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Literature from the Second World War. The theme of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature

The development of literature during the Great Patriotic War and post-war decades is one of the most important topics V Russian art. It has a number of features that distinguish it from military literature of other countries and periods. In particular, poetry and journalism acquire a huge role in the spiritual life of the people, since difficult times full of hardships require small forms from genres.

For all literary works The war years are characterized by pathos. Heroic pathos and national pride have become unchanging attributes of any book. In the very first days of the Nazi offensive, writers, poets, publicists and all creative people felt mobilized on the information front. This call was accompanied by very real battles, injuries and deaths, from which not a single Geneva Convention saved the Soviet intelligentsia. Of the two thousand authors who went to the front line, 400 did not return. Of course, no one counted injuries, illnesses and grief. That is why every poem, every story, every article is characterized by overflowing emotionality, drama, intensity of syllables and words, and the warmth of a friend who is experiencing the same thing as you.

Poetry

Poetry becomes the voice of the Motherland, who called out to her sons from the posters. The most musical poems were turned into songs and flew to the front with teams of artists, where they were indispensable, like medicine or weapons. The literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) for the majority of Soviet people is poetry, because in the form of songs they flew around even the most remote corners of the front, proclaiming the fortitude and intransigence of soldiers. In addition, it was easier to declare them on the radio, diluting front-line reports. They were also published in the central and front-line press during the Great Patriotic War.

To this day, the people love the song lyrics of M. Isakovsky, V. Lebedev-Kumach, A. Surkov, K. Simonov, O. Berggolts, N. Tikhonov, M. Aliger, P. Kogan, Vs. Bagritsky, N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky. A profound national feeling resounds in their poems. The poets' instincts became sharper, their view of their native latitudes became filial, respectful, and tender. The image of the Motherland is a concrete, understandable symbol that no longer needs colorful descriptions. Heroic pathos also penetrated into intimate lyrics.

Melodic poetry with its inherent emotionality and declarative oratorical speech very soon spreads at the fronts and in the rear. The flourishing of the genre was logically determined: it was necessary to epically reflect pictures of heroic struggle. Military literature outgrew poems and resulted in a national epic. As an example, you can read A. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”, M. Aliger “Zoya”, P. Antokolsky “Son”. The poem “Vasily Terkin,” familiar to us from school times, expresses the severity of military life and an indomitably cheerful disposition Soviet soldier. Thus, poetry during the Second World War acquired enormous importance in the cultural life of the people.

Main genre groups of war poems:

  1. Lyrical (ode, elegy, song)
  2. Satirical
  3. Lyrical-epic (ballads, poems)

The most famous poets wartime:

  1. Nikolay Tikhonov
  2. Alexander Tvardovsky
  3. Alexey Surkov
  4. Olga Berggolts
  5. Mikhail Isakovsky
  6. Konstantin Simonov

Prose

Small forms of literature (such as short stories and tales) were especially famous. Sincere, unbending and truly national characters inspired Soviet citizens. For example, one of the most famous works of that period, “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” is still known to everyone from school. Its author, Boris Vasiliev, already mentioned above, in his works adhered to one main theme: the incompatibility of the natural human, life-giving and merciful principle, embodied, as a rule, in female images, – and wars. The tone of the work, characteristic of many writers of that time, namely the tragedy of the inevitable death of noble and selfless souls in a collision with the cruelty and injustice of “power”, combined with a sentimental-romantic idealization of “positive” images and plot melodrama, captivates the reader from the first pages, but leaves deep wound impressionable people. Probably, this textbook example gives the most complete idea of ​​the dramatic intensity of prose during the Second World War (1941-1945).

Large works appeared only at the end of the war, after the turning point. No one doubted victory anymore, and the Soviet government provided writers with conditions for creativity. Military literature, namely prose, has become one of the key areas of the country's information policy. The people needed support, they needed to realize the greatness of that feat, the price of which was human lives. Examples of prose from the Second World War include V. Grossman’s novel “The People Are Immortal,” A. Beck’s novel “Volokolamsk Highway,” and B. Gorbatov’s epic “The Unconquered.”

Famous prose writers of the war:

  1. A. Gaidar
  2. E. Petrov
  3. Yu. Krymov
  4. M. Jalil,
  5. M. Kulchitsky
  6. V. Bagritsky
  7. P. Kogan
  8. M. Sholokhov
  9. K. Simonov

Journalism

Outstanding wartime publicists: A. Tolstoy (“What We Defend”, “Moscow is Threatened by the Enemy”, “Motherland”), M. Sholokhov (“On the Don”, “Cossacks”, short story “The Science of Hate”), I. Ehrenburg (“Stand!”), L. Leonov (“Glory to Russia”, “Reflections near Kiev”, “Rage”). All these are articles published in those newspapers that soldiers received in the trenches of the front and read before the battle. Exhausted by back-breaking work, people greedily drilled their tired eyes into these same lines. The journalism of those years has a huge literary, artistic and historical value. For example, articles by Boris Vasiliev calling for the establishment of priority national culture over politics (an example of which was set by Vasiliev himself, leaving the CPSU in 1989, which he had been a member of since 1952, and since the early 1990s, moving away from participation in “perestroika” political actions). His journalistic materials about the war are distinguished by a sound assessment and the greatest possible objectivity.

