Fiction the art of words continue the sentence. Literature - the art of words

So similar and so different - this is what we can say about homonyms. In this article we will look at why homonyms are needed in Russian and how to use them in writing and speech.

Homonym- This lexical component in Russian, which has a distinctive feature: it is written the same (or close), but has a different meaning. The word has Greek origin: homos – identical, on ym a – name.

These words are important they decorate the Russian language, making it more interesting and rich. For example, the same word “marriage” has two meanings. First: poor quality work (product). Second: a union of two people, certified by the state. Strange coincidence, don't you think? But that's not what the article is about.

About homonyms with examples

In fact, homonyms are very easy to understand. They are often used in speech and writing without even thinking about it. The same word can have several meanings. However, this is not new; similar things occur in other languages.

Nouns most often act as homonyms, but there are also verbs and adjectives among them.

Sometimes words change emphasis, and in some cases, the spelling of individual characters. Let's look at homonyms below (examples will be separated by commas):

Peace (noun) – the absence of war, the nature surrounding us (Earth, Universe).
Bow (noun) – a weapon for shooting arrows, a vegetable from the garden.
Conclusion (noun) is a formulated solution to a problem (reasoning), the process of moving something or someone outside the territory (withdrawal of troops).
Scythe (noun) – element women's hairstyle, part of the coast protruding into the sea, a tool for cutting grass.
Downtime (adj.) – stopping work, a quality indicator.
Soar (verb) – fly in the sky (soar), smooth the fabric with steam (soar).
Defend (verb) - withstand an attack, wait for your turn.
The case when the same word appears in homonymy as both a verb and an adjective: drying - the process of drying, fruit.

You can practice on your own and try to compose a sentence with homonyms yourself.

Types of homonyms

The phenomenon of “sameness” of spelling with different meanings is called homonymy. From the point of view of coincidence in the spelling of part of a word, the following linguistic manifestations of homonymy are distinguished: actually lexical homonyms,homophones, homographs and homoforms.

Lexical - can be complete (all examples of grammatical variants match) and incomplete (not all grammatical forms match).

Homophones are words that sound the same when pronounced, but are spelled differently. Such as: raft - fruit.

Omoforms. Essentially this is different words, matching in shape in some cases. They are similar to homophones, but, unlike them, they reveal a difference when declined. Example: pond - rod (go to the pond, hit with a rod), five - span.

Homographs are words that are identical in spelling, but are completely different in pronunciation. They are almost always distinguished by a stressed syllable: organ - Organ, muka - flour.

Homonyms: humor is appropriate

A bad student was once asked what she knew about “Earth Day”? She replied that “it’s dark and scary there.” It's funny and sad because she imagined something bottom ( I probably skipped geography lessons at school ), although the question was asked about “Earth Day”.

The similarity of words is repeatedly used in jokes, playing up the “sameness” of their sound. Example: “The parrot said to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you!”

Homonymy is interesting because in a language it can create a certain paradox in the meaning of an expression. Russian proverbs, aphorisms and riddles are based on this.

Puzzles

People have long noticed the properties of homonyms and used them in making riddles. Thus, these words are well remembered by children, which develops the brain well and accustoms it to the perception of homonymous language.

Guess the riddles:

What cats can't catch mice?
Name them in one word: weapons, semi-precious stones and fruits.
In the sea it is small, but on land it can cut the surface of the ice. Who is this (or what is this)?
The old man was eating dry bread. Question: where did the fish bones on the table come from?

Sayings and proverbs

You can “play” with homonyms when composing sayings and proverbs. You can practice and come up with your own, you just need a little imagination and ingenuity:

mow with a scythe, if you are not a scythe;
go on the shelf in the summer so as not to put your teeth on the shelf in the winter;
write a competent sentence to make a beautiful proposal to the girl.

Differences

Homonyms can easily be confused with polysemous words.

Polysemy means in Russian several meanings of one word, each of which is related to the other in meaning and does not differ radically from it.

Examples: a lady’s hat, near a nail, a mushroom. In all three cases the meaning is not too different - it means some top part or accessory on the head.

The adjective “golden” is also used in several meanings – made from precious metal(gold bar) having best qualities(Golden man).

In the Russian language, along with others, there are also dictionaries of homonyms. In them you can look at the interpretation, study the tables and understand what homonyms are in the Russian language.

The most popular - Dictionary Akhmanova (published in 1974). In it you can find a large number of articles (more than 2000), which describe homonyms (pairs of them). Each article contains information about the etymology of words, style characteristics, types of homonyms, types of word formation and much more. The dictionary also contains applications: translations of pairs of words into foreign languages, index of taxonomy by type.

Russian language is among the top 10 most known languages peace. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.

The names of such words are homonyms. To study in more detail what homonyms are and what types of them exist, you should read this article.

What are homonyms and what are they?

