What art materials are there? Art materials in painting

Art materials have a direct impact on the client's artistic work:

They encourage him to see and touch;

They generate emotional uplift and awareness; being themselves particles of reality, these materials help the client to come into contact with it.

Promote a dynamic interaction between the creator and the artistic material to occur.

The task of the art therapist- find out which material causes the client’s greatest expressiveness. Thereby free choice material is the most important driving force in progress artistic work [Kopytin A.I. Theory and practice of art therapy].

Art therapists need to understand properties of various visual materials, as well as in what cases the use of certain materials is most appropriate and when it is undesirable.

Basic set of materials for the creative process

Paints, pencils, wax crayons, pastel;

Magazines, newspapers, wallpaper, paper napkins, colored paper, foil, film, candy boxes, postcards, braid, ropes, textiles;

Natural materials - bark, leaves and seeds of plants, flowers, feathers, branches, moss, pebbles;

Clay, plasticine, wood, plastic, special dough;

Drawing paper of different formats and shades, cardboard;

Brushes of different sizes, sponges for painting large spaces, scissors, thread, pieces of wool, buttons different types glues, tape.

Main groups of materials

1) shapeless materials that allow you to create three-dimensional images;

2) materials having a certain form;

3) objects that have a certain shape that can be used as materials.

Let's consider the main groups of materials and their properties.

Group 1 - shapeless materials, allowing you to create three-dimensional images. Various soft and hard shapeless materials can be used to create three-dimensional images from them. The features of artistic products are determined by the properties of the material to the extent that it influences the artistic concept and the work process itself.

Soft materials , such as paints, art supplies, clay and sand mixed with water, do not have a specific shape and can be different types game manipulations, and can also be used to create artistic objects, paintings or sculptures.

Hard materials , such as stone, metal and wood, are used to create three-dimensional images and to carve various images on their surface. The level of mental development of the client and his skills in using different materials determines the characteristics of the artistic products he creates. At high level artistic skill and technical skills, metal or stone sculptures can be created that combine high durability with significant expressiveness, allowing the depiction of the human body, fabric, etc.

Group 2 - materials that have a certain shape. These materials, taking into account their properties, are included in the visual process unchanged. The qualities of certain materials, without any explanation, can be associated with emotional states, indicating certain events for the author. For example, transparent cellophane, thin translucent paper, silk, sand, gravel or sawdust can be included in the visual work unchanged and evoke in the client certain feelings and associations associated with the different qualities of these materials: a feeling of lightness, tenderness, roughness and etc.

Group 3 - objects that have a certain shape and are used as materials. Natural or man-made objects or parts thereof can be used as materials in the process of artistic creativity. At the same time, they retain their previous content to a certain extent. Old buttons or parts wristwatch sometimes used to create compositions from clay in order to create prints with their help, or to make some kind of mosaic.

The meaning of these objects in artistic work is determined by their function, color, characteristics of the materials from which they are made, complementing the associations with certain feelings and memories. However, being included in a work of art, they retain a certain content, determined by their previous function, associations of the author and their new role in the context of the completed work.

Another classification of materials, used in art therapy, is based on their specific properties, how they are typically used, and the feelings and images they are capable of evoking in a person. The choice of material has great importance, since it indicates conflict situations and the degree of readiness for emotional self-expression. If the choice of materials is not very large and the material is transformed in such a way that it takes on the properties of another material, this indicates that clients require a different material to express their state of mind.

We went through drawing school. Everyone needs to study to master the secrets of realistic depiction.

This drawing course helps to master the features of depicting the shape and proportions of objects, their texture, conveying volume using light and shadow and linear perspective.

To learn how to draw, it is not enough just to read a book, you must carefully follow special exercises and long-term drawings, strive to achieve success.

Of course, you will learn the art of drawing gradually, step by step, mastering the secrets of the skill in theoretical and practical classes during class and homework.

Drawings from the book showing the sequence of the image can be repeated, but remember that the basis of training should be drawing from life.