The main journalistic genres of wartime:

  1. articles
  2. essays
  3. feuilletons
  4. appeals
  5. letters
  6. leaflets

The most famous publicists:

  1. Alexey Tolstoy
  2. Mikhail Sholokhov
  3. Vsevolod Vishnevsky
  4. Nikolay Tikhonov
  5. Ilya Erenburg
  6. Marietta Shahinyan

The most important weapon of journalism of those years was the facts of violence of the Nazi occupiers against the civilian population. It was the journalists who found and systematized documentary evidence that enemy propaganda was at odds with the truth in everything. It was they who convincingly argued the patriotic position to those who doubted, because only in it lay salvation. No deal with the enemy could guarantee freedom and prosperity for the dissatisfied. The people had to realize this, learning the monstrous details of the massacres of children, women and the wounded that were practiced by the soldiers of the Third Reich.

Dramaturgy

The dramatic works of K. Simonov, L. Leonov, A. Korneichuk demonstrate the spiritual nobility of the Russian people, their moral purity and spiritual strength. The origins of their heroism are reflected in the plays “Russian People” by K. Simonov and “Invasion” by L. Leonov. The history of the confrontation between two types of military leaders is played out polemically in the play “Front” by A. Korneychuk. Drama during the Great Patriotic War is very emotional literature, filled with heroic pathos characteristic of the era. It breaks out of the framework of socialist realism and becomes closer and more understandable to the viewer. The actors are no longer acting, they are depicting their own everyday life on stage, reliving their own tragedies so that people are internally indignant and continue their courageous resistance.

Everyone was united by the literature of the war years: in each play the main idea was a call for the unity of all social forces in the face of an external threat. For example, in Simonov’s play “Russian People” the main character is an intellectual, seemingly alien to proletarian ideology. Panin, a poet and essayist, becomes a military correspondent, like the author himself once did. However, his heroism is not inferior to the courage of battalion commander Safonov, who sincerely loves a woman, but still sends her on combat missions, because his feelings towards his homeland are no less significant and strong.

The role of literature during the war years

The literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) is distinguished by its purposefulness: all writers, as one, strive to help their people withstand the heavy burden of occupation. These are books about the Motherland, self-sacrifice, tragic love to his country and the duty with which it obliges every citizen to defend the fatherland at any cost. Crazy, tragic, merciless love revealed the hidden treasures of the soul in people, and writers, like painters, accurately reflected what they saw with their own eyes. According to Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, “literature in the days of war becomes truly folk art, the voice of the heroic soul of the people."

Writers were not separated from front-line soldiers and home front workers; they became understandable and close to everyone, since the war united the nation. The authors froze and starved at the fronts as war correspondents, cultural workers, and died with soldiers and nurses. An intellectual, a worker or a collective farmer - everyone was at one. In the first years of the struggle, masterpieces were born in one day and remained in Russian literature forever. The main task of these works is the pathos of defense, the pathos of patriotism, raising and maintaining military spirit in the ranks of the Soviet army. What is now called “on the information front” was really needed then. Moreover, literature from the war years is not a state order. Writers like Simonov, Tvardovsky, Ehrenburg came out on their own, absorbing impressions on the front line and transferring them to notebooks to the sound of exploding shells. That's why you really believe these books. Their authors suffered through what they wrote and risked their lives to pass on this pain to their descendants, in whose hands the world of tomorrow was supposed to be.

List of popular books

Books will tell about the collapse of simple human happiness in military realities:

  1. “Simply Love” by V. Vasilevskaya,
  2. “It was in Leningrad” by A. Chakovsky,
  3. "Third Chamber" of Leonidov.
  4. “And the dawns here are quiet” by B. Vasiliev
  5. “The Fate of Man” by M. Sholokhov

Books about heroic deeds in the conditions of the bloodiest battles during the Second World War:

  1. “In the trenches of Stalingrad” by V. Nekrasov,
  2. "Moscow. November 1941" Lidina,
  3. “July – December” by Simonov,
  4. “Brest Fortress” by S. Smirnov,
  5. “They fought for their homeland” by M. Sholokhov

Soviet literature about betrayal:

  1. “The battalions ask for fire” by Yu. Bondarev
  2. “Sotnikov” by V. Bykov
  3. “Sign of Trouble” by V. Bykov
  4. “Live and Remember” by V. Rasputin

Books dedicated to the siege of Leningrad:

  1. “The Siege Book” by A. Adamovich, D. Granin
  2. “The Road of Life” by N. Khodza
  3. “Baltic Sky” by N. Chukovsky

