Section of the presentation on the topic Ludwig van Beethoven. Ludwig van Beethoven

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House Museum in Bonn

Beethoven was born in Bonn in December 1770.

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Childhood

After the death of his grandfather, the family's financial situation worsened. At the age of twelve he was already working as an assistant to the court organist. Ludwig had to leave school early, but he learned Latin, studied Italian and French, and read a lot. Among Beethoven's favorite writers are the ancient Greek authors Gomery Plutarch, the English playwright Shakespeare, and the German poets Goethe and Schiller.

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Beethoven began composing music, but was in no hurry to publish his works. Much of what he wrote in Bonn was subsequently revised by him. Three children's sonatas and several songs are known from the composer's youthful works, including “The Groundhog.”

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Spent his youth in Vienna

• Already in the first years of his life in Vienna, Beethoven gained fame as a virtuoso pianist. His performance amazed the audience.
• Beethoven's works began to be widely published and enjoyed success. Already in Beethoven at the age of 30

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Beethoven composes the Sixth (Pastoral) Symphony

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• the author of many works that amazed his contemporaries with the drama and novelty of musical language.
• Among them are piano sonatas
• No. 8 (“Pathetic”),
• 14 (“Lunar”),
• Sonata No. 21 (“Aurora”).

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Creativity flourishes

The composer dedicated his “Moonlight Sonata” to Juliet Guicciarda

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Later years

• Due to deafness, Beethoven rarely leaves the house and is deprived of sound perception. He becomes gloomy and withdrawn. It was during these years that the composer created his most famous works one after another.
• Symphony No. 9 sounds
• "Ode to Joy"

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The only opera "Fidelio"

In his later years, Beethoven worked on his only opera, Fidelio. This opera belongs to the genre of “horror and salvation” operas. On November 20, 1805, Beethoven's opera "Fidelio" was presented. Success for "Fidelio" came only in 1814, when the opera was staged in Vienna, Prague, and Berlin.

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Beethoven died on March 26, 1827

Beethoven's funeral in Vienna. Over 20 thousand people followed his coffin

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Ludwig van Beethoven

was an artist
but also a person
a man in the highest sense of the word...
he did great things
there was nothing wrong with him.

Municipal state educational institution Korzhevskaya secondary school

Project on:

« Ludwig van Beethoven"

6th grade

Head: Maskova Yu.N.,

a history teacher

School phone number: 88424177555

2015

Introduction.

II.Main resource

.

III.Conclusions.

IV.Conclusion.

V.Bibliography.

Introduction.

Subject Ludwig van Beethoven.

This topic attracted me relevance because Beethoven, Ludwig Wann, was a German composer often considered the greatest composer of all time. His work is classified as both classicism and romanticism; in fact, it goes beyond such definitions: Beethoven's works are, first of all, an expression of his genius personality.

Target: study the pages of the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Z adachi :

View resources on this topic.

Hypothesis: the discoveries and inventions of ancient people are of great significance in the history of mankind

Item work - inventions and discoveries of primitive people.

Practical significance This research is to use this material in class hours, additional information in history lessons of the Middle Ages.

Research methods :

Searching for reliable sources of information using documents, books, and the use of computer technology;

Stages of the project:

Preparatory: - selection of a topic and its specification (relevance - determination of goals and formulation of tasks).

Search and research: - appeal to parents with a request to join the project; - correction of deadlines and schedules - carrying out search and research activities.

Translational - design: - work on the presentation - design of the project - pre-defense of the project 4. Finalization of the project, taking into account comments and suggestions: - writing a script for the defense of the project - preparation for publication of the project. 5.Final: defense of the project.

Chapter 1.Beethoven Ludwig van (1770-1827), German composer.

Born in Bonn into a family of musicians. Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, whose hot-tempered and rude character almost completely turned the boy away from his studies.

He received much more lessons from the court conductor (head of the chapel) K. G. Nefe.

In 1785, Beethoven was appointed organist of the Electoral Chapel. In 1792, by order of Elector (ruler) Max Franz II, he left for Vienna to improve his skills. The musician studied with I. Schenk and J. Haydn, and after Haydn left for England in 1794 - with A. Salieri and I. G. Albrechtsberger.

The most significant works created by Beethoven by the mid-80s. 18th century: piano sonatas No. 8 (“Pathetique”) and No. 14 (“Moonlight”; the title was given after the author’s death), oratorio “Christ on the Mount of Olives” (1802-1803), “Kreutzer Sonata” for violin and piano (1803), Third (“Eroic”) Symphony (1804; at first the author wanted to dedicate this work to Napoleon I, but when he proclaimed himself emperor, he withdrew the dedication), opera “Fidelio” (1805, staged in Vienna).

