Hood materials. Visual materials and tools used in visual arts

A novice artist needs to know well the materials with which he will deal when drawing, master the technique of working with them and constantly study their properties. This knowledge will help you avoid many mistakes that are inevitable for a young artist who does not yet have sufficient experience.

Pencil

The first thing every beginner tries to draw with is. But in order to use all the properties that a pencil has that are useful for an artist, you need to acquire some knowledge. An artist can make a pencil an obedient tool in his hands, extract from it all the richness of its color possibilities, or use it only for sketches.

Drawing pencils come in different hardnesses and different shades. Hard pencils are most often used in drawing, but in drawing it is preferable to use soft or medium-hard pencils, which provide greater possibilities for color transitions and different shades.

The best pencils are made from graphite (a type of crystalline carbon). Graphite drawing pencils are usually produced under numbers: 1st - the softest, 2nd - medium and 3rd - hard.

The highest grade of drawing pencils has fourteen hardness numbers: from 1 to 6H - hard, from 1 to 6B - soft and 1-2 - medium.

A good soft pencil is “negro” - a soft, very black pencil with a pleasant velvety tone. For academic work Pencils of varying degrees of softness are quite suitable.

For pencil sketches, you can use any type of white or other paper. light shades, for long-term and serious drawings, you need paper with a high degree of roughness (whatman paper, half-whatman paper, “Alexandrian” paper).

Coal

Most often used for quick sketches, although it can also be used for long finished drawings. In addition, the initial contours of figures and objects for a painting done with oil paints are usually applied with charcoal. Charcoal is prepared from birch sticks.

You can cook charcoal yourself. To do this, fill the empty tin can even, smooth birch sticks, close the lid tightly, cover the jar with clay or putty and place it in the oven for several hours on the hot coals left after the fire.

For many people, charcoal is convenient because it is easily brushed off the paper and allows for numerous corrections in the drawing. This property of coal makes it indispensable for initial quick sketches and sketches.

You can only work with charcoal on rough paper, as it does not stick to smooth paper and crumbles.

For initial charcoal sketches, you can use any paper, even low-quality wrapping paper. For long-term charcoal drawings, you need good rough paper (Whatman paper, Alexandrian paper, etc.).

The disadvantage of coal is that at the slightest shock or shock it is shaken off the paper and requires special fastening for long-term storage.

The simplest “old-fashioned” method of fixing is to spray with liquid milk in which a small amount of sugar is dissolved (a quarter spoon for half a glass of milk granulated sugar). When fixing, the drawing is placed horizontally on the table and not sprayed too heavily, otherwise large drops of liquid can spoil the drawing. After the paper has dried, you should repeat the fastening again.

Sangina

You can also use sanguine for drawing. - that's pretty soft pencil, with a thicker shaft, usually brownish-red in color, without a wooden frame.

Mascara

In addition to pencil and charcoal, ink is also used for sketches and drawings, but working with ink requires great precision and confidence in the drawing, since a drawing made with ink is difficult to correct (the ink does not erase or wash off).

Monochrome watercolor (monochrome monotype)

The material for drawing can also be used, during which the artist does not set himself the task of conveying the color diversity of the reality around him, limiting himself to conveying the shape, volume, relative lightness and character of what is depicted.

Pastels

This is painting with dry paints prepared in the form of pencils that do not have a wooden frame. Dry paint is rubbed into the rough surface of the paper. To work with pastels you need big choice pencils of various tones and halftones, since the ability to mix one color with another, as well as with white in pastels, is extremely limited. You can work with pastels not only on rough paper, but also on a canvas specially primed for pastels, which must be glued to a board or cardboard to avoid shaking.

Soft materials are pigments pressed into rods. different color and origin, mixed with weak glue. TO soft materials includes sanguine, sepia, sauce of various colors, charcoal, dry pastel. Many of these materials are also available in pencil form.
In class we learned three ways to work with soft materials.

1. The main and most famous is drawing the material with the stick itself.
In this option, we have access to the line different thicknesses- it can be done with the angle of a stick ( thin line), the end (thick line) and the wide side, placing a stick of material along the direction of the line (this makes the line varied and not always predictable). A spot is created wide part material, with different pressure. The whole difference is in the texture - when applying a stain directly with the material, the texture is sharper; when rubbing the stain with a finger or a napkin, the texture becomes weaker, so you can create almost smooth filling. In addition, when rubbing colored materials (sanguine, sepia, pastel), the shade often changes slightly.

In this method of drawing the main expressive means the difference in texture becomes sharp and soft, crushed. With their help, we can indicate the main thing in a drawing or convey space. It is important to remember that the rough texture of unground material attracts attention, but does not convey a complex surface well, while a soft texture, on the contrary, conveys well the nuances of form and physicality. It is also important to find such a balance between the spot and the lines in the drawing so that they do not duplicate each other. Several materials can be used in this technique different colors, but first you need to understand the role of each to avoid confusion.