About children participating in the war:

  1. Young Guard - Alexander Fadeev
  2. Tomorrow there was a war - Boris Vasiliev
  3. Goodbye boys – Boris Balter
  4. Boys with bows – Valentin Pikul

About women participating in the war:

  1. The war has no woman's face– Svetlana Alekseevich
  2. Madonna with ration bread– Maria Glushko
  3. Partisan Lara – Nadezhda Nadezhdina
  4. Girls' team - P. Zavodchikov, F. Samoilov

An alternative view of military leadership:

  1. Life and Fate – Vasily Grossman
  2. Penal battalion – Eduard Volodarsky
  3. In war as in war - Viktor Kurochkin
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War There are so many thoughts about it, so much desire to comprehend not only events, but also human psychology in extreme circumstances. In 2010, Russia will celebrate the anniversary date - 65 years since the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. No matter how much they change last years assessments and even the facts of our history, May 9 - Victory Day - remains unchanged. On this day, front-line soldiers traditionally meet, lay wreaths at the monuments of Glory and military valor, thunder festive fireworks. We - the heirs of the Great Victory - bow to the feat of arms of the soldiers of the Fatherland.

Great Patriotic War had a huge impact both on the further course of history and on the development of world and especially Russian culture. Literature could not help but respond to the great national misfortune. Poets and prose writers felt called upon to support high patriotic enthusiasm at the front and in the rear, confidence in victory, and perseverance in overcoming all the trials that befell the country and people.

Fiction about the war glorifies the soldier’s feat, fully comprehends the lessons of difficult trials, shows the truth of the war. There is no doubt that works created in post-war years and 10-20-30 years after the end of the war, they differ in their artistic features, but this ultimately determined the topic and purpose of our research.

The poem is dedicated fictional character- Vasily Terkin, soldier of the Great Patriotic War. Main character- “firm in torment and proud in grief”; “sometimes serious, sometimes funny”; “holy and sinful Russian miracle - man”; look like epic hero or a soldier from fairy tales; A jack of all trades: now he is a fighter, now a carpenter, now a stove maker, now an accordion player. He participated in the Great Patriotic War from the first days: “in service from June, into battle from July.” Terkin is the embodiment of the Russian character. He is not distinguished by either significant mental abilities or external perfection. He is truly an ordinary fighter. Terkin has no doubt about the final victory. He is convinced that true heroism does not lie in the beauty of the pose. Terkin thinks that in his place every Russian soldier would have done the same thing. Describing everyday life and battles, the author shows the hero in different situations, emphasizing his ingenuity, resourcefulness, enthusiasm, courage, ability not to lose heart in Hard time life, to ignite others with your optimism.

“The Book about a Soldier” is a book about a people whose best traits are embodied by the hero: love for the Motherland, selflessness, spiritual openness and generosity, sharpness and kind cunning.

IN harsh years During the war, poets not only wrote, but supplied “mental ammunition to the front.” Poetry, as the most operative genre, combined high and patriotic feelings with the deeply personal experiences of the lyrical hero.

Problematic and ideological - artistic originality prose about the Great Patriotic War.

§1. The problem of “feat and betrayal” in the artistic understanding of the authors of prose about the Great Patriotic War.

What can be called true heroism? What are the motives for human behavior in war, the moral origins of heroism and betrayal?

In the sixth grade we read a story by M. Sholokhov. "The Fate of Man." In this epic story, we are confronted with a generalized image of a Citizen of the Country, endowed with the traits of true humanity and true heroism. Actually, thanks to this work, we chose the topic of the work.

Andrei Sokolov cannot accept Kryzhnev’s betrayal. “Your shirt is closer to your body,” he says. And in fact, the ideal Sokolov, willy-nilly, becomes a murderer. He strangled the traitor with his own hands and did not experience either pity or shame, but only disgust: “. as if I was strangling not a person, but some creeping reptile. " What about ideality? moral ideals? Of course, perfection is always demanding, but Sokolov fulfilled his soldier’s duty.

Sokolov experienced the strongest, most acute test when meeting with the commandant of the B-14 camp, when a real threat of death hung over him. It was here that Sokolov’s fate as a soldier, as a true son of the Motherland, was decided. The dialogue with Muller is not an armed fight between two enemies, but a psychological duel from which Sokolov emerges victorious, which Muller himself is forced to admit. This is a victory over fascism, a moral victory. This is how an ordinary person becomes Sholokhov’s embodiment folk character. “That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if need calls for it,” says Sokolov.

Based on a story by Sholokhov in 1959, directed by Sergei Fedorovich Bondarchuk. The film "The Fate of Man" was shot. He also played the main role.

“An act is a form of human embodiment. It is unpretentious in appearance and extremely difficult to perform. Basically ungrateful. The feat seeks form and requires a person, implies a reward. The action exists without it. And I can understand a feat only as a particular type of action that can serve as a universal example” (A. Bitov).

§2. A woman at war.