By observing the surrounding reality, making sketches and sketches from life, learn the basics of realistic depiction. Use this knowledge and skills in the process of drawing from memory and imagination, in creative compositions.

To complete a drawing, as a rule, complex devices are not required. Everyone has had to draw with pencils, felt-tip pens or fountain pens on paper, but achieving mastery in accurately conveying movement, character, and texture is not easy.

Knowledge of art materials and techniques for working with them will help you the best way realize your creative ideas in a small sketch or finished drawing. The more subtly you learn to understand the features of drawing techniques, master them, the more fully you will feel the features of their artistic expression.

Educational practice has shown that in secondary school To complete drawing tasks, the most commonly used are graphite and colored pencils, felt-tip pens, watercolors, ink, crayons, as well as charcoal, sanguine, and pastels.

A graphite pencil is equally convenient for both educational and professional use. creative works. It has a pleasant gray tone and some shine, can be easily corrected, and can be erased with an eraser. With this pencil you can create linear, line-line and tonal-painterly drawings. Of all the drawing materials, graphite pencil is the simplest and most accessible medium. Graphite, in combination with other art materials, holds enormous possibilities for every artist.

Graphite fits well on any paper and does not crumble. You need to select a pencil and paper in accordance with the assigned tasks. First you need to learn how to work with one pencil and try to extract from it everything that it can give. Lines and strokes work well on thick, smooth paper, while grainy paper is suitable for working with tone.

Pencil drawings on paper that has turned yellow with age look good. In general, if we talk about paper, try different types of paper for your drawings. Don't be embarrassed if something doesn't work out for you. The main thing is that you will gain invaluable experience that you can use in your creativity.

When working with a graphite pencil, you should not get too carried away with shading, as this often creates the impression that the drawing is worn out and greasy.

Lightening the tone of the picture can be achieved with the help of bread crumb. You need to lay the drawing horizontally, chop it finely White bread and wipe the drawing with it.

A graphite pencil is good for drawings in an album, on a Whatman paper, but if you need to cover large surfaces, then charcoal is usually used.

You can also achieve a variety of graphic or pictorial effects with colored pencils, especially watercolor pencils, which can be washed away with water, achieving painting techniques work.

Coal as a drawing material has been used by artists since ancient times. Drawing charcoal has great expressive possibilities, they can be used to create landscapes, portraits, still lifes and subject compositions.

Charcoal can be used to draw both the thinnest and widest lines; you can quickly shade large surfaces with the side. Charcoal gives a deep velvety black color and a wide range of tonal transitions. They can be used for quick sketches, sketches and long-term drawings. It is very convenient to use and easy to wash. Coal clearly reveals the shape of an object and makes it possible to convey light and shadow. Charcoal can be drawn on paper, cardboard, canvas, wall and other surfaces suitable for drawing. It is better to use rough paper, you can also use thick drawing paper, which should be lightly rubbed with fine sandpaper. Interesting drawings charcoal is obtained on a colored background of soft tones.

Drawing coals should be different in size and shape. To draw fine lines, charcoal is sharpened obliquely, since middle part(core) of coals made from twigs is more loose. When working on canvas, the charcoal sharpens itself.

A combination of charcoal with other materials is allowed - with sanguine, chalk, pastel, colored pencils, watercolors, and a special charcoal pencil “Retouch”.

Charcoal can be worked in two ways: with a regular graphite pencil, using lines and strokes, and with the use of tonal shading. You can rub the charcoal with a cloth, your hand, or a special shading tool, which is made from suede, kid leather or thick paper and is a tightly rolled roller with pointed ends. You should not use a rubber band for this, as it will cause the charcoal to lie unevenly.

You can lighten the tone by brushing off excess charcoal with a cloth or bristle brush. It is recommended to walk along the illuminated areas of the form with a soft roll or work them with chalk.

Charcoal drawings should be fixed. You can use a special fixative or hairspray for this. Fix by spraying the varnish gradually, in several stages, from a distance of about one meter, avoiding the formation of drops. Keep in mind that even the most careful fixing will make the drawing darker.