Here's what happened:

2. The second method is drawing on primed paper.
Ideally, you need to prime the stretched tablet, and after drying, cut it into separate sheets. If it is not possible to stretch the paper, you can tightly glue the sheet around the perimeter with masking tape and prime it like that. But then you need to remove the tape only after the soil has completely dried, then there is a chance that the paper will not stick. I talked about the technology for preparing and applying primer in.

The main advantage of this technology is the ability to draw light with an eraser. Correctly applied primer can easily be erased to white paper. The point is that the primer gives us a ready-made halftone; we only need to correctly position the spots of light and, if necessary, mark the shadows. A positive difference from drawing on colored paper (for example, pastel) is that the ground has a living texture and shines through it White paper, it looks more organic and seamless. The technique is very impressive, but this can be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

3. The last tested method is painting with colors.
In addition to the primer, by diluting the powdered material with water, you can also obtain colors for painting with a brush. There are two ways - prepare ready-made colors in jars or bring only the powder, adding water to it as needed already on the palette. The beauty of this technique is that you paint with natural pigments that have beautiful colour, mix interestingly. You can vary the density and even the texture of the color by adding pigment or water. In addition, everything that is painted with a brush, after drying, can be erased or at least weakened in tone (provided that you are painting on thick paper). You can also combine the second method with this one and paint with liquid color on the ground, which is also very interesting.

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Each has its own characteristics: techniques, execution techniques and materials and tools used. The types of drawing and painting, the quality and accuracy of the image, as well as its aesthetic properties depend on what artistic materials the artist uses.

Drawing and painting: what is the difference?

Drawing is a type of graphics, which is a black and white or color image on paper, cardboard, made by hand. This concept includes both a simple drawing or sketch and complex paintings using perspective. For drawing, materials such as:

• simple graphite pencils;
• colour pencils;
• markers;
• ink, ink (applied to paper with pens or pens);
• sanguine;
• coal.

Drawing, unlike painting, has a wider application. The figure below shows graphs of functions of the form y. This kind of delivery educational material helps students and students better understand complex mathematical equations and their practical applications.

Drawing with pencils

One of the most used tools in fine arts- This is a simple pencil. They are inexpensive. They do not require any special handling skills. Based on their hardness, they are divided into 3 types: soft (M, M2 or B, B2), medium hard (TM or BH) and hard (T, T2 or H, H2). With a pencil you can create all types of drawings: from a sketch to a photographic image.

How to use such a tool correctly? Gennady Li, in his book “Fundamentals of Academic Drawing,” advises beginning artists to use the softest (M2) pencil. This teaches you to be more responsible about your work and act more carefully. They learn to make lines and strokes with a light movement, barely touching the surface of the paper. A soft graphite mark is easier to erase with an eraser or a kneader (soft eraser). Even slight pressure makes the lines darker and thicker. Professionals can achieve the desired tonal ratio using the hardest (T2) pencil.

Techniques for working with pencils

Particular importance when working with pencils is given to the execution technique - shading. Contours are drawn not with long lines, but with short strokes. Also, shading darkens areas on a sheet of paper. It should convey not only the tone, but also the texture of the subject. In this case, the lines are placed parallel and tightly to each other.

The figure shows graphs of functions in the form of complex mathematical formulas, which are impossible to depict without the use of special tools and without taking your hand off the sheet. This can only be done by applying the image with short strokes. But it is precisely from these simple lines, ovals or sinusoids and consist of all visible objects.

When working with colored pencils, the same tools and techniques are used as with simple graphite pencils. The main difference is that the drawing is colored.

Markers

These bright sticks with hard rods that leave saturated color on the sheet, appeared recently. Therefore, nothing is written about them in old drawing textbooks. Lines drawn with a felt-tip pen have an even, greasy mark not only on the surface, but also on back side sheet of paper. Therefore, it is not suitable for painting large areas. It is used for highlighting, loose color shading.

Felt-tip pens are used when you need to create a drawing in the form of signs and inscriptions. It is suitable for drawing graphs, especially if you need to draw several lines on them, displaying different functions or calculation results.

Ink, ink

Feathers and ballpoint pens, in which ink and ink are used as a coloring pigment, are used not only in calligraphy, but also in drawing. In terms of their capabilities, they are not inferior to pencils, but they have some features. Ink and ink lie on paper or cardboard in smooth, monochromatic lines, regardless of the pressure applied. That is, the tone does not change. Therefore, they are rarely used when creating photographic three-dimensional images. But they are suitable for such types of drawing as sketching and sketching.

To work with the tool, you can use any paper, even writing paper. The ink is applied easily without scratching the paper, which often happens when working with a sharpened hard pencil.

