of worldly vanity - a skull, a candle, an hourglass.

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For artists of the next generation, things no longer remind of abstract truths, but serve to create independent artistic images. In their paintings, familiar objects acquire a special, previously unnoticed beauty. Peter Klas subtly and skillfully emphasizes the uniqueness of each dish, glass, pot, finding the ideal neighborhood for any of them. In the still lifes of his fellow countryman Willem Claes Heda, picturesque disorder reigns. Most often he wrote “interrupted breakfasts.” A crumpled tablecloth, mixed up serving items, food that has barely been touched - everything here reminds of the recent presence of a person. The paintings are enlivened by diverse spots of light and multi-colored shadows on glass, metal, and canvas.

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The Flemish artist Jan Veit's style is more refined than that of his teacher Snyders. Emphatically modest in composition and size, Feit’s works are interesting due to the harmony of restrained light, subtle shades of brown, greenish and light gray tones. This incomparable sensitivity of the painter brings him closer to the Dutch masters. The Flemish artist Jan Veit's style is more refined than that of his teacher Snyders. Emphatically modest in composition and size, Feit’s works are interesting due to the harmony of restrained light, subtle shades of brown, greenish and light gray tones. This incomparable sensitivity of the painter brings him closer to the Dutch masters.

Management of the pedagogical process.
Conversation during the show
Involving students in dialogue, using the emotionality of students' perception.
Sl. 14 .Ambrosius Bosshart . Vase with Flowers . Interest in still life intensified in the middle of the 16th century due to the division of painting into genres. The 17th century is the great century of the heyday of still life. It was a real hymn to life. Several directions arose in the development of Dutch still life, but all of them were combined into a single whole with exquisite taste, a subtle sense of harmony and excellent pictorial skill. The philosopher Spinoza, who lived in Holland in the 17th century, argued in his famous work “Ethics” that the order and connection of things in life are the same as the order and connection of ideas, and the art of still life became a clear confirmation of this. The artists’ close attention to the depicted objects expresses their attitude to the life of the Dutch burghers who lived in a rich and prosperous country. The complexity and ambiguity of life was manifested in still life in the language of things, well understood by the authors and difficult to read by contemporaries today.
Floral compositions occupied a special place in Dutch still life: “ blompot" (lit. "flower pot") . The beauty of this gift of nature is incomparable, especially since in Holland in the 17th century. there was a fashion for flowers, many of which were brought from other countries (such as tulips, first brought to Europe from Turkey in 1554). They were very expensive. The presence of flowers was a sign not only of good taste, but also of prosperity. The “Language of Flowers” ​​was well known to the painters’ contemporaries. Let's try to solve the mysteries of flower still life.
Sl.15.Ambrosio Balthazar
Sl.16. « vanitas" ("vanity of vanities"). Almost all still life compositions in one form or another reflect generalized images that allow one to think about the eternal problems of human life and its transience. Since the 17th century There is a so-called still life “vanitas” (“vanity of vanities,” the purpose of which can be expressed by the Latin saying “momento mori” (“remember death!”). Such still lifes often depict: an ivy-covered skull, withered flowers, a shell (“an empty shell "), a burning or burnt candle, an hourglass. In a number of works, jewelry, playing cards, smoking pipes are added, indicating the futility of earthly pleasures. Pieces of paper, manuscripts and printed publications with sayings are constantly found: “Sic transt gloria mundi”, “Finis coronat”. opus" ("So the earthly glory passes", "The end crowns the matter"). This genre was formed in Leiden, the intellectual center of Holland). The ideological foundations of this movement intricately intertwined medieval ideas about the frailty of all earthly things, the morality of Calvinism and the humanistic ideals of a wise person striving for truth and beauty.
Sl.17 .The most famous Dutch still lifes are “breakfasts”. This trend developed in Harlem. Usually the painting depicted overturned glass goblets, crumpled white tablecloths, half-peeled lemons with peels hanging in a spiral shape. These still lifes also had a double meaning: oysters were considered a delicacy, but they were also part of the circle of symbols of Aphrodite (the joys of earthly life). Such a still life is a stunning portrait of the owner. The historical roots of "breakfasts" go back to when group portraits of rifle guilds first appeared. Then the favorite view became the image of ceremonial meetings at the banquet table. The first such still lifes were distinguished by pomp and solemnity.
Sl.18. This trend was led by two Dutch masters, Pieter Claes and Willem Heda. The “breakfasts” of these artists are distinguished by their simplicity and seriousness, reflecting the moods and sympathies of the first generation of Dutch burghers who grew up in an independent country. They always bear the imprint of individual taste; they are full of calm and the invisible presence of a person who poured wine into a glass, cut a lemon, broke off a piece of a bun, and carelessly threw a crumpled but shining white napkin onto the table. V.Heda's "Breakfast with Blackberry Pie" is an example of amazing accuracy and completeness. The transparency of glass and the shine of metal are masterfully devoted. The generally written background and tablecloth promote concentration on objects. The still life is detailed and at the same time laconic. By drowning out individual colors and subordinating them to a general tone (brownish-golden for Klas and grayish-green for Kheda), their coloring creates a special, somewhat stern and melancholy mood.
The so-called “kitchen still life” was also born in Holland, in which food was depicted not on the dining table, but at the place of its preparation, along with utensils for washing, cooking and frying. But here we find gospel interpretations of the plots.
In the 2nd half of the 17th century, the place of the modest “breakfasts” of Klas and Heda was taken by the rich and spectacular “Desserts” of A. Beyeren and V. Kalfa.
Sl.19. V. Kalf “Still life with a cup and mother-of-pearl shell.”
At the end of the 17th century. Dutch art entered a period of decline.
The legislator of Flemish still life were two great masters - F. Snyders and J. Veit. Contemporaries and associates of Rubens, they did not organically perceive nature at rest. Material forms were for them a manifestation of the dynamic force that forms the basis of everything that exists in this world. For artists, there was nothing dead in nature; under their brush, everything motionless seemed to come to life - dead game, fish, dead deer, swans, hares. The bodies of the fish are tense and arched, their mouths are open in thirst for air. The art of these artists called to life, glorified life. Both artists were excellent animal painters and enlivened their still lifes with figures of living birds, animals, dogs, monkeys and cats.
F. Snyders “Fish shop”. What impression does a still life make on you?
In the 18th century The leading role in still life goes to France. But we will talk to you later about how this genre developed in European and Russian art. Now let's summarize our lesson.