Anyone who draws with a felt-tip pen needs to take its capabilities into account. The felt-tip pen glides easily across the paper and leaves behind a beautiful smooth line, which cannot be erased, so they need to work with a firm and confident hand. Felt-tip pens come in thin and thick, different colors, which expands their artistic capabilities. They can be worked using a line, stroke or decorative spots. Felt-tip pens are good for sketches from nature, sketches of landscapes, and decorative design work.

Sanguine, a red-brown material, was used in drawings by Leonardo da Vinci. Another name for this material is red chalk. Sanguine is produced in the form of round or square sticks and can be different shades. You can draw with sanguine using a line, a stroke, using shading, on various papers, cardboard, and primed canvas. Artists often combine sanguine with charcoal, chalk, and pencil. For those who have not acquired the first skills in drawing, working with sanguine is not recommended. Mastering the technique of working with this material should begin in sketches, and continue in longer drawings from life or from an idea.

Works created by sanguine outstanding masters- Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Rubens, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Titian, Chardin and many others - varied in technical techniques.

Pen drawing is an excellent school for training the hand and eye. There are feathers different sizes and from different materials. First of all, for work it is important that the pen does not scratch the paper. By changing the pressure on the pen, you can achieve different different thicknesses lines. A steel nib gives a clear, thin line, while a goose or reed nib gives a lively and expressive line.

When working with a pen on a large-format sheet, you must ensure that the line and stroke are varied. It is better to draw with a pen on smooth coated paper, where mistakes made sometimes can be corrected using a razor blade. Expressive works are obtained when the line and stroke are combined with the tone of the paper (gray, blue, yellow, greenish, etc.) and create the impression of a picturesque manner of drawing.

The technique of drawing with a brush on paper has become widespread. It allows you to make the finest drawings and widely paint large planes in tone, and achieve sculpting of a form using a brushstroke. Good materials for drawing with a brush - black and colored ink. Artists can only choose gray or Brown color while working watercolor paints. Monochrome painting - grisaille - was widely used by the old masters. It is useful to complete grisaille tasks for drawing still lifes and landscapes from life for educational purposes.

Since watercolor, like pastel, can be classified as both graphics and painting, be careful when classifying works made with these materials, rely largely on intuition and common sense, follow what the artist prefers - line or tone, one color or a wealth of color shades.

The pastel technique is multifaceted and simple. Pastel crayons- fragile and delicate in color. They can be used as a stroke or with wide impasto strokes. Rubbing color into color gives an unusual effect of softness and precision of tonal transitions.

Pastels love a tinted base; they can be used on colored velvet paper or cardboard treated with fine-grained sandpaper. Pastels adhere better to rough surfaces. It requires securing and careful storage. It is better to protect the colorful layer of pastel from shedding with thin sheet paper, attaching it with a flap on back side drawing. Then the pastel retains its color, which gives greater technical capabilities to the artist. But you can also use hairspray for this, in which case the pastel colors will darken a little.

Making drawings with any artistic material, as a rule, is carried out from the general to the specific, in order to return to the general in the end. First it is thought out compositional solution drawing, objects are placed on a sheet of the selected format, they are drawn general shape, monitor compliance with proportional relationships, work on details. Then they move on to the cut-off modeling of the form, achieving the integrity of the drawing.

If you learn to draw a cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and cone, you will be able to convey all the diversity of the world in your creative works. It is easy to see that all complex shapes are based on simple geometric bodies. In the process of drawing, you must be able to measure and compare distances, determine the proportions of your model, and convey volume using light and shadow.

Drawing simple geometric bodies individually and as part of a still life, drawing a jug, plaster ornament, various thematic still lifes, human figures and heads, animals, objects of technology and architecture should be mastered by every draftsman.

You also need to be careful; the drawing must be protected from anything that could stain it, including your hand. Purity - required condition when doing work. Don't forget to keep your hands and work area clean.

Remember that all drawing lessons should be supported by your own thoughts, only then educational process can be considered completed.

Sokolnikova N.M., Fine arts. Basics of drawing: A textbook for teachers. 5 grades - Obninsk: Title, 2008. - 96 p.: tsv.il.