If the death of a soldier is a feat in the name of life, then the death of a woman is the death of life itself. But here’s a paradox: war, battle, and death are words female. Although we must admit that glory, honor, and victory are also feminine words.

“War does not have a woman’s face” - this thought sounds piercingly in the story by B. L. Vasilyev “And the dawns here are quiet.” It was written in 1969 and was awarded State Prize USSR, for the script for the film the author received the Lenin Komsomol Prize.

Distant days of 1942. German saboteurs are thrown into the location of the anti-aircraft battery under the command of Sergeant Major Vaskov. And the girls need to take the fight. War comes into conflict with feminine beauty, tenderness, kindness. But a sense of duty to her husband forces Rita Osyanina to take up arms; beautiful Zhenya’s entire family was shot; the fragile Sonya Gurvich still has a family in occupied Minsk; Lisa Brichkina’s personal life did not work out because of the war; Galya Chetvertak's hopes did not come true.

Let us remember the words of Vaskov: “After all, a woman is a mother, in whom the very nature of hatred of murder is inherent.” Rita kills the first German. She's shaking. And Zhenya experiences the same state when he kills a German with a rifle butt for the first time.

Having received an order not to let the Germans get to the railway, the girls own lives fulfilled it. All five girls who went on the mission died, but they died heroically, for their Motherland. “The Motherland doesn’t start with the canals. Not from there at all. And we protect her. First her, and only then the channel,” says the dying Rita, with whose death, like with the death of every girl, “a small thread in the endless yarn of humanity” breaks off, according to the foreman.

§3. Children at war.

V. Bogomolov’s story “Ivan” touched the hearts of readers. Based on this work, A. Tarkovsky made the film “Ivan’s Childhood”. The film adaptation appeared in 1962.

The story is written from the perspective of a young lieutenant - a hero who has occupied such a significant place in the literature about the war - and contains several chance meetings with Ivan, a twelve-year-old intelligence officer, all of whose relatives died. The story is written in relation to the hero “from the outside”, with that good documentation that has become distinctive feature young military prose.

The thirst for revenge driving Ivan Buslov is shown as a deep, childish passion (Kholin “didn’t even think that a child could hate so much”). And to a certain extent, Ivan is really more mature than Senior Lieutenant Galtsev. What for the elders fit into the formulas of reason and became a source of conscious fulfillment of duty, was reflected in Ivan’s soul as an aggravated emotional shift. That is why there is a line that subtly separates Ivan from the adults in this war - not only from the young Lieutenant Galtsev, but also from the dashing intelligence officer Captain Kholin, from his sensible friend Katasonych and Lieutenant Colonel Gryaznov, who is fatherly attached to him. “For adults, war is not only a duty, but also a job. Each of them performs it honestly, without sparing themselves. Everyone, if necessary, will risk their life. But for Ivan in war there is no rest and time, no life and rear, no chain of command and awards - there is nothing except the war itself. The need to be at war is absolute, it is above any ranks,” it is above any attachments - he loves Kholin, and Katasonych, and Gryaznov, but without hesitation, he leaves them along the blurred roads of war as soon as the threat of being sent to the rear becomes real. “I have no one,” he says to Gryaznov, “I am alone.”

Child and war. Images of war and violence are the only absolute reality for Ivan. He is freed from them only in dreams.

In the film “Ivan’s Childhood,” the authors introduce us to where, naturally, the author of the story could not introduce us - on the other side of Ivan’s hatred. At the end of the film, the director inserted footage of German chronicles. The charred, twisted corpse of Goebbels, the five long, pale corpses of his own children killed by him. Documentary footage turned into metaphor. It is more complex and associative than any other metaphor in the film. Here is the motive of retribution, emphasized, like a rhyme, by the empty SS uniform on the wall (someone’s empty uniform at the NP for a minute personified the concept of “enemy” for Ivan). Here is the counter-motive of crippled and destroyed childhood. And just a designation: the end of fascism, its suicide.

The hero's story ends in the Gestapo, but the film ends differently. Again the smiling mother's face, summer White sand, a girl and a boy running into the light, rippled water surface, and ebony, entering the frame as a menacing, warning sign. The ending of the picture is easy to interpret as a kind of “afterword” by the authors themselves, since it can no longer be interpreted as Ivan’s dream. But an attentive viewer will guess something more here. This is not just an edifying author’s “afterword” to Ivanov’s crippled and murdered childhood, but also a strong-willed effort towards a harmonious and holistic ideal humanity.

Review of the used literature.

During our work, we encountered a problem common to all authors of reports: enough a large number of books about the war provided a minimum of information related to the topic of our research. And yet.

We got our hands on a book outstanding writer and public figure Sholokhov M.A. “The Fate of Man.” In this epic story about the fate of Andrei Sokolov, we are faced with a generalized image of a Citizen of the Land of the Soviets, endowed with the features of true humanity and true heroism. Actually, thanks to this work, we chose the topic of our work, because this story could not leave us indifferent.