In 1809, Archduke Rudolf, Prince Lobkowitz and Count Kinsky invited Beethoven to stay and work and give concerts in Vienna. Since then he has lived constantly in this city. His performances were a constant success; in 1814 the composer reached the peak of his fame. But his life was darkened by progressive deafness, which first made itself felt back in 1797. The illness forced him to completely abandon concert activities.

However, even after completely losing his hearing, Beethoven continued to write music. In the last years of his life, he created five piano sonatas (32 in total), five string quartets, etc.

A unique synthesis and pinnacle of Beethoven’s entire work was the Ninth Symphony (1823), with a chorus in the finale to the words of F. Schiller’s ode “To Joy.” He wrote this work when he was already seriously ill, tormented by loneliness and disappointment in people.

Perhaps the main theme of Beethoven’s work can be called the idea of ​​a heroic struggle for freedom, in tune with the revolutionary era. At the same time, his music also conveys the most subtle lyrical experiences.

Chapter 2.Famous works of Beethoven.

But let's return to the composer Beethoven. All the variety of feelings he experienced during this period was reflected in his works. Active activity, passion, thirst for peace and humility - these opposite feelings harmoniously come into contact in the works written during this difficult period for Beethoven.

I cannot say that a person’s suffering contributes to his creative emancipation, but judge for yourself: Third Piano Concerto in C minor, op. 37 (1800); Sonata As major, op. 26 with a funeral march and “Sonata like a fantasy” (“Moonlight Sonata”, by the way, it was dedicated to Juliet Guicciardi) (1802); emotional and impulsive sonata in d minor with recitative, op. 31 (1802); “Kreutzer” sonata for violin and piano (1803) and a number of other works. They are gorgeous!

Now, years later, assessing and analyzing the entire life of the great composer, we can say that he managed to escape, preserve his life and sanity, thanks to the same music. Beethoven simply had no time to die. Life for him has always been a struggle, with its victories and defeats, he continued to fight, he could not do otherwise.

A huge number of ideas and projects filled Ludwig’s mind, so many of them that he had to work on several works at the same time. The Third Symphony (Eroic Symphony) was created, and during the same period sketches for the Fifth Symphony and “Appassionata” appeared. The completion of work on the heroic symphony and sonata “Aurora” is nearing, and Beethoven is already starting to work on the opera “Fidelio” and finalizing the “Appassionata”. After the opera, work on the Fifth Symphony resumes, but not for long, as he is writing the Fourth. In the period between 1806-1808 the following were published: the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth (“Pastoral”) symphonies, the “Kriolan” overture, Fantasia for piano, choir and orchestra. Insane performance! And each subsequent work is absolutely different from the previous one, they all lie on different planes and each of them is brilliant! “On the title page of the Heroic Symphony, after which this period of the composer’s life was named, Beethoven’s hand wrote “Buonaparte”, and just below “Luigi van Beethoven”. Then, in the spring of 1804, Napoleon was the idol of many people who expected changes in world ideology, world order, people eager to throw off the burden of old prejudices. Bonaparte was the personification of republican ideals, a hero who was worthy of the Eroica Symphony. But another illusion was dispelled when Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor.

This one is also an ordinary person! Now he will trample underfoot all human rights, follow only his ambition, he will put himself above all others and become a tyrant! – the title page was torn to shreds by the author. “Eroica” is the new title of the symphony.

After the Third Symphony, the opera “Fidelio” was published, the only opera written by Beethoven, and one of his most beloved works, he said: “Of all my children, she cost me the greatest pain at birth, she also caused me the greatest grief, “That’s why she’s dearer to me than others.”

After this period, so rich in symphonies, sonatas and other works, Beethoven did not even think of resting. He creates the Fifth Piano Concerto, the Seventh and Eighth Symphonies (1812). Ludwig is planning to write music for Goethe’s tragedy “Egmont”; he really loved the poetry of his idol, it fit easily into music. The two great contemporaries corresponded for some time, and the music for “Egmont” became evidence of their collaboration. They even met once, but more on that later...

But how does Beethoven himself live, how did his life work out in Vienna? Despite its fairly large popularity, it has certain financial problems from time to time. Largely due to his notorious independence, but, it seems to me, thanks to this he retained his own style, which even now distinguishes him from other great composers around the world. The changes also affected my personal life. Back in 1799, Ludwig began teaching to two dear sisters Therese and Josephine Brunswick. Until recently, it was believed that he was in love with Teresa, but already in the twentieth century, letters from Beethoven dating back to that period were found, and they were addressed to Josephine. This is how official relations grew into strong and cordial friendship, and friendship into love.