13:30 02/20/2014

You don't need any special complicated equipment for drawing. Who among us did not make the simplest drawings in childhood on an ordinary piece of paper with felt-tip pens, pencils, or even an ordinary fountain pen? But if we are talking about skill, methods of artistic expression, transmission of movement, implementation creative ideas, then you can’t do without using art materials and knowledge of techniques for working with them.

The most widespread and accessible materials are colored or graphite pencils, ink, felt-tip pens, crayons, charcoal, sanguine, pastel, and watercolor. Let's take a closer look at each of these art materials and the technique of working with them.

Graphite pencil

It is used both when teaching drawing and already experienced artists. Nice gray tone, slight shine is combined with the possibility of correction with an eraser. The pencil allows you to make both linear and line drawings, as well as tonal and pictorial ones. The advantage of graphite is that it adheres well to paper. Different effects can be achieved by choosing how art material, different varieties paper for pencil work.

Colored pencils have similar properties. The most notable among them are watercolor pencils, which are smeared with water, creating special effects.

Drawing charcoal

It has been used by artists since ancient times. Allows you to take portraits, landscapes, story compositions and still lifes. It has a rich black color with a wide range of tonal transitions. The shape of the coal makes it possible to draw lines of varying thickness. The side surface can be used to quickly paint a large area of ​​the sheet. Charcoal is also easy to clean. When drawing with charcoal, the following are used: art materials such as cardboard, canvas, wall, paper, as well as various surfaces. Depending on the artist’s tasks, the basis of the drawing, the shape and method of sharpening the drawing coals are selected. You can rub the coal with a special blender, a cloth or your hand. Drawings made with charcoal are secured with hairspray or a special fixative.

Markers

They require work with a confident, steady hand, as they do not wear off. Give smooth beautiful lines. They vary in thickness and colors. They are mainly used for decorative or design purposes, but they also allow you to make landscapes and sketches from nature.

Sangina

It is a reddish-brown chalk. Produced in the form of square and round sticks. Allows you to draw on cardboard, paper, canvas. With it you can draw a line, stroke or make a shading. When drawing, it is often combined with others art materials. Due to the difficulty of use, it is not recommended for beginners. Such masters of the past as Rubens, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Michelangelo, Chardin, Titian created their works using the sanguine technique.

Pen drawing

It requires steadiness of the hand and clarity of the eye, since it cannot be erased later. The thickness of the line is controlled by pressure, but you must make sure that the pen does not scratch the paper. Feathers vary in the material from which they are made. Goose or reed ones give a more vibrant line, while steel ones give a clearer line. It is optimal to use smooth coated paper for drawing with a pen, then mistakes made can be corrected with a sharp blade. Also, by choosing paper of different colors, you can achieve the impression of a picturesque design.

Painting with a brush

Use as art material brushes allows you to perform very delicate drawings, as well as widely tinting the planes, using a sculpting effect using a brushstroke. Brushes are used for painting with ink, watercolors, oil paints, gouache, and grisaille.

Pastel crayons

The pastel technique is distinguished by fragility and tenderness in color. When working, the technique of a stroke or wide impasto strokes is used. Unusual effects are also achieved by rubbing color into color, which gives the design a special softness and precision of tonal transitions. A rough surface holds pastels better, so it is preferable to use for work. velvet paper or specially sanded cardboard. It is also necessary to secure the pastel and carefully store the drawing.

In addition to those described, there are a great many types of needlework (for example, embroidery kits) and each of them has its own expressive properties and characteristics. Therefore, anyone who is interested in drawing will find something just for themselves, according to their preferences.

1. Technique in fine arts.
2. Materials for drawing, working with paper, fabric.
3. Drawing techniques.
4. Techniques for working with paper and fabric.

Question.

Technique– this is the language of the artist. Without mastery of this language, the artist cannot convey the intent of his work to the viewer.

In fine arts technology is understood a set of special skills, methods and techniques by which a work of art is performed.