"Homonymy" with Greek language translated as "same name". Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding

For example:

The word "outfit". At the same time it can mean both the type of clothing and a soldier’s outfit.
"Onion" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word "shop" is Trade Shop, and the second is an ordinary bench installed in a park on which people sit.

In our language, complete and incomplete homonyms are classified. Full homonyms include those that are one part of speech. For example, the word "smooth" is a noun with double meaning: means flat plane and type of embroidery.

In both cases, “smooth” is a noun, the words are heard and written the same. We can conclude that, in fact, the word “smooth surface” is a homonym.

Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms

Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word “homograph” from Greek is “same spelling.” In its turn Homographs are identical in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.

Most famous example, the word "castle". When the accent is on the letter a, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “LOCK” is a device that locks the door.

Or the word "organ". When we stress the first vowel, we get the word “Organ” - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When the second vowel is stressed, we get the word “organ” - a musical instrument.

The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means “similar sound.” Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that are similar in sound but different in spelling. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings” the verbs sound exactly the same, but when written, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.

It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that are the same when written and pronounced not in all contexts of sentences.

For example, in the expressions “glass of water” and “glass of glass”, the word “glass” is a homoform.

Homonyms - examples of words

For children, homonyms are shown very clearly in the following pictures.

This concept can be explained to a 5-6 year old child, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language

They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. The dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, fully and fully presents the classification of homonyms and information about them.

The dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N.P. Kolesnikov, contains translations of homonyms into 3 languages.

What helps to distinguish between words and homonyms

Homonym words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?

These are words that have a number of meanings that are interconnected in meaning. For example, the word hat.

The hat can be women's, nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.

Grammatical homonyms

These are words that are similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word “flying”. It can mean the action of “treating” the first person, singular or “fly”.

Also good example This type of homonym is the word “three”. "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.

Functional homonyms

These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.

The most obvious example of this type of homonym is the word “exactly”. It can be either a comparative particle or an adjective.

“To notice accurately” is an adverb. “Like a hurricane flew by” is a comparative particle. “Precisely defined” is an adjective.

Lexical homonyms

Words that have different meanings, but are the same when pronounced and written in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.

A good example is the word “flog”. This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing stitch or beating.

Morphological homonyms

These are words that are spelled identically, but depending on the context they are in different parts speech.

The word "oven" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.

Examples:

“Ilya lit the oven so that grandma could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
“Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.

Homonymous endings

To understand this concept, you first need to remember what case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P. .P.). Among case endings There are also homonym endings.

Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.

For example, the words “sisters” and “water”. In the first case, the word “sisters” is plural. h., I. p, and the word “water” is singular. h., R. p.

To summarize, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of types. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with and understand all types of homonyms and their differences.

Homonyms

HOMONYMS (Greek) - words that coincide with each other in their sound but have a complete discrepancy in meaning. Example - “bow” (weapon) - “bow” (plant). Usually the appearance of O. in the language is explained by the random coincidence of once different bases as a result of a series of sound changes - cf. French “verre” - “glass”, “vert” - “green”, “vers” - “verse” with their Latin prototypes: “vitrum”, “viridis”, “versus”.
Some researchers (Wood F. A., Rime-Words and Rime-Ideas, Indo-germanische Forschungen, B. XXII, pp. 133-171) tried to establish a known connection between such a convergence of the sound side of words with their semantic proximity, arguing that homonymous development is conditioned by semantic and sound “corhyming” the basics. However, the “rhyme theory” cannot be considered proven.
On the other hand, some of the existing modern languages O. may appear as such developed thinking who is no longer aware of those connections by which names are given to things and phenomena by undeveloped thinking primitive man; therefore, a “bundle” or “series” of meanings, originally denoted by one word, can be perceived as a group of O. So, in the Chukchi language. numerical values are indicated by body parts; “five” as “hand”, “twenty” as “person”. There is no doubt that with the development of the Chukchi literary language. the consonance between “hand” and “five” will begin to be perceived as homonymous.
On the similar origin of the series O. cf. ak. N. Ya. Marr, On the paleontological analysis of non-Japhetic languages, Leningrad, 1931.
For the use of homonyms in poetic speech, see Pun, Homonymic rhyme.

Literary encyclopedia. - At 11 t.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Homonyms

Equally sounding words having different meaning, eg: club (couple and sports), change your mind (many things and change your mind). IN oral speech sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Homonyms

HOMONYMS- words that have the same sound but different meanings. For example, “swords” (from the word “sword”) and “swords” (from the word “throw”); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “to rub”), etc. A pun game is built on homonyms (see Pun), and from this side they can be a poetic device. But the meaning of homonyms as a device is not limited to their puns. Homonyms can be used only because of the richness of their possibilities and without any punning intent, as, for example, in the so-called homonymous rhymes. Such rhymes, as Valery Bryusov points out (see his “Experiments”), are also found in Pushkin:

What does the wife do?

Alone, in the absence of a spouse.