At the same time, he offers his services as a composer, writing a letter to the directorate of the royal and imperial court theaters, but they, in turn, did not even bother to respond. Why is a professional with a name known throughout old Europe obliged to beg for a job? Once again you are convinced that history always goes in a spiral... In other respects, he himself explained his situation in the same letter: “the guiding thread for the undersigned (Beethoven.? Author) from time immemorial was not so much the acquisition of daily bread, but much more degree - service to art, ennoblement of taste and the aspirations of a musical genius for high ideals and perfection... he was forced to struggle with all sorts of difficulties and so far he has not had the good fortune to create a position for himself here in accordance with this desire to devote his life exclusively to art...” This is not pop music!.. The answer never came, Beethoven himself described the “venerable” management very simply and laconically - princely bastard.

Under the weight of all these failures, driven by circumstances, Ludwig decides to leave Vienna. This is where our “dear” patrons of the arts realized what they were losing. Archduke Rudolf, Count Kinsky and Prince Lobkowitz in 1809 undertake to pay the composer an annual pension, and in return he promises not to leave Austria. Later, it will be said about this notorious pension, the obligation of which was fulfilled only by Archduke Rudolf, that it brought Beethoven more trouble than help. “To feel capable of a great task and not accomplish it, to count on a prosperous life and to be deprived of it due to terrible circumstances that do not destroy my need for family life, but only prevent me from arranging it. Oh, God, God, have mercy on the unfortunate B.!” Need and loneliness accompany his life.

Everyone is now familiar with the famous Fifth Symphony, this is how fate knocks on the door. She knocked on Beethoven's door. The endless Napoleonic wars, the secondary occupation of Vienna, the mass exodus from the capital of Austria - against the backdrop of these events Ludwig has to work. But one more circumstance influenced such a rapid rise in Beethoven’s popularity, and on the development of music in general: the invention of the metronome. The name of the famous mechanic-inventor Maelzel forever went down in history thanks to the metronome. “The Battle of Vittoria” - an essay on a very popular military topic - was written at the suggestion of the same Maelzel for the device he designed. The work was very impressive, it was played by a symphony orchestra, reinforced by two military bands, various devices reproduced rifle and cannon fire. The enormous success with the public elevated Beethoven to the pinnacle of his lifetime fame. The Imperial Theater suddenly remembers Beethoven’s opera “Fidelio”, but deafness greatly hinders the author’s conducting, behind his back conductor Umlauf carefully corrects mistakes... Fashion, precisely fashion, is growing for Beethoven. He is invited to presentations, excuse me, to social events, back then they were still receptions. To the credit of the great composer, he still prefers a circle of close friends in a modest restaurant. There, among friends, he gave free rein to his emotions, he said everything he thought, without fear of spies and informers. Everyone got it, the Austrian government, the Catholic religion, and the emperor. His hearing was practically lost, so Ludwig used special “Conversation Notebooks” in which questions and answers were written down. About 400 such notebooks have reached us, the entries in them are more than bold: “The ruling nobility has not learned anything!”, “Our time needs powerful minds to whip these vile human souls!”, “In fifty years there will be republics everywhere. ..” Beethoven still remained himself. And at this time, in the same restaurant, at the far table sits a young man who enthusiastically watches his idol, the name of this man is Franz Schubert.

From 1813 to 1818, Beethoven composed rather little and slowly, but even those written in a state of depression, his works are magnificent. Piano Sonata op. 90, e-moll, two cello sonatas, his arrangements of folk songs are published. Not much, but during this period one can notice a change in the manner and style of writing; in our time it is called Beethoven’s “late style.” It is worth highlighting the cycle of songs “To a Distant Beloved”, which is absolutely original and has a breath of novelty. It was this work that had a significant influence on the romantic vocal cycles of Schubert and Schumann. In the period from 1816 to 1822, the last five piano sonatas appear; their composition is quite complex, as is the composition of the later quartets (1824-1826). He deviates from the classical forms of sonatas, once again destroying all boundaries, most likely this is due to his philosophical and contemplative mood.

Like the largest jewel in a royal crown, the Ninth Symphony took its dominant place among the works of the great Beethoven. Almost 170 years later, something similar will still happen, although of course on a different scale; already in our nineties of the twentieth century, the same place in Freddie Mercury’s discography will be occupied by his great, and already household name, “The Show Must Go On”. Who knows, maybe in another couple of centuries, our modern music of the last thirty years will mean to our descendants what classical music means to us now.

The Ninth Symphony was conceived during the years of crisis, but this idea began to be realized only in 1822, in parallel with the Solemn Mass (Missa solemnis). In 1823, Beethoven finished the mass, and a year later the symphony. In the final part of his immortal creation, the author introduced a choir and solo singers, entrusting them with the words from Schiller’s ode “To Joy”: People are brothers among themselves! Hug, millions! Join in the joy of one!