Concept of technology V in the narrow sense words corresponds to the direct, immediate result of the artist’s work with special material and tools (hence the technique oil painting, watercolors, gouaches, etc.), the ability to use the artistic capabilities of this material;

In more broad meaning this concept also covers the corresponding elements of a figurative nature– transfer of the materiality of objects.

Thus,

Drawing technique - mastery of materials and tools, ways of using them for depiction and artistic expression.

The concept of technology includes the development of the eye and hand, their coordinated activity.

Question.

Fine art has diversity materials and techniques. Of course, not all of them can be used in kindergarten. Some are too difficult for children, some require special training, which in conditions kindergarten does not seem possible. However, some expansion of knowledge about artistic materials in comparison with the existing one is still necessary.

Materials can be divided into unformed and semi-formed.

Unformed- paper, fabric, thread, wire, foil, wool, rope. In each of these materials, nothing is initially specified except their texture and size. The child reacts emotionally to each of these materials, associating it with some real image. He creates something new, changing the shape, exploring the properties and capabilities of the material.

Semi-formed carry some initially given semantic load. They are divided into artificial and natural. Artificial - boxes, corks, parts of any machines or devices, buttons, bracelets, beads, etc. Modifying them in their own way, children create new holistic compositions. The properties and forms of such materials are close to construction toys: when a child builds something from boxes, he folds and secures them different ways, and he associates such a building with something he saw in reality.

Natural - fallen fruits, twigs, leaves, flowers, etc. You can create original crafts from them. The beauty of natural colors and shapes contributes to the development of aesthetic perception. At the same time, the child not only develops a sense of beauty, but also develops the ability to find creative use all these items. By working with various similar materials, the child simultaneously develops hand motor skills, artistic vision, and enriches his knowledge and skills.

The teacher should know the features of various visual materials in order to correctly select and rationally use them, as well as introduce children to accessible ways working with each material separately.

Each technique involves the use of different tools. Every visual instrument has its own specifics, which determines how to work with it. Let's look at the features of each tool.

Pencils(colored, simple) allow you to more clearly highlight the contour line and most accurately convey the shape and design. You can draw a narrow line with a pencil. At the same time, to obtain a wider line, repeated movements are required, while filling the entire pattern with color involves repeated repeated movements (from top to bottom, from left to right, or along an oblique line). The larger the surface that needs to be painted, the longer these movements will take. Mastery pencil technique drawing is necessary because contour line drawing- the basis of the image.

Markers of various shades and colors can have a specific smell, and upon contact with paper they leave rich, bright lines without much hand pressure. Drawing with such a tool can be done either as a contour or as a stroke.

Possible mistakes

♦ Pencil type is not taken into account. For preschool age, it is preferable to use TM, M, 2M pencils. Hard pencils do not provide the opportunity to show the thickness and color of the line, which in turn affects the quality of work and the assimilation of the material. A soft pencil allows you to make multidirectional movements without leaving the paper. Changing the color intensity is achieved by changing the pressure on the pencil: weak pressure - a lighter color, strong pressure - a more intense color.

♦ The paper size is selected incorrectly. You can often see how for a small pencil drawing The same large sheets of paper are issued as for working with paints. As a result, the sheet turns out to be unfilled (there is a lot of unreasonably empty white space, which is why the drawing looks bad), or the child, trying to fill it out, creates an image that is too large and does not have time to finish the drawing.

♦ For working with colored pencils, colored paper is suggested, on which the resulting image does not look good. All this reduces the quality of the drawings and deprives them of expressiveness.

♦ When working with felt-tip pens, you should explain to children the rules for handling the material: be sure to close the cap, do not take too many felt-tip pens, do not paint over large spaces, wasting the color (this can just as well be done with paint). Due to prolonged painting, the hand gets tired, which is why the child loses the desire to continue working.

Brushes- core, squirrel, bristle. Bristle the brushes are designed for working with oil paints, but can also be used in painting with tempera and gouache paints (“spray” - shaking with a brush, resulting in dots of different shapes and locations, “dry” brush - to convey the texture of fluffy animal fur). Squirrel and Kolinsky brushes are used mainly in watercolor and gouache. They are flat and round in shape. The size of the brush is indicated by a number. The numbers for flat brushes correspond to their width in millimeters, and the numbers for round brushes correspond to their diameter (also expressed in millimeters).