The book of the famous English journalist Vert A. “Russia in the War of 1941–1945” is a unique but, undoubtedly, interesting story about the Great Patriotic War, many of the events of which were witnessed by the author himself. This publication helped us outline the objectives of our research.

A big role in our work was played by the book for teachers “Memory of Burning Years” by S. Zhuravlev, which helped us comprehend the work of V. Bogomolov “Ivan”. Also, thanks to this book, we found some explanations and comments from the authors to the works we read.

Book "Russian Soviet literature"Kuprianovsky P. and Shames P. helped us form an idea of ​​what a person can be like in war and what a Russian soldier was like in the war of 1941-1945. Also, the materials in this book prove that the role of a writer and poet during the war is very significant. It was they who were supposed to deliver and delivered “mental ammunition to the front.”

In conclusion, we would like to say that, thanks to the books with which we were lucky enough to work, it was as if we had taken a trip into the past, witnessed fierce battles, witnessed the suffering of women, children, and the heroism of ordinary soldiers who defended our Motherland.

Conclusion.

The purpose of our work was to study the features artistic comprehension themes of the Great Patriotic War in modern prose. As a result of long work on the abstract, we succeeded in this, consistently implementing the tasks set in the introduction.

Writers and poets, responding to the great national misfortune, supported with their works a high patriotic upsurge at the front and in the rear, confidence in victory, and perseverance in overcoming all the trials that befell the country and people.

Fiction about the war glorifies the soldier’s feat, fully comprehends the lessons of difficult trials, shows the truth of war. The heroes of the works most often do not stand out for either significant mental abilities or external perfection. They are truly “ordinary heroes”, whose “small deeds” were paid for a great victory. Describing everyday life and battles, writers showed heroes in different situations, not forgetting to emphasize their ingenuity, resourcefulness, enthusiasm, courage, ability not to lose heart in difficult times of life, and to ignite others with their optimism.

Works of fiction about the Great Patriotic War are books about Man at War, about people at war, about women and even children, some of whom sought to survive at all costs, while others honestly served their Motherland.

We think that our research topic is fraught with inexhaustible possibilities. Any conversation about the Great Patriotic War always leads everyone to philosophical reflection, and the problem of “man and war” today can help in solving a number of the most important questions of existence: what is the role of the spiritual qualities of a person participating in the liberation struggle, what is the influence of the dramatic collisions of war on moral world of people.

We are confident that the knowledge and skills we have acquired during our work will certainly be useful to us in the future.

The Great Patriotic War is an event that affected the fate of all of Russia. Everyone has touched it to one degree or another. Artists, musicians, writers and poets also did not remain indifferent to the fate of their country.

The role of literature during the Second World War
Literature became what gave people hope, gave them strength to fight on and go to the end. This is precisely the purpose of this type of art.

From the first days of the front, writers talked about responsibility for the fate of Russia, about the suffering and hardships that people endured. Many writers went to the front as correspondents. At the same time, one thing was undeniable - an unhindered faith in victory, which nothing could break.

We hear the call to eradicate the “cursed beast that has risen over Europe and swung at your future” in the poem-appeals “To arms, patriot!” P. Komarova, “Listen, Fatherland”, “Beat the enemy!” V. Inber I. Avramenko, in the essays of L. Leonov “The Glory of Russia.”

Features of literature during the war
military journalism

The war made us think not only about real problems, but also about the history of Russia. It was at this time that A. Tolstoy’s works “Motherland”, “Peter the Great”, the story “Ivan the Terrible”, as well as “ Great Sovereign", play by V. Solovyov.

There was such a thing as a work written “Hot on the heels.” That is, just yesterday evening a poem, essay or story written could appear in print today. Journalism played a major role, since thanks to it there was an opportunity to hurt the patriotic feelings of the Russian people. As A. Tolstoy said, literature has become “the voice of the Russian people.”

Poems about war were given the same attention as ordinary political or secular news. The press regularly published excerpts from the works of Soviet poets.

Creativity of writers during the Second World War
The work of A. Tvardovsky became an indisputable contribution to the general treasury. Of course, the most famous of his works, the poem “Vasily Terkin,” became a kind of illustration of the life of a simple Russian soldier. She deeply revealed the characteristic features of the Soviet warrior, for which she became beloved among the people.

Tvardovsky A.T. In “The Ballad of a Comrade” the poet wrote: “One’s own misfortune does not count.” This line clearly reveals to us those patriotic impulses thanks to which people did not give up. They were ready to endure a lot. The main thing is to know that they are fighting to win. And even if its price is too high. At the rally Soviet writers a promise was made “to give all my experience and talent, all my blood, if necessary, to the cause of the sacred people's war against the enemies of our Motherland." More than half of them openly went to the front to fight the enemy. Many of them, including A. Gaidar, E. Petrov, Yu. Krymov, M. Jalil, never returned.