("Count Nulin")

Bryusov himself gave poems, even entirely in homonymous rhymes, like “On the Pond” or “On the Shore.” See, for example, the stanza in the last poem:

Closing my exhausted eyelids,

A moment gone by the shore,

Oh, if only I could stand like this forever

On this quiet shore.

Along with the purely sound significance of homonyms, in this example it is interesting to pay attention to the character that receives the very meaning of homonym words united by rhyme. The contrast between the same sound and different meaning of homonyms, which in puns gives a comic character to the concepts denoted by homonyms, in Bryusov, on the contrary, leads to a deepening of their content. And due to the fact that this contrast is strengthened by the very position of homonyms as rhymes, the deepening becomes directly obvious. Indeed, the homonyms “beregu” from “to take care” and “beregu” from “berega”, consonantly opposed to one another, are mutually enriched: the concrete “bereg” expands its content, receiving an abstract connotation from the word “beregu” (to take care), and back to the abstract “protect” a specific shade from “shore”. There is something similar in the rhyming homonyms “eyelids” and “forever”. Homonym, therefore, fulfills here one of the essential functions of poetic thinking, namely, it destroys the gap between the abstract and the concrete.

Peculiar cases of using homonyms in in a broad sense we have words from Gogol, who sometimes used homonymous devices when giving names to his heroes. So, for example, in “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich Quarreled,” among the guests present at the “assembly” where an attempt was made to reconcile Iv. Iv. with Iv. Nick., named: “not that Ivan Ivanovich, but another” and “our Ivan Ivanovich.” A few lines later, Gogol again mentions this “other” Yves. Ivanovich, but to the again repeated expression: “not that Iv. Iv., and the other one” adds: “whose eye is crooked.” And I'm curious what exactly this crooked Iv. Iv. Gogol makes you ask why at the “assembly” no Iv. Nick., And namely crooked Iv. Iv. makes an offer to reconcile Iv. Iv. with Iv. Nick. The artistic effect of this homonymous game is, of course, obvious, and it is completely in the spirit of that “pun circle” (see Pun), with the help of which Gogol depicted human vulgarity in “The Tale.” We also have an approach to a homonym in the surnames “Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky”. Here, the incomplete homonymic consonance of surnames that differ by only one letter represents a very striking poetic device. After all, in essence, Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky are one image, they are synonymous (see Synonym), and this internal synonymy, sameness, receives a special comic coloring from the fact that their surnames differ from one another, in just one letter.

Ya. Zundelovich. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “Homonyms” are in other dictionaries:

- (from the Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) language units different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sound (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia

- (Greek homonymos, from homos similar, and onoma name). Words that have the same pronunciation but different meaning or spelled differently, but pronounced the same. For example, a stove pipe and a musical pipe, flour like suffering, and ground flour... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Homonyms- HOMONYMS are words that have the same sound but different meanings. For example, “swords” (from the word “sword”) and “swords” (from the word “throw”); “three” (number) and “three” (from the word “rub”), etc. A pun game is built on homonyms (see pun), and already with ... Dictionary of literary terms

- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, trot running and lynx animal... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name) different, but identically sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example. lynx running and lynx animal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos – identical + onyma – name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same, but have different meanings. There are O. complete (in which the entire system of forms is the same), partial (in which the sound is the same... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

HOMONYMS- (from Greek homos identical + onyma, onoma name) words with different meanings, which, however, are written and pronounced the same. For example, in English O.'s language includes the words pupil (student and pupil), as well as iris (iris of the eye and rainbow); in Russian language... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

homonyms- Identical terms denoting different entities. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN homonyms ... Technical Translator's Guide

Homonyms- (from the Greek homos identical and onyma name), different in meaning, but identical sounding and written units of language (words, morphemes, etc.), for example, “trot” running and “lynx” animal. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

homonyms- (ancient Greek ομος homos identical + onyma, ονυμά name) Words that have the same sound but different meanings: braid1 (girl’s hairstyle), scythe2 (tool), scythe3 (river spit, peninsula in the form of a narrow shallow). Interlingual homonyms occur... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

Homonyms of Russian dialect speech, M. Alekseenko, O. Litvinnikova. This is the first attempt at a dictionary of homonyms in Russian dialect speech. Includes words of different grammatical classes. Refers to the partial explanatory type of dictionaries. Called up…

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but are different lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.

Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.

Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source, ) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block ( construction material) - block (sports technique).

Incomplete homonyms do not coincide in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - onion (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" does not have a plural form.

Types of homonyms

In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a lot of phenomena close to them. The following types of homonyms are distinguished:

1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely differently. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street it soars - the eagle soars;

2) homophones - words that are pronounced the same but spelled completely differently. Examples: company - campaign; stories - to be lucky; rinse - rinse; mascara - mascara; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;

3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: when I am treating a patient, I am flying on an airplane; young man - caring for a young mother.

Thus, homonymy is a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressive speech.