The brush is soft. Working with it does not require strong pressure, the resistance of the material is insignificant. This relieves the hand tension typical of working with a pencil, so your hand gets less tired when working with a brush. The contour line with a brush turns out to be blurry and not clear enough. Working with a brush and paint allows you to create a spot of color, a rich, wide line, and quickly cover large surfaces of the design with color without any effort. When painting with a brush, you can get a wide line if you touch the entire pile, and a thin line if you touch the paper only with its end. Having learned to apply the brush flat with its bristles, the child has free use of the “dipping” technique, with the help of which a variety of pattern elements can be created (flowers, leaves, petals). However, the soft bristles of the brush deteriorate when moving the brush back and forth continuously.

Possible mistakes

♦ Under no circumstances should you allow brushes to dry out or place brushes in a jar with the nap facing down, as deformation will occur. After working with watercolors or gouache, it is better to wash your brushes warm water. The washed brush should be placed in a specially designated cup with the nap facing up or wrapped in paper, then it will retain its shape.

♦ For practical classes Each child needs to have at least 2-3 brushes of different thicknesses and textures in their set.

Paints- watercolor, gouache, oil, tempera. Watercolor - water-based adhesives made from finely ground pigments mixed with gum, dextrin, glycerin, and sometimes with honey or sugar syrup. They are produced dry - in the form of tiles, semi-raw - in porcelain cups or semi-liquid - in tubes. In watercolor you can write on dry or damp paper immediately, in full force colors, or you can work with glazes, gradually clarifying the color relationships of nature.

Gouache- water-based paint with great coverage capabilities. These paints lighten quickly after drying and considerable experience is needed to anticipate the degree of change in their tone and color, Gouache paints write on paper, cardboard, plywood. Finished works have a matte velvety surface.

Oily- dyes mixed with vegetable oil: linseed, poppy or nut. From exposure to light and air oil paints gradually harden. Many substrates (canvas, wood, cardboard) are primed with paints before working on them.

Tempera- water-based adhesive paints prepared from dry powders mixed with egg yolk diluted with adhesive water. Currently, semi-liquid paints are also produced, enclosed in tubes and made on yolk. With tempera paints you can paint thickly, like oil paints, or thinly, like watercolors, diluting them with water. They dry slower than gouache. The disadvantage is the difference in shades between raw and dried paint. Paintings painted with tempera paints have a matte surface, so they are sometimes coated with a special varnish that eliminates this dullness.

Possible mistakes

♦ Watercolor does not tolerate corrections or numerous re-paintings mixed paints. Often teachers use the watercolor technique in combination with other materials: gouache, tempera, charcoal. However, in this case the main qualities are lost watercolor painting- saturation, transparency, purity and freshness, that is, exactly what distinguishes watercolor from any other technique. With preschoolers, it is better to practically start working with watercolors from the older group, when children have the skills and abilities to work with visual material.

Charcoal pencil"retouch" softer than regular colored pencils and produces a wider line of velvety color.

Sangina- short pencil sticks. They can be of various shades of brown.

Both of these materials are expressive in their own way; they give a different textured line. Images of trees using charcoal pencil and sanguine are especially expressive. Thanks to the softness of these materials, you can easily create lines of different thicknesses (thickening of the trunk, thinness of the branches), and they are easier to work with than with ordinary colored pencils, which give a thin line and require strong pressure to obtain more intense strokes.

Pastel- rimless colored pencils made from colorful powder. They are obtained by mixing paint powder with an adhesive (cherry glue, dextrin, gelatin, casein). Draw with pastels on paper, cardboard or canvas. The color is applied with strokes, as in the drawing, or rubbed in with fingers with shading, which allows you to achieve the finest colorful nuances and delicate color transitions, a matte velvety surface. When working with pastel, you can easily remove or cover layers of paint, since it is freely scraped off from the ground.