Many works of Soviet writers were published in the main newspaper of the USSR at that time - “Red Star”. The works of V.V. Vishnevsky, K.M. Simonov, A.P. Platonov, V.S. Grossman were published there.

During the war, the work of K.M. also plays a major role. Simonova. These are the poems “The Forties”, “If your home is dear to you”, “By the fire”, “Death of a friend”, “We will not see you”. Some time after the Second World War, Konstantin Mikhailovich’s first novel, “Comrades in Arms,” was written. He saw the light in 1952.

Post-war literature
And the dawns here are quiet. Many works about the Second World War began to be written later, in the 1960s and 70s. This applies to the stories of V. Bykov (“Obelisk”, “Sotnikov”), B. Vasilyev (“And the dawns here are like this”, “Not on the lists”, “Tomorrow there was a war”).

The second example is M. Sholokhov. He will write such impressive works as “The Fate of Man”, “They Fought for the Motherland”. Is it true, last novel is never considered completed. Mikhail Sholokhov began writing it during the war years, but returned to completing the plan only 20 years later. But in the end last chapters The novels were burned by the writer.

The biography of the legendary pilot Alexei Maresyev became the basis of the famous book “The Tale of a Real Man” by B. Polevoy. Reading it, one cannot help but admire the heroism of ordinary people.

One of classic examples works about the Great Patriotic War can be considered the novel by Yu. Bondarev “ Hot Snow" It was written 30 years later, but it well illustrates the terrible events of 1942 that took place near Stalingrad. Despite the fact that there are only three fighters left, and only one gun, the soldiers continue to hold back the German advance and fight to the bitter end.

Today, when you read the bitter and profound works of Soviet literature, you think about the price of the victory that our people paid with the lives of their best sons and daughters, about the price of the peace that the earth breathes.

The role of literature during the Great Patriotic War was very significant. It has become an effective weapon in the fight against the enemy. M. Sholokhov spoke, noting the tense, truly heroic work writers during the war: “They had one task: if only their word would strike the enemy, if only it would hold our fighter under the elbow, ignite and not allow the burning hatred of enemies and love for the Motherland to fade away in the hearts of people.”

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Literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, literature entered a period of profound changes. The transience and drama of actions on the fronts also determined new rhythms writing work, demanded an immediate response. Behind short term the best literary forces were concentrated in the army. The massive participation of writers of all ranks in hostilities, their willingness to share all the dangers and hardships with the soldiers, created a unique image of the originality of journalism during the war years.

At the first stage of the war, the main literary material The essay has become more mobile, economical and journalistic among other genres. Already on the fifth day of the war, A. Tolstoy published the article “What We Defend,” in which he revealed the monstrous program of the Nazis: “The Nazis want to conquer Europe, Asia, the whole world,” says the writer, “they proclaimed themselves the superior race. Why are streams of blood flowing, cities burning, millions of people being exterminated?”

A. Tolstoy says that the Soviet people fell great mission- free the world from the brown plague. Revealing the character traits of the Russian person, his potential heroic properties. The article as a whole was imbued with love for Russia. "This is my homeland, my family of origin, my Fatherland! And in life there is no hotter, deeper and more sacred feeling than love for you,” he addressed his Fatherland.

From the very beginning of the war, Soviet writers turned to journalism, since this genre made it possible to quickly reflect the events taking place. The journalism conveyed the pathos of the struggle and the people's faith in victory. It was filled with thoughts and historical parallels, comparing the events of the war with the outstanding stages of the struggle of the Russian people against foreign invaders. Journalism has become the main form of creativity of major masters artistic word: M. Sholokhova, L. Leonova, A. Fadeeva, N. Tikhonova, I. Erinburg, B. Gorbatov.

Conditions literary movement 1941-1945 demanded efficiency. The short story occupied a place of honor among other genres. The peculiarity of the story was that it resembled a sketch in many ways. In the stories of N. Tikhonov, the image of Leningrad, exhausted by cold, hunger, and continuous battles, appears as a continuous front, a bristling fortress, knowing no rest either day or night.

An important place among the works of war is occupied by Sholokhov’s “Science of Hate,” in which the image of a direct participant in military events, Lieutenant Gerasimov, is created. embodying the Russian traits of the Russian people. “The Stories of Ivan Suzdarev” by A. Tolstoy, and among them especially “Russian Character,” were also very famous.

Stories about the Great Patriotic War began to appear 2-3 months after it began. By the end of 1942 they numbered in the dozens. and in total during the battles about one and a half hundred large prose works, which multifacetedly reflected the tragedy and greatness of the people's ordeal. The heroic story includes “Notes of a War Correspondent” by S. Isachenko, “Along the Rear Lines of War” by Yu. Slezkin. Significant works of this time were A. Beck’s story “Volokolamsk Highway” about the feat of 28 Panfilov heroes; Wanda Vasilevskaya's "Rainbow", which tells about the inhabitants of a small Ukrainian village captured by the Nazis. During the war, chapters of M. Sholokhov’s novel “They Fought for the Motherland” were created, as well as K. Simonov’s plays “Russian People”, L. Leonov’s “Invasion”, Korneychuk’s “Front”.