Sanguine, coal

Sanguine is a type of clay. Sticks are made from it and fired. It has a red or brownish-brown color.

Coal gives black color. It is obtained by roasting birch or aspen branches in a closed oven. Compressed charcoal is made from simple charcoal.

Despite the fact that these are two different materials, the execution technique and types of patterns obtained with their help are the same. Artists often use both materials on the same sheet of cardboard along with chalk. To prevent the image from crumbling, it is treated with special adhesive fixatives. You should work with these materials carefully, as it will not be possible to erase what you have drawn. Even a smudge won’t help, and an eraser will simply smear everything into a muddy spot. See below for what the drawing made with charcoal or sanguine looks like.

Painting: tools, materials, technique

In painting, the main tool is the brush, and the materials used are watercolor, gouache, acrylic or oil paint. They are produced in sets of 3, 6, 9, 12 or more colors. To get the paint of the desired shade, they are mixed on a palette. A palette is a plastic or wooden board with grooves and a hole for your finger. If you don’t have such an item, you can use a porcelain plate instead.

The image is applied to cardboard, whatman paper or canvas. When using oil paint, they are primed with special gypsum-based compounds.

Watercolor

This is a water based paint. The peculiarity of this artistic material is that it is almost transparent. Apply it to cardboard or paper with squirrel hair brushes. There are two techniques for working with watercolors: on a dry or wet sheet of whatman paper.

It can even work on dry cardboard or paper. Small child, who picked up a brush for the first time. With a simple pencil apply the image. Usually at this stage of work such types of drawing as sketch and draft are used. Light areas are painted first, then dark areas. This is done so that the colors do not mix. Errors are corrected by rubbing the paper with a sponge or brush soaked in water.

Drawing on wet Whatman paper is much more difficult. Only an artist with extensive experience working with this technique can perform work with The drawing shows the appearance of objects with streaks of paint, an almost transparent play of light. To do this, paint is applied in circles, gradually darkening the corresponding areas. The white parts of objects are not painted over.

Gouache

To work with gouache paints use brushes with synthetic bristles. It lays down in an even, opaque layer. It is applied to paper or cardboard. The technique of working with gouache is the same as when working with watercolors on dry paper, but with some features. Since it is opaque, a different, but different color can be applied to a layer of paint. Excess gouache in the painting, as well as mistakes made during the work, are eliminated using a scraper (the corner of a ruler will do) or a damp brush. Applied in a thick layer, it cracks when dried. If the excess is not removed, then it may fall off.

Gouache dried in a jar is diluted with water to a creamy consistency. Since the paint quickly fades in the sun and rubs off, such paintings must be hung in places inaccessible to direct access. sun rays under glass.

Oil paint

Most of the Hermitage paintings and Tretyakov Gallery painted in oil. The advantage of oil paint is that it practically does not fade in the sun, but takes a long time to dry. It can be applied either pointwise, when strokes of different colors are placed side by side, or in layers. Errors and/or excess paint are removed with a palette knife. A palette knife is a special spatula. Sometimes it is used to apply paint. It produces an unusual artistic effect when it is laid out in blocks.

They use not only thick, but also liquid oil paint. To liquefy it, add vegetable oil(sunflower, corn, flaxseed, etc.). It is applied in layers. This technique is called the glaze method. A striking example of what a painting done this way looks like - “ Moonlight night on the Dnieper" by A. I. Kuindzhi. The moon seems to glow.

An oil painting takes about a year to dry. If the glaze method was used, then each layer dries for about six months. The drying process can be speeded up by adding a solvent, such as turpentine or white spirit, to the paint. Then the paint will dry in 2-3 days, and the surface of the painting will become matte. To prevent the surface from cracking during drying, cover it with damp rags.

Acrylic paints

Acrylic paints are a modern art material. With their help, artists create paintings that are close in their graphic parameters to photography, with the same clarity and brilliance. They dry quickly. When working with the same techniques are used as when working with oil.

Artists, along with traditional materials, use modern ones, combine them. It is not always possible to determine and explain what types of drawings are obtained. For example, a watercolor still life, where the contours of objects are highlighted with a felt-tip pen. What artistic material was used to create the painting? What type of drawings can it be classified as? But it is not so important how and with what to draw, the main thing is that drawing brings pleasure not only to the artist, but also to the audience.

Art materials have a direct impact on the client's artistic work. They encourage him to see and touch. They generate emotional uplift and awareness. Being themselves particles of reality, these materials encourage the client to come into contact with reality. Thus, a dynamic interaction occurs between the creator and the artistic material. The art therapist is especially interested in finding out which material evokes the most expressiveness in the client. Thereby free choice material is the most important driving force in progress artistic work(Romanova E.S., 1992).