Possible mistakes

♦ Charcoal pencil, pastel and sanguine are fragile, so when drawing with them you only need to lightly touch the paper, otherwise the pencil lead and sanguine stick will quickly break. Touch-up pencils, like colored pencils, do not need to be sharpened sharply. Sanguine does not sharpen at all.

♦ You should not try to paint over a drawing with sanguine or pastel in the same way as with a colored pencil, drawing strokes closely. In this case, the material falls off, but gaps remain.

♦ The introduction of these materials for drawing is advisable
only in senior and preparatory school groups, when children should already have mastered the basic methods of working with colored pencils and a brush.

Question.

Drawing techniques.

Based on the variety of drawing techniques in the fine arts and taking into account the capabilities of preschool children, it is advisable to enrich the technical side children's drawing. This can be achieved by diversifying the methods of working with paints and pencils already known in wide practice and using new materials (colored wax crayons, watercolors, etc.), as well as combining different materials and techniques in one drawing. The combination of different materials in one design allows you to achieve greater expressiveness of the image.

Availability of use unconventional techniques determined age characteristics preschoolers. So, for example, you should start working in this direction with techniques such as drawing with fingers, palm, tearing paper, etc., but in older preschool age these same techniques will complement an artistic image created using more complex ones: blotography, monotype, etc.

NON-TRADITIONAL

ARTISTIC AND GRAPHIC

Soft materials are pigments pressed into rods. different color and origin, mixed with weak glue. TO soft materials includes sanguine, sepia, sauce of various colors, charcoal, dry pastel. Many of these materials are also available in pencil form.
In class we learned three ways to work with soft materials.

1. The main and most famous is drawing the material with the stick itself.
In this version, we have access to a line of different thicknesses - it can be made with the angle of a stick ( thin line), the end (thick line) and the wide side, placing a stick of material along the direction of the line (this makes the line varied and not always predictable). A spot is created wide part material, with different pressure. The whole difference is in the texture - when applying a stain directly with the material, the texture is sharper; when rubbing the stain with a finger or a napkin, the texture becomes weaker, so you can create almost smooth filling. In addition, when rubbing colored materials (sanguine, sepia, pastel), the shade often changes slightly.

In this method of drawing the main expressive means the difference in texture becomes sharp and soft, crushed. With their help, we can indicate the main thing in a drawing or convey space. It is important to remember that the rough texture of unground material attracts attention, but does not convey a complex surface well, while a soft texture, on the contrary, conveys well the nuances of form and physicality. It is also important to find such a balance between the spot and the lines in the drawing so that they do not duplicate each other. Several materials can be used in this technique different colors, but first you need to understand the role of each to avoid confusion.

Here's what happened:

2. The second method is drawing on primed paper.
Ideally, you need to prime the stretched tablet, and after drying, cut it into separate sheets. If it is not possible to stretch the paper, you can tightly glue the sheet around the perimeter with masking tape and prime it like that. But then you need to remove the tape only after the soil has completely dried, then there is a chance that the paper will not stick. I talked about the technology for preparing and applying primer in.

The main advantage of this technology is the ability to draw light with an eraser. Correctly applied primer can easily be erased to white paper. The point is that the primer gives us a ready-made halftone; we only need to correctly position the spots of light and, if necessary, mark the shadows. A positive difference from drawing on colored paper (for example, pastel) is that the ground has a living texture and shines through it White paper, it looks more organic and seamless. The technique is very impressive, but this can be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

3. The last tested method is painting with colors.
In addition to the primer, by diluting the powdered material with water, you can also obtain colors for painting with a brush. There are two ways - prepare ready-made colors in jars or bring only the powder, adding water to it as needed already on the palette. The beauty of this technique is that you paint with natural pigments that have beautiful colour, mix interestingly. You can vary the density and even the texture of the color by adding pigment or water. In addition, everything that is painted with a brush, after drying, can be erased or at least weakened in tone (provided that you are painting on thick paper). You can also combine the second method with this one and paint with liquid color on the ground, which is also very interesting.