Poetry showed itself most strongly and vividly during the war years. Literary scholars note that no other period in the history of Soviet art gave such a stormy, rapid flowering of a type of poem. On the very first day of the war, June 22, 1941, Surkov’s “Song of the Brave” was created, which became widely known the very next day after its publication. The poet openly called for perseverance and courage:

We will cover you with immortal glory

The battles have their own names.

Only for brave heroes

The joy of victory is given.

Poetry, like all literature of that time, performed educational and inspiring functions; it taught not only perseverance and heroism, but also loyalty to the Motherland, devotion to the native land, friendship and camaraderie, and hatred of the enemy.

A. Surkov believed that one must write sternly, directly, mercilessly, truthfully and about the main thing - hatred of the enemy and love for the Motherland, which cannot be given to anyone. Poems in direct propaganda form calling for the destruction of fascist murderers appeared from the first days of the war:

"Beat the enemy" V. Inber, “Get up, hatred, we sing you” by A. Prokofiev, “Kill him” by Simonov. A typical work in this series was A. Surkov’s poem “A Man Bent Over the Water”:

A man leaned over the water

And suddenly I saw that he was gray-haired.

The man was twenty years old.

Over a forest stream he made a vow:

Mercilessly, violently execute

Those killers who are rushing to the east.

Who dares to blame him?

What if he is cruel in battle?

The poet claims that in the heart of a warrior there should be no place for complacency towards the enemy.

But they also celebrated the manifestation of true brotherhood and camaraderie, even in the most dramatic and hopeless moments:

Come on, comrade, get up, I'll help you,

An iron frost is approaching.

Lying on your side on bare snow

Not good for you at all.

What are you doing? Leave you in the forest?

Are you, dear, in your right mind?

If you don’t want to go, I’ll bring it on myself,

If not, I’ll drag you with my overcoat. (A. Tvardovsky)

The war tore the soldier away from his mother, wife, and beloved girl. But he couldn’t help but think, remember and dream about meeting them. And this theme found its widest embodiment in the lyrics of those years. Probably not a single work Soviet era was not rewritten by hand as many times as K. Simonov’s poem “Wait for Me,” which in thousands and thousands of handwritten copies went from the front line to the rear and back. it is dedicated to the girl’s loyalty, her expectation of her loved one from the war, and all the evil deaths. The author is confident that the power of love and fidelity can save a person even in the midst of the fire of war:

Wait for me and I will come back.

All deaths are out of spite.

Whoever didn't wait for me, let him

He will say: - Lucky.

They don’t understand, those who didn’t expect them,

Like in the middle of fire

By your expectation

You saved me.

We'll know how I survived

Just you and me, -

You just knew how to wait

Like no one else.

Simonov's poem expressed the most intimate feelings and the most subtle lyrical experiences of millions of Soviet people. their faith in the saving power of love. The same theme is developed in the poem by V. Agatov " Dark night":

I believe in you, my dear friend,

This faith has shot me down

On a dark night I kept...

I am happy, I am calm in mortal combat.

I know you will meet me with love,

So that it doesn't happen to me.

Like “Dark Night” by V. Agatov, “In the Dugout” by A. Surkov became popular songs during the war. “Spark”, “In the forest near the front”, “Oh mists, you are my mists” by M. Isakovsky.

Thus, the literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War became a bright page in the history of Russian literature of the 20th century.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Abramov A.M. Lyrics and epic of the Great Patriotic War. Second edition. Soviet writer. - M., 1975

2. Literature during the Great Patriotic War.Prose of the war years . Poetry of the war years .

3. Material taken [abbreviated] from Wikipedia, article “Holy War” (song) and the newspaper “Antenna”

4. Material taken from the page http://www. a-pesni.golosa.info/popular20/a-3veka.htm

5. “Education of the Moscow region. Public lesson". Quarterly magazine. No. 2 (8) April, 2009. Materials from the magazine.

6. Drunk M.F. “For the sake of life on earth”: Russian poetry in the Great Patriotic War. M., 1985.

7. Chalmaev V.A., Zinin S.A. Literature, grade 11: Textbook for educational institutions: At 2 o'clock. Part 2. – 7th ed., corrections and additions. – M.: LLC “TID” Russian word- RS", 2008.


Great battles and destinies ordinary heroes are described in many works of fiction, but there are books that cannot be passed by and which cannot be forgotten. They make the reader think about the present and the past, about life and death, about peace and war. AiF.ru has prepared a list of ten books dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War that are worth re-reading during the holidays.