For such grandiose ideas, an equally grandiose embodiment was found in music. The Ninth Symphony is a development of the theme of the famous “Eroica” and Fifth, “Pastoral” and Seventh symphonies, and the opera “Fidelio”. But it is still the most significant in Beethoven’s entire work, the most perfect in all respects.

Soon the fleeting fame passed, and everyone forgot about Ludwig again, many friends had long since left Vienna, some had died... Where is Beethoven himself? Let's try to find the composer in the bustling capital of Austria with the help of one of his contemporaries.

It seems that Mr. Beethoven lives nearby, I often saw him come here... - The herring seller pointed to the neighbor’s house.

The house looks very miserable, defying all our expectations. Stone steps, which smell cold and damp, lead to the third floor, straight to the master’s room. A short, stocky man with combed-back hair heavily streaked with gray, a man will definitely come out to meet you:

“I have the misfortune of being abandoned by all my friends and stuck alone in this ugly Vienna,” he will say, then he will ask to speak loudly, since now he hears very poorly. He is a little embarrassed, which is why he talks a lot and loudly. He says that he is often unwell, does not write much... He is dissatisfied with everything, especially curses Austria and Vienna.

I am chained here by circumstances,” he will say, hitting the piano with his fist, “but everything here is disgusting and dirty.” Everyone from top to bottom are scoundrels. You can't trust anyone. Music here is in complete decline. The Emperor does nothing for art, and the rest of the public is content with what they have... - When he is silent, his forehead wrinkles, and the composer looks especially gloomy, sometimes it’s even frightening.

Beethoven spends a lot of energy helping his nephew; after the death of his brother, he was able to give all his unfulfilled need for love. But here again Ludwig had to fight, leaving a lot of strength and health in the courtroom, where the hearings on the issue of custody of Karl were held. The composer’s opponent was the boy’s mother, a selfish and unseemly bitch. The nephew himself did not appreciate everything that his uncle did for him, who spent the funds obtained with such great difficulty to hush up numerous scandalous stories associated with Karl. At the cost of incredible efforts of Beethoven's close friends, the Ninth Symphony was performed on May 7, 1824. This event is also notable for the fact that at this time spectacular works performed by virtuosos gained the greatest popularity, when Beethoven, especially his works of the late period, are distinguished by their depth and grandeur. The orchestra was conducted by Umlauf. The composer himself stood at the footlights, giving tempos for each movement, although by that time he had completely lost his hearing. The audience was delighted, thunderous applause! The musicians and singers were shocked by the success of the symphony, and only one person stood still, not reacting to the enthusiastic exclamations, he simply did not hear them... The symphony was still playing in his head. A young singer named Unger ran up to the composer, took his hand and turned him to face the audience. Only at this moment was he able to be convinced of the success of his work. The second performance of the Ninth Symphony took place in a half-empty hall, which once again confirmed the tastes, or rather the lack thereof, of the public of that time.

Conclusion.

Shortly before his death, Beethoven goes to one of his brothers Johann. Ludwig undertook this burdensome journey in order to persuade Johann to draw up a will in favor of his nephew Karl. Having failed to achieve the desired result, an enraged Beethoven returns home. This trip became fatal for him. On the way back, Ludwig caught a bad cold, he never managed to get back on his feet, too much energy was spent, and after several months of serious illness, Ludwig van Beethoven died. Vienna was rather indifferent to his illness, but when the news of his death spread across the capital, a shocked crowd of thousands escorted the great composer to the cemetery. All educational institutions were closed that day. Afterword In 1812, at the then famous Czech resort of Teplice, two great creators of their time met, whose names were written in golden letters in the history of art, Beethoven and Goethe. On one of the alleys, the poet and composer met a group of Austrian nobility surrounding the empress. Goethe, taking off his hat and stepping aside to the edge of the road, greeted the “high” guests with respectful bows. Beethoven, on the contrary, pulled his hat low over his eyes and, clasping his hands behind his back, quickly walked through the thick of the high-society crowd. His face was stern, his head held high. He only lightly touched the brim of his hat.

Having passed the walkers, Beethoven turned to Goethe:

I waited for you because I respect and honor you as you deserve, but you showed these gentlemen too much honor. Unyielding in defending his convictions, both artistic and political, without bending his back to anyone, with his head held high, the great composer Ludwig van Beethoven walked his life's path.

Bibliography.

Koenigsberg A., Ludwig van Beethoven. L.: Music, 1970.

Klimovitsky A.I. About Beethoven’s creative process: Research – Leningrad: Music, 1979.–176 pp., ill.

Khentova S. M. “Moonlight Sonata” by Beethoven. M., “Music”, 1975.–40 p.

http://www.refcentr.ru/

http://www.piplz.ru/page.php?id=18