It is important that the material used in class is high quality, bright, and beautiful. Paints, pencils, plasticine, paper must have a neat appearance. The child also feels related to himself through the material with which he is offered to work. For those children who are reluctant to get involved in work, bright, beautiful stationery and other equipment can be an attraction.

Art therapeutic work involves a large range of different visual materials:

1) paints.

2) pencils, wax crayons

3) to create collages or volumetric compositions, magazines, newspapers, wallpaper, paper napkins are used, colored paper, foil, film, candy boxes, postcards, braid, ropes, textiles;

4) natural materials- bark, leaves and seeds of plants, flowers, feathers, branches, moss, pebbles;

5) for modeling - clay, plasticine, wood, special dough;

6) drawing paper of different formats and shades, cardboard;

7) brushes different sizes, sponges for painting large spaces, scissors, threads, different types glues, tape.

In addition to practical considerations, there are a number of serious issues regarding choice materials in accordance with lesson goals:

1. The choice of materials affects how the lesson proceeds. Some materials, such as pencils, crayons and felt-tip pens, allow for greater control, while others, such as pastels, paint and clay, promote freer expression (Schottenloher G., 2001). Paints more than other materials, they allow emotions, moods and images to flow through the hands (finger painting) directly into the material and be displayed with minimal control. Watercolor can be applied in different ways: they can be bright and dull, clear and blurry, heavy and light. The use of paints adds expressiveness to the drawing. It is very convenient to use paints (for example, gouache), which can be painted over, mixed colors, and changed the design. Paints are more profitable to use precisely because of the opportunity to experiment more. When working with a drawing, especially with paints, it is important to provide the client with the opportunity to choose not only paints, but also the tool with which he will draw (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998). The interesting thing is not using brushes, but painting with your hands. This opportunity gives more freedom and research opportunities. Face painting can also be used as another form of painting. The only thing worth considering is that you need to provide customers with the appropriate paints

2. If the client is not confident in himself or is simply tired, he will feel more confident and calm when working with materials that are easier to control. U wax crayons very intense color. They are significantly harder than the material listed above, and thus open up only part of the possibilities of mental self-regulation. Markers require strong control while drawing. The use of markers will reveal the moment of suppressing fear of the richness of your own experiences and sensations. If a child, despite the proposed color material, often chooses simple pencil, this means that something may be preventing his emotional expression. Blackened areas often indicate depressive disorders or deep depression (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998).

3. When individual work With children or groups whose behavior is difficult to control, it is worth starting with “controlled” materials.

4. Many people feel insecure about their artistic abilities. Cutting out pictures from a magazine to create a collage “evens out” the participants and allows even very insecure clients to join in the work.

5. Once all clients are happy to participate in the exercise, materials such as paint or clay can provide opportunities for deeper self-expression, especially when exploring feelings or reactions.

6. Working with “expressive” materials can be therapeutic for many clients. Not only does it help express a wide range of emotions; working with clay or smearing pastels or paints with a non-judgmental reaction to the final product can be healing in itself.

Large format paper encourages wide free movements, allows you to abandon the control and restrictions that are required when working with small formats.

Abstract drawings in to a greater extent promote response negative emotions(fear, tension), development of imagination, personal self-expression. Here the restrictions imposed by the level of formation are removed artistic skills child, acquired drawing stereotypes (girls draw the same type of princesses, and boys draw the same cars) (Shevchenko Yu.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998).

When discussing drawings, one should avoid assessing the author’s technical skill (including whether beautiful or ugly), but should pay attention to techniques (color, character of lines, etc.) that allow one to convey mood and experiences. With proper organization of the discussion of children's drawings, children themselves usually come to understand the advantages of free drawing.

When perceiving products fine arts The art therapist needs to pay attention to the following aspects:

What feeling does a drawing, collage, sculpture convey?

· which looks strange

What is missing from this object?

· what is in the center. What is in the center often indicates the essence of the problem or what is most important to that person

· what are the sizes and proportions of the depicted objects and people (Kopytin A.I., 1999, Romanova E.S., Potemkina S.P., 1992, Shevchenko Y.S., Krepitsa A.V., 1998, Schottenloer G., 2001). Disproportional objects force one to look for an answer to the question of what is exaggerated; large figures are intended to strengthen, and excessively reduced ones are intended to belittle. Distortion of shape, proportions can symbolize a problem area, greater attention and deeper understanding, which can help restore normality

· Are there any duplicate objects? The number of objects in many cases plays a big role for the client, since it relates to units of time or significant events in the past, present or future

· in what perspective the work was completed and how it is used by the author. The combination of several types of perspectives in one work may be related to the presence of contradictions in the life of the author

· whether there are signatures on the work, as they can be used to provide clarity and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation of the work, which may reflect the degree of confidence in non-verbal communication.