“And the dawns here are quiet...” Boris Vasiliev

“And the Dawns Here Are Quiet...” is a warning book that forces you to answer the question: “What am I ready for for the sake of my Motherland?” The plot of Boris Vasiliev's story is based on a truly accomplished feat during the Great Patriotic War: seven selfless soldiers did not allow a German sabotage group to blow up the Kirovskaya railway, through which equipment and troops were delivered to Murmansk. After the battle, only one group commander remained alive. Already while working on the work, the author decided to replace the images of fighters with female ones in order to make the story more dramatic. The result is a book about female heroes that amazes readers with the truthfulness of the narrative. The prototypes of the five volunteer girls who enter into an unequal battle with a group of fascist saboteurs are peers from the school of the front-line writer; they also reveal the features of radio operators, nurses, and intelligence officers whom Vasiliev met during the war.

“The Living and the Dead” Konstantin Simonov

Konstantin Simonov is better known to a wide circle of readers as a poet. His poem “Wait for Me” is known and remembered by heart not only by veterans. However, the front-line soldier’s prose is in no way inferior to his poetry. One of the writer’s most powerful novels is considered to be the epic “The Living and the Dead,” consisting of the books “The Living and the Dead,” “Soldiers Are Not Born,” and “The Last Summer.” This is not just a novel about the war: the first part of the trilogy practically reproduces the personal front-line diary of the writer, who, as a correspondent, visited all fronts, walked through the lands of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland and Germany, and witnessed the last battles for Berlin. On the pages of the book, the author recreates the struggle Soviet people against the fascist invaders from the very first months terrible war to the famous " last summer" Simonov's unique view, the talent of a poet and publicist - all this made “The Living and the Dead” one of the best works of art in its genre.

“The Fate of Man” Mikhail Sholokhov

The story “The Fate of Man” is based on real story that happened to the author. In 1946, Mikhail Sholokhov accidentally met a former soldier who told the writer about his life. The fate of the man struck Sholokhov so much that he decided to capture it on the pages of the book. In the story, the author introduces the reader to Andrei Sokolov, who managed to maintain his fortitude despite difficult trials: injury, captivity, escape, death of his family and, finally, the death of his son on the happiest day, May 9, 1945. After the war, the hero finds the strength to start new life and give hope to another person - he adopts the orphaned boy Vanya. In "The Fate of Man" personal story on the background terrible events shows the fate of an entire people and the strength of the Russian character, which can be called a symbol of victory Soviet troops over the fascists.

“Cursed and Killed” Viktor Astafiev

Viktor Astafiev volunteered for the front in 1942 and was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the medal “For Courage”. But in the novel “Cursed and Killed,” the author does not glorify the events of the war; he speaks of it as a “crime against reason.” Based on personal impressions, the front-line writer described the historical events in the USSR that preceded the Great Patriotic War, the process of preparing reinforcements, the life of soldiers and officers, their relationships with each other and their commanders, fighting. Astafiev reveals all the dirt and horrors of the terrible years, thereby showing that he does not see the point in the enormous human sacrifices that befell people during the terrible war years.

"Vasily Terkin" Alexander Tvardovsky

Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” received national recognition back in 1942, when its first chapters were published in the newspaper Western Front"Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda". The soldiers immediately recognized the main character of the work as a role model. Vasily Terkin is an ordinary Russian guy who sincerely loves his Motherland and his people, perceives any hardships of life with humor and finds a way out of even the most difficult situations. Some saw him as a comrade in the trenches, some as an old friend, and others saw themselves in his features. Image folk hero Readers loved him so much that even after the war they did not want to part with him. That's why it was written great amount imitations and “continuations” of “Vasily Terkin”, created by other authors.

“War does not have a woman’s face” Svetlana Alexievich

“War Doesn’t Have a Woman’s Face” is one of the most famous books about the Great Patriotic War, where the war is shown through the eyes of a woman. The novel was written in 1983, but for a long time was not published, as its author was accused of pacifism, naturalism, and debunking heroic image Soviet woman. However, Svetlana Alexievich wrote about something completely different: she showed that girls and war are incompatible concepts, if only because a woman gives life, while any war first of all kills. In her novel, Alexievich collected stories from front-line soldiers to show what they were like, girls of forty-one, and how they went to the front. The author took readers along the terrible, cruel, unfeminine path of war.

“The Tale of a Real Man” Boris Polevoy

“The Tale of a Real Man” was created by a writer who went through the entire Great Patriotic War as a correspondent for the newspaper Pravda. In these terrible years he managed to visit partisan detachments behind enemy lines, participated in Battle of Stalingrad, in the battle on Kursk Bulge. But Polevoy’s world fame was brought not by military reports, but by piece of art, written based on documentary materials. The prototype of the hero of his “Tale of a Real Man” was Soviet pilot Alexey Maresyev, who was shot down in 1942 during offensive operation Red Army. The fighter lost both legs, but found the strength to return to the ranks of active pilots and destroyed many more fascist planes. The work was written in the difficult post-war years and immediately fell in love with the reader, because it proved that in life there is always a place for heroism.



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